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Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Department of Disease Control and Immunization, Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Department of Chemical Sciences, Crown-Hill University, Eiyenkorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

Correspondence to Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro. Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Department of Sustainable Development, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA. Government College, University of Faisalabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Reprints and permissions. Ogunro, O. Citrus aurantium : Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Safety Considerations, and Research Needs. In: Izah, S. eds Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry.

Springer, Cham. Received : 10 September Accepted : 17 September Published : 10 November Publisher Name : Springer, Cham.

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Abstract Citrus aurantium , commonly referred to as sour orange or bitter orange, holds significant importance both in biological and economic terms. Keywords Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Phytochemicals Non-pharmacological uses Economic relevance.

Abbreviations ALT: Alanine transminase AMPKα: Activated protein kinase alpha AMPKα: AMP-activated protein kinase alpha AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CAVAPs: Crude polysaccharides of C.

aurantium L. Amara Engls DPPH: 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ERK: Extracellular signal- regulated kinase EtOAc: Ethyl acetate FAS: Fatty acid synthase FDA: Food and Drug Administration FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta IL-1β: Interleukin-1β IL Interleukin 6 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MTD: Maximum tolerated dose NAFLD: Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NF-kB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect-level NOEL: No-observed-effect-level Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ORAC: Oxygen radical absorbance capacity PGC-1α: PPARγ co-activator 1α PTFC: Pure total flavonoids from citrus SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TNF- α: Tumor necrosis factor α UCP1: Uncoupling protein-1 WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency.

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Bitter Orange. Uses Botanical names: Citrus X Aurantium. What Are Star Ratings? This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions: Used for Why 2 Stars. Bitter orange has traditionally been used as a digestive aid. Bitter orange has a history of use as a calming agent and to counteract insomnia.

An amount providing not more than 70 mg of synephrine alone, or not more than 40 mg of synephrine in combination with up to mg of caffeine. Bitter orange contains synephrine, which might promote weight loss. Traditional Use May Not Be Supported by Scientific Studies Bitter orange is used similarly in a wide variety of traditions.

How It Works Botanical names: Citrus X Aurantium. How It Works Bitter orange has a complex chemical makeup, though it is perhaps most known for the volatile oil in the peel.

How to Use It Usually 1 to 2 grams of dried peel is simmered for 10 to 15 minutes in a cup of water; three cups are drunk daily. Interactions Botanical names: Citrus X Aurantium. Interactions with Medicines As of the last update, we found no reported interactions between this supplement and medicines.

It is possible that unknown interactions exist. If you take medication, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a new supplement with your doctor or pharmacist. The Drug-Nutrient Interactions table may not include every possible interaction. Taking medicines with meals, on an empty stomach, or with alcohol may influence their effects.

If you take medications, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a supplement with your doctor or pharmacist. Side Effects Botanical names: Citrus X Aurantium. Side Effects Bitter orange oil may possibly cause light sensitivity photosensitivity , especially in fair-skinned individuals.

Related Information. Bitter Orange for Weight Control. References 1. Next Section: How It Works ». Previous Section: « Uses. Next Section: Interactions ». Previous Section: « How It Works.

Next Section: Side Effects ». Previous Section: « Interactions. Next Section: Related Information ».