Sustainable Energy Technology -
Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About Wind Power. Brush up on your knowledge of wind! Get the details on a few of the lesser-known wind energy facts. Marine Energy Basics. MHK energy technologies convert the energy of waves, tides, and river and ocean currents into electricity.
Top 10 Things You Didn't Know about Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The U. generates more electricity through geothermal energy than any other country in the world. Learn about the breakthrough technology that could help expand use of this renewable energy source.
The science and industry of biofuels is changing rapidly. Learn about key facts related to wind turbines used in distributed applications.
Learn more about efforts to develop America's vast offshore wind resources. Wind Energy Basics. Learn more about the wind industry here, from how a wind turbine works, to the new and exciting research in the field of wind energy. Advantages of Marine Energy.
power sector is rapidly evolving to include new and diverse forms of energy. Marine energy technologies hold promise as part of the national energy mix and as an enabler of blue economy expansion.
Hydropower Basics. Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
How Hydropower Works. Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable source of energy that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or other body of water. Related Links. The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EERE strengthens U.
In , UNECE published a lifecycle analysis of the environmental impact of numerous electricity generation technologies, accounting for the following: resource use minerals, metals ; land use; resource use fossils ; water use; particulate matter; photochemical ozone formation; ozone depletion; human toxicity non-cancer ; ionising radiation; human toxicity cancer ; eutrophication terrestrial, marine, freshwater ; ecotoxicity freshwater ; acidification; climate change.
Meeting existing and future energy demands in a sustainable way is a critical challenge for the global goal of limiting climate change while maintaining economic growth and enabling living standards to rise. Improving energy access in the least-developed countries and making energy cleaner are key to achieving most of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals , [32] which cover issues ranging from climate action to gender equality.
Energy efficiency—using less energy to deliver the same goods or services, or delivering comparable services with less goods—is a cornerstone of many sustainable energy strategies. Energy can be conserved by increasing the technical efficiency of appliances, vehicles, industrial processes, and buildings.
Behavioural changes such as using videoconferencing rather than business flights, or making urban trips by cycling, walking or public transport rather than by car, are another way to conserve energy.
The energy intensity of the global economy the amount of energy consumed per unit of gross domestic product GDP is a rough indicator of the energy efficiency of economic production. For instance, between and , energy intensity decreased by only 1. Renewable energy sources are essential to sustainable energy, as they generally strengthen energy security and emit far fewer greenhouse gases than fossil fuels.
Hydropower is the largest source of renewable electricity while solar and wind energy are growing rapidly. Photovoltaic solar and onshore wind are the cheapest forms of new power generation capacity in most countries.
The Sun is Earth's primary source of energy, a clean and abundantly available resource in many regions.
Solar PV is expected to be the electricity source with the largest installed capacity worldwide by Costs of solar photovoltaic cells have dropped rapidly, driving strong growth in worldwide capacity.
Most components of solar panels can be easily recycled, but this is not always done in the absence of regulation. Less energy is needed if materials are recycled rather than mined. In concentrated solar power , solar rays are concentrated by a field of mirrors, heating a fluid. Electricity is produced from the resulting steam with a heat engine.
Concentrated solar power can support dispatchable power generation , as some of the heat is typically stored to enable electricity to be generated when needed. Wind has been an important driver of development over millennia, providing mechanical energy for industrial processes, water pumps, and sailing ships.
Onshore wind farms, often built in wild or rural areas, have a visual impact on the landscape. Wind power, in contrast to nuclear and fossil fuel plants, does not consume water.
Hydroelectric plants convert the energy of moving water into electricity. In conventional hydropower, a reservoir is created behind a dam. Conventional hydropower plants provide a highly flexible, dispatchable electricity supply.
They can be combined with wind and solar power to meet peaks in demand and to compensate when wind and sun are less available. Compared to reservoir-based facilities, run-of-the-river hydroelectricity generally has less environmental impact. However, its ability to generate power depends on river flow, which can vary with daily and seasonal weather.
Reservoirs provide water quantity controls that are used for flood control and flexible electricity output while also providing security during drought for drinking water supply and irrigation. Hydropower ranks among the energy sources with the lowest levels of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy produced, but levels of emissions vary enormously between projects.
Deforestation and climate change can reduce energy generation from hydroelectric dams. Geothermal energy is produced by tapping into deep underground heat [86] and harnessing it to generate electricity or to heat water and buildings.
The use of geothermal energy is concentrated in regions where heat extraction is economical: a combination is needed of high temperatures, heat flow, and permeability the ability of the rock to allow fluids to pass through.
Geothermal energy is a renewable resource because thermal energy is constantly replenished from neighbouring hotter regions and the radioactive decay of naturally occurring isotopes.
Biomass is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. The climate impact of bioenergy varies considerably depending on where biomass feedstocks come from and how they are grown. In some cases, the impacts of land-use change , cultivation, and processing can result in higher overall carbon emissions for bioenergy compared to using fossil fuels.
Use of farmland for growing biomass can result in less land being available for growing food. Second-generation biofuels which are produced from non-food plants or waste reduce competition with food production, but may have other negative effects including trade-offs with conservation areas and local air pollution.
Carbon capture and storage technology can be used to capture emissions from bioenergy power plants. This process is known as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage BECCS and can result in net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. However, BECCS can also result in net positive emissions depending on how the biomass material is grown, harvested, and transported.
Deployment of BECCS at scales described in some climate change mitigation pathways would require converting large amounts of cropland. Marine energy has the smallest share of the energy market.
It includes OTEC , tidal power , which is approaching maturity, and wave power , which is earlier in its development. While single marine energy devices pose little risk to the environment, the impacts of larger devices are less well known. Switching from coal to natural gas has advantages in terms of sustainability.
For a given unit of energy produced, the life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of natural gas are around 40 times the emissions of wind or nuclear energy but are much less than coal.
Burning natural gas produces around half the emissions of coal when used to generate electricity and around two-thirds the emissions of coal when used to produce heat.
Switching from coal to natural gas reduces emissions in the short term and thus contributes to climate change mitigation.
However, in the long term it does not provide a path to net-zero emissions. Developing natural gas infrastructure risks carbon lock-in and stranded assets , where new fossil infrastructure either commits to decades of carbon emissions, or has to be written off before it makes a profit. The greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuel and biomass power plants can be significantly reduced through carbon capture and storage CCS.
Nuclear power has been used since the s as a low-carbon source of baseload electricity. Nuclear power's lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions—including the mining and processing of uranium —are similar to the emissions from renewable energy sources.
Additionally, Nuclear power does not create local air pollution. There is controversy over whether nuclear power is sustainable, in part due to concerns around nuclear waste , nuclear weapon proliferation , and accidents. Reducing the time and the cost of building new nuclear plants have been goals for decades but costs remain high and timescales long.
Fast breeder reactors are capable of recycling nuclear waste and therefore can significantly reduce the amount of waste that requires geological disposal , but have not yet been deployed on a large-scale commercial basis. Several countries are attempting to develop nuclear fusion reactors, which would generate small amounts of waste and no risk of explosions.
The emissions reductions necessary to keep global warming below 2 °C will require a system-wide transformation of the way energy is produced, distributed, stored, and consumed. For example, transitioning from oil to solar power as the energy source for cars requires the generation of solar electricity, modifications to the electrical grid to accommodate fluctuations in solar panel output or the introduction of variable battery chargers and higher overall demand, adoption of electric cars , and networks of electric vehicle charging facilities and repair shops.
Many climate change mitigation pathways envision three main aspects of a low-carbon energy system:. Some energy-intensive technologies and processes are difficult to electrify, including aviation, shipping, and steelmaking. There are several options for reducing the emissions from these sectors: biofuels and synthetic carbon-neutral fuels can power many vehicles that are designed to burn fossil fuels, however biofuels cannot be sustainably produced in the quantities needed and synthetic fuels are currently very expensive.
Full decarbonisation of the global energy system is expected to take several decades and can mostly be achieved with existing technologies. To deliver reliable electricity from variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, electrical power systems require flexibility.
There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar generation are complementary on a daily and a seasonal scale: there is more wind during the night and in winter when solar energy production is low.
With grid energy storage , energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building overcapacity for wind and solar generation can help ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather.
In optimal weather, energy generation may have to be curtailed if excess electricity cannot be used or stored. The final demand-supply mismatch may be covered by using dispatchable energy sources such as hydropower, bioenergy, or natural gas. Energy storage helps overcome barriers to intermittent renewable energy and is an important aspect of a sustainable energy system.
Compared to the rest of the energy system, emissions can be reduced much faster in the electricity sector.
Fossil fuels, primarily coal, produce the rest of the electricity supply. Climate change mitigation pathways envision extensive electrification—the use of electricity as a substitute for the direct burning of fossil fuels for heating buildings and for transport. One of the challenges in providing universal access to electricity is distributing power to rural areas.
Off-grid and mini-grid systems based on renewable energy, such as small solar PV installations that generate and store enough electricity for a village, are important solutions. Infrastructure for generating and storing renewable electricity requires minerals and metals, such as cobalt and lithium for batteries and copper for solar panels.
Hydrogen gas is widely discussed in the context of energy, as an energy carrier with potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These applications include heavy industry and long-distance transport.
Hydrogen can be deployed as an energy source in fuel cells to produce electricity, or via combustion to generate heat. Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6. Electricity can be used to split water molecules, producing sustainable hydrogen provided the electricity was generated sustainably.
However, this electrolysis process is currently financially more expensive than creating hydrogen from methane without CCS and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low.
Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonisation of industry alongside other technologies, such as electric arc furnaces for steelmaking.
Disadvantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier include high costs of storage and distribution due to hydrogen's explosivity, its large volume compared to other fuels, and its tendency to make pipes brittle. Public transport typically emits fewer greenhouse gases per passenger than personal vehicles, since trains and buses can carry many more passengers at once.
The energy efficiency of cars has increased over time, [] but shifting to electric vehicles is an important further step towards decarbonising transport and reducing air pollution. Long-distance freight transport and aviation are difficult sectors to electrify with current technologies, mostly because of the weight of batteries needed for long-distance travel, battery recharging times, and limited battery lifespans.
Over one-third of energy use is in buildings and their construction. A highly efficient way to heat buildings is through district heating , in which heat is generated in a centralised location and then distributed to multiple buildings through insulated pipes.
Traditionally, most district heating systems have used fossil fuels, but modern and cold district heating systems are designed to use high shares of renewable energy.
Cooling of buildings can be made more efficient through passive building design , planning that minimises the urban heat island effect, and district cooling systems that cool multiple buildings with piped cold water. In developing countries where populations suffer from energy poverty , polluting fuels such as wood or animal dung are often used for cooking.
Cooking with these fuels is generally unsustainable, because they release harmful smoke and because harvesting wood can lead to forest degradation.
cooking facilities that produce less indoor soot, typically use natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas both of which consume oxygen and produce carbon-dioxide or electricity as the energy source; biogas systems are a promising alternative in some contexts.
Over one-third of energy use is by industry. Most of that energy is deployed in thermal processes: generating heat, drying, and refrigeration. The share of renewable energy in industry was The most energy-intensive activities in industry have the lowest shares of renewable energy, as they face limitations in generating heat at temperatures over °C °F.
For some industrial processes, commercialisation of technologies that have not yet been built or operated at full scale will be needed to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions.
Experience has shown that the role of government is crucial in shortening the time needed to bring new technology to market and to diffuse it widely.
International Energy Agency []. Well-designed government policies that promote energy system transformation can lower greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality simultaneously, and in many cases can also increase energy security and lessen the financial burden of using energy.
Environmental regulations have been used since the s to promote more sustainable use of energy. Governments can require that new cars produce zero emissions, or new buildings are heated by electricity instead of gas.
Governments can accelerate energy system transformation by leading the development of infrastructure such as long-distance electrical transmission lines, smart grids, and hydrogen pipelines. Carbon pricing such as a tax on CO 2 emissions gives industries and consumers an incentive to reduce emissions while letting them choose how to do so.
For example, they can shift to low-emission energy sources, improve energy efficiency, or reduce their use of energy-intensive products and services. The scale and pace of policy reforms that have been initiated as of are far less than needed to fulfil the climate goals of the Paris Agreement.
Countries may support renewables to create jobs. Six million jobs would be lost, in sectors such as mining and fossil fuels. Raising enough money for innovation and investment is a prerequisite for the energy transition.
Most studies project that these costs, equivalent to 2. However, this goal has not been met and measurement of progress has been hampered by unclear accounting rules. Fossil fuel funding and subsidies are a significant barrier to the energy transition.
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Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Energy that responsibly meets social, economic, and environmental needs. For other uses, see Green power disambiguation. Sustainable energy examples: Concentrated solar power with molten salt heat storage in Spain; wind energy in South Africa; electrified public transport in Singapore; and clean cooking in Ethiopia.
Energy conservation. Arcology Building insulation Cogeneration Eco hotel Efficient energy use Energy storage Environmental planning Environmental technology Fossil fuel phase-out Green building Green building and wood Green retrofit Heat pump List of low-energy building techniques Low-energy house Microgeneration Sustainable architecture Sustainable city Sustainable habitat Thermal energy storage Tropical green building Zero-energy building Zero heating building.
Renewable energy. Biofuel Sustainable biofuel Biogas Biomass Marine energy Tidal Hydropower Hydroelectricity Solar Geothermal Wave Wind Renewable heat Carbon-neutral fuel Renewable energy transition.
Sustainable transport. Green vehicle Solar vehicle Electric vehicle Electric bicycle Wind-powered vehicle Hybrid vehicle Plug-in hybrid Human—electric hybrid vehicle Twike Human-powered transport Walking Roller skating Skateboarding Human-powered land vehicle Bicycle Tricycle Quadracycle Kick scooter Cycle rickshaw Velomobile Human-powered helicopter Human-powered hydrofoil Human-powered watercraft Personal transporter Rail transport Tram Rapid transit Personal rapid transit.
Further information: Energy poverty and Energy poverty and cooking. Main articles: Energy conservation and Efficient energy use.
Main article: Renewable energy. Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by solar photovoltaic power. Main articles: Solar power and Solar water heating. Main articles: Wind power and Environmental impact of wind power. Main article: Hydroelectricity.
Main articles: Geothermal power and Geothermal heating. Main article: Bioenergy. Further information: Sustainable biofuel. Main article: Marine energy. Main articles: Nuclear power debate and Nuclear renaissance.
Main article: Energy transition. Main articles: Energy storage and Grid energy storage. Main article: Electrification. Main article: Hydrogen economy. Main article: Sustainable transport.
Further information: Renewable heat , Green building , and Energy poverty and cooking. Further information: Politics of climate change and Energy policy. Further information: Climate finance. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO..
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World leaders have accepted that greenhouse gas emissions are a serious problem that must be addressed. Since the Paris Agreement was first adopted in December , nations have signed on to its framework for combating climate change and preventing the global temperature increase from reaching 2 degrees Celsius over preindustrial levels.
Google declared its operations carbon neutral in and has promised that all data centers and campuses will be carbon-free by Amazon ordered , electric delivery vehicles and has promised that its sprawling logistics operations will arrive at net-zero emissions by Despite these promising developments, many experts say that nations and businesses are still not changing fast enough.
And despite the intentions expressed by Paris Agreement signatories, total annual carbon dioxide emissions reached a record high of An environmentally sustainable infrastructure requires innovations in transportation, industry, and utilities.
Fortunately, researchers in the private and public sectors are laying the groundwork for an energy transformation that could make the renewable energy of the future more widely accessible and efficient.
The technical capabilities of electric cars are taking great strides, and the popularity of these vehicles is also growing among consumers. The electric car market has seen continuing expansion in Europe even during the COVID pandemic, thanks in large part to generous government subsidies.
Market experts once predicted that it would take until for electric car prices to reach parity with gasoline-powered vehicles. However, growing sales and new battery technology could greatly speed up that timetable.
Utilities providers need efficient, cost-effective ways of storing solar and wind power so that electricity is available regardless of weather conditions. Most electricity storage currently takes place in pumped-storage hydropower plants, but these facilities require multiple reservoirs at different elevations.
Pumped thermal electricity storage is an inexpensive solution to get around both the geographic limitations of hydropower and high costs of batteries.
This approach, which is currently being tested , uses a pump to convert electricity into heat so it can be stored in a material like gravel, water, or molten salts and kept in an insulated tank. A heat engine converts the heat back into electricity as necessary to meet demand. Microgrids are another area of research that could prove invaluable to the future of power.
By using this approach with power sources like solar, wind, or biomass, microgrids can make renewable energy transmission more efficient. Researchers in public policy and engineering are exploring how microgrids could serve to bring clean electricity to remote, rural areas. This technology has enormous potential to change the way we access electricity, but lowering costs is an essential step to bring about wider adoption and encourage residents to use the power for purposes beyond basic lighting and cooling.
An analysis from the International Energy Agency found that the technologies currently on the market can only get the world halfway to the reductions needed for net-zero emissions by To make it the rest of the way, researchers and policymakers must still explore possibilities such as:.
However, even revolutionary technology will not do the job alone. Ambitious goals for renewable energy solutions and long-term cuts in emissions also demand enhanced international cooperation, especially among the biggest polluters. As both the leading emitter of carbon dioxide and the No.
What we support. Fundamental energy research We invest in research on resilient and sustainable energy technologies that can spur innovation in energy generation, storage, distribution and use. Innovation in energy technology We support the design, prototyping, testing and piloting of clean and efficient energy technologies that will reshape the energy sector and other industries.
Research infrastructure We invest in the development of energy research infrastructure, including energy-grid testbeds and computing and communications infrastructure, necessary to generate knowledge and technologies for clean energy.
Partnerships to accelerate progress We partner with other federal agencies, industry and nonprofits to share data, tools, expertise and other resources; strengthen workforce development; and translate research to products and services that benefit society. Featured funding. Algorithms for Modern Power Systems Supports research to develop mathematical and statistical algorithms that improve the security, reliability and efficiency of the modern power grid.
Clean Energy Technology RAISE or EAGER Proposals Invites Research Advanced by Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering RAISE and EArly-concept Grants for Exploratory Research EAGER proposals to all NSF directorates in the area of clean energy technologies.
Critical Aspects of Sustainability: Innovative Solutions to Climate Change Supports the development of novel approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Electrochemical Systems Supports fundamental engineering research that will enable innovative processes involving electrochemistry or photochemistry for energy storage or for the sustainable production of electricity, fuels, chemicals and other products.
Energy, Power, Control and Networks Supports research on electric power systems, power electronics and drives, battery management systems, hybrid and electric vehicles, and understanding the interplay of power systems with associated regulatory and economic structures and with consumer behavior.
Experiential Learning for Emerging and Novel Technologies Supports inclusive experiential learning opportunities that provide cohorts of diverse learners with the skills needed to succeed in energy technology and other emerging technology fields.
Global Centers Supports innovative collaborative international centers for interdisciplinary use-inspired research on climate change and clean energy, in partnership with funding agencies in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Explore more funding for energy research.
NSF directorates supporting energy research. Engineering ENG Mathematical and Physical Sciences MPS Computer and Information Science and Engineering CISE Geosciences GEO Biological Sciences BIO. STEM Education EDU Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences SBE Technology, Innovation and Partnerships TIP International Science and Engineering OISE Integrative Activities OIA.
Featured news. Research News. January 4, Ammonia fuel offers great benefits but demands careful action. December 7, Breakthrough synthesis method improves solar cell stability. November 28, Researchers develop promising approach to smaller, more powerful, safer electric vehicle batteries.
Additional resources. Centers for Chemical Innovation This NSF program supports the development of centers focused on major long-term chemical research challenges. Engineering Research Centers This NSF program supports convergent research, education and technology translation at U.
universities that will lead to strong societal impacts.
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