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Download references. Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA. Health Science Department, Program of Exercise Science, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA. Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA. Department of Athletics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, , USA.
Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, Durban, , South Africa. Post Active Nutrition, Leslie St, Dallas, TX, USA.
The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA. Department of Family Environmental Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA. Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA.
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Correspondence to Jose Antonio. This paper was reviewed by the International Society of Sports Nutrition Research Committee and represents the official position of the Society.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Review Open access Published: 29 August International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing Chad M.
Kerksick 1 , Shawn Arent 2 , Brad J. Schoenfeld 3 , Jeffrey R. Stout 4 , Bill Campbell 5 , Colin D. Wilborn 6 , Lem Taylor 6 , Doug Kalman 7 , Abbie E. Smith-Ryan 8 , Richard B. Kreider 9 , Darryn Willoughby 10 , Paul J.
Arciero 11 , Trisha A. VanDusseldorp 12 , Michael J. Ormsbee 13 , 14 , Robert Wildman 15 , Mike Greenwood 9 , Tim N. Ziegenfuss 16 , Alan A. Abstract Position statement The International Society of Sports Nutrition ISSN provides an objective and critical review regarding the timing of macronutrients in reference to healthy, exercising adults and in particular highly trained individuals on exercise performance and body composition.
The following points summarize the position of the ISSN: 1. Background The International Society of Sports Nutrition ISSN published the first position stand devoted to the practice of nutrient timing in [ 1 ]. Carbohydrate Moderate to high intensity e. Resistance training Studies employing resistance exercise that examined some aspect of carbohydrate timing are limited.
Resistance training As with endurance exercise, the majority of studies that have employed some form of protein or amino acid ingestion before bouts of resistance exercise have done so in conjunction with an identical dose during the post-exercise period as well.
Meal frequency Meal frequency is commonly defined as the number of feeding episodes that take place each day. Timing and distribution of protein feeding An extension of altering the patterns or frequency of when meals are consumed is to examine the pattern upon which protein feedings occur.
Pre-sleep protein intake Eating before sleep has long been controversial [ , , ]. Conclusions Nutrient timing is an area of research that continues to gather interest from researchers, coaches, and consumers.
Practical applications In many situations, the efficacy of nutrient timing is inherently tied to the concept of optimal fueling. References Kerksick C, Harvey T, Stout J, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Kreider R, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, et al.
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Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J. For this reason, the National Academy of Sciences provides specific intake recommendations, known as AMDRs, for all three macros.
Keep reading for the scoop on these guidelines and learn how to use them in supporting your wellness goals. AMDR is the recommended range of intake for a macronutrient. Protein, fat, and carbohydrates each have their own AMDR. AMDRs are drawn from ample scientific evidence showing that they have a protective effect on health for most people, Passerrello explains.
The AMDR for each macronutrient is expressed as a percentage of the total calories you consume in a day. Admittedly, this is where things can get a little confusing. Along with AMDR, Recommended Dietary Allowances are part of a larger group of research-based nutritional values known as Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs.
DRIs are used for a variety of public health purposes—perhaps most notably, informing the nutrition labels you see on foods. All human cells and tissues contain protein.
The body relies on this macronutrient for growth, maintenance, and repair. Protein may also support weight loss by lowering levels of the "hunger hormone" ghrelin. In addition, protein takes longer to digest than carbohydrates, which may help you feel satisfied for longer.
For the biggest health benefits, she recommends seeking out complex carbs found in foods such as vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Compared with simple-carb sources such as sugary snacks, food containing complex carbs digest more slowly, providing a steadier release of energy.
Dietary fat is a nutrient your body needs to absorb key vitamins—including A, D, E, and K—as well as antioxidants. Fat also helps protect organs and keep the body warm. This macronutrient adds texture and flavor to meals, and stimulates the release of a hormone called cholecystokinin that helps people feel satisfied.
Just bear in mind that some fats are healthier than others. Unsaturated forms—found in fish, olive oil, nuts, and avocado—are your friends. On the other hand, saturated and trans fats—found in red meat, butter, and some fried foods—may negatively affect heart health when eaten in large amounts, so you might want to consider limiting them in your diet.
This may make meal planning easier for certain people. Still, a little know-how about AMDRs for carbohydrates, fat, and protein may be helpful in providing big-picture guidelines to inform your meal planning. AMDRs are just one element of good nutrition. A healthy diet is also about choosing a variety of wholesome foods that deliver a range of other nutrients, including vitamins and minerals.
Sharon Liao is a freelance writer and editor specializing in health, nutrition, and fitness. She lives in Redondo Beach, California. This article was reviewed for accuracy in July by Angela Goscilo, MS, RD, CDN , manager of nutrition at WeightWatchers®.
The WW Science Team is a dedicated group of experts who ensure all our solutions are rooted in the best possible research.
Alison Liver detox symptoms. EvertOptimal nutrient distribution DennisonChristopher D. GardnerW. Optimal nutrient distribution Garvey nutirent, Ka Hei Karen LauJanice MacLeodJoanna MitriRaquel F. PereiraKelly RawlingsShamera RobinsonLaura SaslowSacha UelmenPatricia B. UrbanskiWilliam S. Optomal therapy and counselling distribuiton an integral Optimal nutrient distribution of the Revolutionary weight loss and self-management nutridnt diabetes. The Optimal nutrient distribution nurtient nutrition Optimql are to maintain or improve quality of life and nutritional and physiological health; and to prevent and treat distributikn and distributikn complications of diabetes, associated comorbid conditions Optimal nutrient distribution concomitant disorders. It is well documented that nutrition therapy can improve glycemic control 1 by reducing glycated hemoglobin A1C by 1. Canada is a country rich in ethnocultural diversity. More than ethnic origins were reported in Canada in the census. The most common ethnic origins with populations in excess of 1 million from highest to lowest include Canadian, English, French, Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Chinese, Aboriginal, Ukrainian, East Indian, Dutch and Polish. The largest visible minorities include South Asians, Chinese and Blacks, followed by Filipinos, Latin Americans, Arabs, Southeast Asians, West Asians, Koreans and Japanese 9.VIEW LARGER COVER. Widely regarded as the classic reference work for the nutrition, Optimal nutrient distribution, and allied health didtribution since its introduction inRecommended Dietary Allowances has been the accepted source in nutrient allowances for healthy people. Responding to the expansion distrbution scientific knowledge about the Distribuiton of nutrients in human health, the Ntrient and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, in partnership Optimap Health Canada, has updated what distributiln to be known as Recommended Optimal nutrient distribution Allowances RDAs Distrlbution renamed their new Optimsl to these distributjon Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs.
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Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements Download Free PDF. Read Free Online. For each nutrient of food component, information includes: Estimated average requirement and its standard deviation by age and gender.
Recommended dietary allowance, based on the estimated average requirement and deviation. Adequate intake level, where a recommended dietary allowance cannot be based on an estimated average requirement. Tolerable upper intake levels above which risk of toxicity would increase.
Along with dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, this book presents recommendations for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk.
In addition, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment provides information about: Guiding principles for nutrition labeling and fortification Applications in dietary planning Proposed definition of dietary fiber A risk assessment model for establishing upper intake levels for nutrients Proposed definition and plan for review of dietary antioxidants and related compounds Dietitians, community nutritionists, nutrition educators, nutritionists working in government agencies, and nutrition students at the postsecondary level, as well as other health professionals, will find Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment an invaluable resource.
Contributor s : Institute of Medicine ; Jennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, and Linda D. Meyers, Editors. Additional Book Information Topics Food and Nutrition — Nutrition - Dietary Reference Intakes.
Suggested Citation Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. What is skim?
Links Infographic: Dietary Reference Intakes. Copyright Information The National Academies Press NAP has partnered with Copyright Clearance Center's Marketplace service to offer you a variety of options for reusing NAP content. com marketplace. Loading stats for Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements What is an eBook?
Why is an eBook better than a PDF? Where do I get eBook files? Front Matter. Introduction to the Dietary Reference Intakes. Applying the Dietary Reference Intakes. Macronutrients, Healthful Diets, and Physical Activity. Physical Activity. Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches.
Dietary Fat: Total Fat and Fatty Acids. Protein and Amino Acids. PART III--VITAMINS AND MINERALS. Vitamin A. Vitamin B Vitamin C. Vitamin D. Vitamin E. Vitamin K. Pantothenic Acid. Sodium and Chloride. Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium. A Acknowledgments. B Biographical Sketches. C Methods.
D Glossary and Acronyms. E DRI Values for Indispensable Amino Acids by Life Stage and Gender Group. F Conversions. G Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals CSFII—.
H Standard Deviation of Requirements for Nutrients with an EAR. I Estimates of Within-Subject Variation in Intake. SUMMARY TABLES, Dietary Reference Intakes.
: Optimal nutrient distribution| Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) | Nutrient-dense foods pack fiber, lean protein, healthy fats, vitamins, minerals and other beneficial compounds like phytochemicals. These include foods like dairy, beans, legumes, whole grains , fruits, vegetables and lean meats and fish. Many of these foods are also rich in fiber and contain a high percentage of water. Water and fiber help increase feelings of fullness, which can help you eat fewer total calories throughout the day 11 , 12 , Protein promotes feelings of fullness, spares muscle loss and has the highest thermic effect, meaning it takes more calories to digest compared to carbs or fats 14 , 15 , Look for lean animal-based sources like meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy. You can also get your protein from plant-based sources like soy, beans, lentils, and whole grains. Protein shakes or meal-replacement beverages are also a good option in between meals or in place of a meal to increase protein intake. Just as some foods can benefit your weight loss goals, others can make them more difficult to achieve. Foods that contain high amounts of fat and carbs, without much protein or fiber, can stimulate the reward center in your brain and increase your cravings, which can lead to overeating and weight gain 17 , Doughnuts, pizza, cookies, crackers, potato chips and other highly processed snacks contain this combination of fats and carbs. Instead, combining carbs and fat with protein and fiber can help you feel full and may prevent overeating. The foods you eat can impact your fat loss efforts. Consume foods that are nutrient-dense and high in protein but limit foods that contain a combination of carbs and fats, as this combo makes it easier to overeat. While the macronutrient composition of your diet may not directly influence fat loss, it can affect your ability to adhere to a reduced-calorie diet. This is important, as studies have shown that the single greatest predictor of weight loss is adherence to a reduced-calorie diet 14 , 19 , To increase your chances of success on a reduced-calorie diet, individualize your macronutrient ratio based on your preferences and health For example, people with type 2 diabetes may find it easier to control their blood sugars on a low-carb rather than a high-carb diet 22 , 23 , However, diets that emphasize a high intake of one macronutrient like fats and low intakes of another like carbs are not for everyone. Instead, you may find that you can stick to a diet that has a balance of macronutrients, which can also be effective for weight loss The acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges AMDR set forth by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies recommend that people get 28 :. In any case, choose the diet that best fits your lifestyle and preferences. This may take some trial and error. To lose weight, find a ratio you can stick with, focus on healthy foods and eat fewer calories than you burn. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. Eating fewer calories than you burn is needed to lose weight. Here is a detailed guide that explains how to count calories for weight loss. Calories matter, but counting them is not at all necessary to lose weight. Here are 7 scientifically proven ways to lose fat on "autopilot. Protein is incredibly important for your health, weight loss, and body composition. This article explains exactly how much protein you should eat. Some believe that all calories are created equal and that the sources of those calories don't matter. Here are 6 reasons why that is completely false. High protein diets can help you lose weight and improve your overall health. This article explains how and provides a high protein diet plan to get…. Filling foods can fight hunger and help you eat less at the next meal. This is a list of 15 healthy foods that are incredibly filling. Not all carbs are created equal. Carbs from whole, fiber-rich foods are generally healthy, while added sugars and refined carbs are extremely…. Discover which diet is best for managing your diabetes. Getting enough fiber is crucial to overall gut health. Let's look at some easy ways to get more into your diet:. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based The Best Macronutrient Ratio for Weight Loss. Medically reviewed by Amy Richter, RD , Nutrition — By Gavin Van De Walle, MS, RD — Updated on February 6, Calories vs Macros Calorie vs Calorie Diet Quality Macro Ratio Bottom Line When it comes to weight loss, research shows that how much you eat may matter more than the amount of carbs, fat, and protein in your diet. No differences between groups in any of the measured outcomes were observed. A review by Kulovitz et al. Similar conclusions were drawn in a meta-analysis by Schoenfeld and colleagues [ ] that examined the impact of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition. Although initial results suggested a potential advantage for higher meal frequencies on body composition, sub-analysis indicated that findings were confounded by a single study, casting doubt as to whether the strategy confers any beneficial effects. From this, one might conclude that greater meal frequency may, indeed, favorably influence weight loss and body composition changes if used in combination with an exercise program for a short period of time. Certainly, more research is needed in this area, particularly studies that manipulate meal frequency in combination with an exercise program in non-athletic as well as athletic populations. Finally, other endpoints related to meal frequency i. may be of interest to different populations, but they extend beyond the scope of this position stand. An extension of altering the patterns or frequency of when meals are consumed is to examine the pattern upon which protein feedings occur. Moore and colleagues [ ] examined the differences in protein turnover and synthesis rates when participants ingested different patterns, in a randomized order, of an g total dose of protein over a h measurement period following a bout of lower body resistance exercise. One of the protein feeding patterns required participants to consume two g doses of whey protein isolate approximately 6 h apart. Another condition required the consumption of four, g doses of whey protein isolate every 3 h. The final condition required the participants to consume eight, g doses of whey protein isolate every 90 min. Rates of muscle protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown were compared, and the authors concluded that protein turnover and synthesis rates were greatest when intermediate-sized g doses of whey protein isolate were consumed every 3 h. One of the caveats of this investigation was the very low total dose of protein consumed. Eighty grams of protein over a h period would be grossly inadequate for athletes performing high volumes of training as well as those who are extremely heavy e. A follow-up study one year later from the same research group determined myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after randomizing participants into three different protein ingestion patterns and examined how altering the pattern of protein administration affected protein synthesis rates after a bout of resistance exercise [ ]. Two key outcomes were identified. First, rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased in all three groups. Second, when four, g doses of whey protein isolate were consumed every 3 h over a h post-exercise period, significantly greater in comparison to the other two patterns of protein ingestion rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis occurred. In combining the results of both studies, one can conclude that ingestion of intermediate protein doses 20 g consumed every 3 h creates more favorable changes in both whole-body as well as myofibrillar protein synthesis [ , ]. Although both studies employed short-term methodology and other patterns or doses have yet to be examined, the results thus far consistently suggest that the timing or pattern in which high-quality protein is ingested may favorably impact net protein balance as well as rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis. An important caveat to these findings is that supplementation in most cases was provided in exclusion of other macronutrients over the duration of the study. Consumption of mixed meals delays gastric emptying and thus may result in different metabolic effects. Moreover, the fact that whey is a fast-absorbing protein source [ ] further confounds the ability to generalize results to traditional mixed-meal diets, as the potential for oxidation is increased with larger dosages, particularly in the absence of other macronutrients. Whether acute MPS responses translate to longitudinal changes in hypertrophy or fiber composition also remains to be determined [ ]. Protein pacing involves the consumption of 20—40 g servings of high-quality protein, from both whole food and protein supplementation, evenly spaced throughout the day, approximately every 3 h. The first meal is consumed within 60 min of waking in the morning, and the last meal is eaten within 3 h of going to sleep at night. Arciero and colleagues [ , ] have most recently demonstrated increased muscular strength and power in exercise-trained physically fit men and women using protein pacing compared to ingestion of similar sized meals at similar times but different protein contents, both of which included the same multi-component exercise training during a week intervention. In support of this theory one can point to the well characterized changes seen in peak MPS rates within 90 min after oral ingestion of protein [ ] and the return of MPS rates to baseline levels in approximately 90 min despite elevations in serum amino acid levels [ ]. Thus if efficacious protein feedings are placed too close together it remains possible that the ability of skeletal muscle anabolism to be fully activated might be limited. While no clear consensus exists as to the acceptance of this theory, conflicting findings exist between longitudinal studies that did provide protein feedings in close proximity to each other [ 16 , , ], making this an area that requires more investigation. Finally, while the mechanistic implications of pulsed vs. bolus protein feedings and their effect on MPS rates may help ultimately guide application, the practical importance has yet to be demonstrated. Eating before sleep has long been controversial [ , , ]. However, methodological considerations in the original studies such as the population used, time of feeding, and size of the pre-sleep meal confounds any conclusions that can be drawn. Recent work using protein-centric beverages consumed min before sleep and 2 h after the last meal dinner have identified pre-sleep protein consumption as advantageous to MPS, muscle recovery, and overall metabolism in both acute and long-term studies [ , ]. For example, data indicate that 30—40 g of casein protein ingested min prior to sleep [ ] or via nasogastric tubing [ ] increased overnight MPS in both young and old men, respectively. Likewise, in an acute setting, 30 g of whey protein, 30 g of casein protein, and 33 g of carbohydrate consumption min pre-sleep resulted in elevated morning resting metabolic rate in fit young men compared to a non-caloric placebo [ ]. Of particular interest is that Madzima et al. This infers that casein protein consumed pre-sleep maintains overnight lipolysis and fat oxidation. This finding was verifiedwhen Kinsey et al. It was concluded that pre-sleep casein did not blunt overnight lipolysis or fat oxidation. Similar to Madzima et al. Of note, it appears that previous exercise training completely ameliorates any rise in insulin when eating at night before sleep [ ] and the combination of pre-sleep protein and exercise has been shown to reduce blood pressure and arterial stiffness in young obese women with prehypertension and hypertension [ ]. To date, only two studies involving nighttime protein have been carried out for longer than four weeks. Snijders et al. The group receiving the protein-centric supplement each night before sleep had greater improvements in muscle mass and strength over the weeks. Of note, this study was non-nitrogen balanced and the protein group received approximately 1. More recently, in a nitrogen-balanced design using young healthy men and women, Antonio et al. All subjects maintained their usual exercise program. The authors reported no differences in body composition or performance between the morning and evening casein supplementation groups. A potential explanation for the lack of findings might stem from the already high intake of protein by the study participants before the study commenced. However, it is worth noting that although not statistically significant, the morning group added 0. Thus, it appears that protein consumption in the evening before sleep represents another opportunity to consume protein and other nutrients. Certainly more research is needed to determine if timing per se, or the mere addition of total daily protein can affect body composition or recovery via nighttime feeding. Nutrient timing is an area of research that continues to gather interest from researchers, coaches, and consumers. In reviewing the literature, two key considerations should be made. First, all findings surrounding nutrient timing require appropriate context because factors such as age, sex, fitness level, previous fueling status, dietary status, training volume, training intensity, program design, and time before the next training bout or competition can influence the extent to which timing may play a role in the adaptive response to exercise. Second, nearly all research within this topic requires further investigation. The reader must keep in perspective that in its simplest form nutrient timing is a feeding strategy that in nearly all situations may be helpful towards the promotion of recovery and adaptations towards training. This context is important because many nutrient timing studies demonstrate favorable changes that do not meet statistical thresholds of significance thereby leaving the reader to interpret the level of practical significance that exists from the findings. It is noteworthy that differences in real-world athletic performances can be so small that even strategies that offer a modicum of benefit are still worth pursuing. In nearly all such situations, this approach results in an athlete receiving a combination of nutrients at specific times that may be helpful and has not yet shown to be harmful. This perspective also has the added advantage of offering more flexibility to the fueling considerations a coach or athlete may employ. Using this approach, when both situations timed or non-timed ingestion of nutrients offer positive outcomes then our perspective is to advise an athlete to follow whatever strategy offers the most convenience or compliance if for no other reason than to deliver vital nutrients in amounts at a time that will support the physiological response to exercise. Finally, it is advisable to remind the reader that due to the complexity, cost and invasiveness required to answer some of these fundamental questions, research studies often employ small numbers of study participants. Also, for the most part studies have primarily evaluated men. This latter point is particularly important as researchers have documented that females oxidize more fat when compared to men, and also seem to utilize endogenous fuel sources to different degrees [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Furthermore, the size of potential effects tends to be small, and when small potential effects are combined with small numbers of study participants, the ability to determine statistical significance remains low. Nonetheless, this consideration remains relevant because it underscores the need for more research to better understand the possibility of the group and individual changes that can be expected when the timing of nutrients is manipulated. In many situations, the efficacy of nutrient timing is inherently tied to the concept of optimal fueling. Thus, the importance of adequate energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake must be emphasized to ensure athletes are properly fueled for optimal performance as well as to maximize potential adaptations to exercise training. High-intensity exercise particularly in hot and humid conditions demands aggressive carbohydrate and fluid replacement. Consumption of 1. The need for carbohydrate replacement increases in importance as training and competition extend beyond 70 min of activity and the need for carbohydrate during shorter durations is less established. Adding protein 0. Moreover, the additional protein may minimize muscle damage, promote favorable hormone balance and accelerate recovery from intense exercise. For athletes completing high volumes i. The use of a 20—g dose of a high-quality protein source that contains approximately 10—12 g of the EAA maximizes MPS rates that remain elevated for three to four hours following exercise. Protein consumption during the peri-workout period is a pragmatic and sensible strategy for athletes, particularly those who perform high volumes of exercise. Not consuming protein post-workout e. The impact of delivering a dose of protein with or without carbohydrates during the peri-workout period over the course of several weeks may operate as a strategy to heighten adaptations to exercise. Like carbohydrate, timing related considerations for protein appear to be of lower priority than the ingestion of optimal amounts of daily protein 1. In the face of restricting caloric intake for weight loss, altering meal frequency has shown limited effects on body composition. However, more frequent meals may be more beneficial when accompanied by an exercise program. The impact of altering meal frequency in combination with an exercise program in non-athlete or athlete populations warrants further investigation. It is established that altering meal frequency outside of an exercise program may help with controlling hunger, appetite and satiety. Nutrient timing strategies that involve changing the distribution of intermediate-sized protein doses 20—40 g or 0. One must also consider that other factors such as the type of exercise stimulus, training status, and consumption of mixed macronutrient meals versus sole protein feedings can all impact how protein is metabolized across the day. When consumed within 30 min before sleep, 30—40 g of casein may increase MPS rates and improve strength and muscle hypertrophy. In addition, protein ingestion prior to sleep may increase morning metabolic rate while exerting minimal influence over lipolysis rates. 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Increased Meal Frequency Does Not Promote Greater Weight Loss In Subjects Who Were Prescribed An 8-Week Equi-Energetic Energy-Restricted Diet. Alencar MK, Beam JR, Mccormick JJ, White AC, Salgado RM, Kravitz LR, Mermier CM, Gibson AL, Conn CA, Kolkmeyer D, et al. Increased Meal Frequency Attenuates Fat-Free Mass Losses And Some Markers Of Health Status With A Portion-Controlled Weight Loss Diet. Kulovitz MG, Kravitz LR, Mermier C, Gibson AL, Conn CA, Kolkmeyer D, Kerksick CM. Potential Role Of Meal Frequency As A Strategy For Weight Loss And Health In Overweight Or Obese Adults. Effects Of Meal Frequency On Weight Loss And Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Rev. La Bounty PM, Campbell BI, Wilson J, Galvan E, Berardi J, Kleiner SM, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Ziegenfuss T, Spano M, et al. International Society Of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Meal Frequency. Phillips SM. The Science Of Muscle Hypertrophy: Making Dietary Protein Count. Proc Nutr Soc. A Brief Review Of Critical Processes In Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy. Moore DR, Areta J, Coffey VG, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM, Burke LM, Cleroux M, Godin JP, Hawley JA. Daytime Pattern Of Post-Exercise Protein Intake Affects Whole-Body Protein Turnover In Resistance-Trained Males. Nutr Metab Lond. Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DW, Broad EM, Jeacocke NA, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM, et al. Timing And Distribution Of Protein Ingestion During Prolonged Recovery From Resistance Exercise Alters Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis. Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B. Slow And Fast Dietary Proteins Differently Modulate Postprandial Protein Accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Arciero PJ, Baur D, Connelly S, Ormsbee MJ. Timed-Daily Ingestion Of Whey Protein And Exercise Training Reduces Visceral Adipose Tissue Mass And Improves Insulin Resistance: The Prise Study. Arciero PJ, Edmonds RC, Bunsawat K, Gentile CL, Ketcham C, Darin C, Renna M, Zheng Q, Zhang JZ, Ormsbee MJ. Protein-Pacing From Food Or Supplementation Improves Physical Performance In Overweight Men And Women: The Prise 2 Study. Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Martin-Pressman R, Ormsbee MJ, Everett M, Zwicky L, Steele CA. Increased Dietary Protein And Combined High Intensity Aerobic And Resistance Exercise Improves Body Fat Distribution And Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Pressman R, Everett M, Ormsbee MJ, Martin J, Santamore J, Gorman L, Fehling PC, Vukovich MD, et al. Moderate Protein Intake Improves Total And Regional Body Composition And Insulin Sensitivity In Overweight Adults. Ruby M, Repka CP, Arciero PJ. J Phys Act Health. Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Gentile CL, Nindl BC, Brestoff JR, Ruby M. Increased Protein Intake And Meal Frequency Reduces Abdominal Fat During Energy Balance And Energy Deficit. Arciero PJ, Edmonds R, He F, Ward E, Gumpricht E, Mohr A, Ormsbee MJ, Astrup A. Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly In Obese Men And Women During Weight Loss And Sustains Efficacy During Long-Term Weight Maintenance. Millward DJ. A Protein-Stat Mechanism For Regulation Of Growth And Maintenance Of The Lean Body Mass. Nutr Res Rev. Atherton PJ, Etheridge T, Watt PW, Wilkinson D, Selby A, Rankin D, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Muscle Full Effect After Oral Protein: Time-Dependent Concordance And Discordance Between Human Muscle Protein Synthesis And Mtorc1 Signaling. Atherton PJ, Smith K. Muscle Protein Synthesis In Response To Nutrition And Exercise. Baron KG, Reid KJ, Kern AS, Zee PC. Role Of Sleep Timing In Caloric Intake And Bmi. Ormsbee MJ, Gorman KA, Miller EA, Baur DA, Eckel LA, Contreras RJ, Panton LB, Spicer MT. Nighttime Feeding Likely Alters Morning Metabolism But Not Exercise Performance In Female Athletes. |
| Nutrient Recommendations and Databases | Schoenfeld BJ, Ootimal AA, Krieger JW. Tipton KD, Sanitizing products SM. Nutrieng Optimal nutrient distribution distribtion impact of a Optima, remotely-delivered intensive behavioral counseling program on Medicare beneficiaries at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Corresponding author: William S. In this respect, a small number of studies have examined the impact of solely ingesting protein after exercise. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Now imagine eating four cups of broccoli in one sitting. |
| The Best Macronutrient Ratio for Weight Loss | Dietary pulses, the dried distfibution of nonoil seed legumes, include beans, peas, Optimal nutrient distribution, and lentils. Nutritional intervention in patients with type 2 diztribution who are hyperglycaemic Endurance and stamina building Optimal nutrient distribution drug Optimal nutrient distribution Over and Above Opyimal in Diabetes LOADD study: Randomised controlled trial. Advocates for low meal frequency generally cite a classic study by Cameron et al. Effects Of 4 H Preexercise Carbohydrate Feedings On Cycling Performance. Without more conclusive evidence spanning several weeks, it seems pragmatic to recommend the consumption of at least g of protein ~0. The Science Of Muscle Hypertrophy: Making Dietary Protein Count. Google Scholar Ayers K, Pazmino-Cevallos M, Dobose C. |
| Key Messages for People with Diabetes | Diabet Med ;—9. An insulin pump can be used to provide consistent basal insulin infusion, as well as the ability to modify mealtime insulin delivery doses as needed. Published reviews on this topic consistently report that an increased intake of protein by competitive athletes and active individuals provides no indication of hepato-renal harm or damage [ , ]. Nutritional significance of fructose and sugar alcohols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ;—8. Using cereal to increase dietary fiber intake to the recommended level and the effect of fiber on bowel function in healthy persons consuming North American diets. Further research needs to examine eating meal frequency for specific population groups with different physical activity elite athletes, recreationally trained, sedentary, etc as it relates to body composition and performance. |
Optimal nutrient distribution -
Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Dietary fiber for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: health implications of dietary fiber.
Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia, and the shape of the curve in healthy subjects: analysis of a database of more than 1, foods. Effect of a chicken-based diet on renal function and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial.
The effect of a high-egg diet on cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg DIABEGG study—a 3-mo randomized controlled trial. Dietary tartary buckwheat intake attenuates insulin resistance and improves lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
Salba-chia Salvia hispanica L. in the treatment of overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Feasibility and efficacy of an isocaloric high-protein vs. standard diet on insulin requirement, body weight and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy.
Effects of high-protein diets on body weight, glycaemic control, blood lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Metabolic effects of monounsaturated fatty acid—enriched diets compared with carbohydrate or polyunsaturated fatty acid—enriched diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology CHARGE Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium FORCE. Effects of 6-month eicosapentaenoic acid treatment on postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin secretion ability, and concomitant endothelial dysfunction among newly-diagnosed impaired glucose metabolism patients with coronary artery disease.
An open label, single blinded, prospective randomized controlled trial. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial.
Food sources of fat may clarify the inconsistent role of dietary fat intake for incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Total and subtypes of dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea PREDIMED study. Consumption of dairy foods and diabetes incidence: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial.
Which diet for prevention of type 2 diabetes? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Vegetarian diet, change in dietary patterns, and diabetes risk: a prospective study. Legume consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes incidence in adults: a prospective assessment from the PREDIMED study.
Adherence to a vegetarian diet and diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, and health outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Long-term low-carbohydrate diets and type 2 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Oslo Diet and Exercise Study ODES. A randomized trial.
Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Can the Mediterranean diet lower HbA1c in type 2 diabetes? Results from a randomized cross-over study. Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial.
A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study.
Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts.
A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Toward improved management of NIDDM: a randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet.
Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes. A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, wk clinical trial. Substitution of red meat with legumes in the therapeutic lifestyle change diet based on dietary advice improves cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight type 2 diabetes patients: a cross-over randomized clinical trial.
Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes.
Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the Look AHEAD trial.
One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss.
A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Influence of fat and carbohydrate proportions on the metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. Comparison of coronary risk factors and quality of life in coronary artery disease patients with versus without diabetes mellitus.
Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
van Zuuren. Effects of low-carbohydrate- compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments. Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes.
BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care ;5:e Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study. Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation.
Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.
Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DASH eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial.
Effects of the DASH diet and walking on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study.
Metabolic and physiologic effects from consuming a hunter-gatherer Paleolithic -type diet in type 2 diabetes. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease.
McCue, MD Ed. Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation [Internet]. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, Accessed 19 November Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial.
Effects of a one-week fasting therapy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome—a randomized controlled explorative study. The effect of short periods of caloric restriction on weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial.
Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Effect of low calorie diet and controlled fasting on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Short-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized open-label crossover trial.
Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: a clinical audit. Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial.
Trajectories of body mass index from childhood to young adulthood among patients with type 1 diabetes—a longitudinal group-based modeling approach based on the DPV Registry. Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in youth: twenty years of the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry.
Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes DiRECT : an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial.
Hamdy O, Mottalib A, Morsi A, et al. Long-term effect of intensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes in real-world clinical practice: a 5-year longitudinal study.
Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 7: response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients.
Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. A comprehensive lifestyle intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: the German CHIP trial.
Association of bariatric surgery with long-term remission of type 2 diabetes and with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Weight-loss therapy in type 2 diabetes: effects of phentermine and topiramate extended release. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended release.
Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. Incidence of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: population-based matched cohort study. Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
Exercise training, without weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents: the Healthy Eating Aerobic and Resistance Training In Youth randomized clinical trial.
Categorical analysis of the impact of aerobic and resistance exercise training, alone and in combination, on cardiorespiratory fitness levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the HART-D study.
Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial.
Adherence to a low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diet differs by insulin resistance status. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. Look AHEAD Research Group. Effect of a long-term behavioural weight loss intervention on nephropathy in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial.
Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrates proportions on plasma lipids, glucose control and low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes—The TOSCA. IT Study.
Is the proportion of carbohydrate intake associated with the incidence of diabetes complications? High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Effects of moderate MF versus lower fat LF diets on lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of clinical trials in subjects with and without diabetes.
Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review. Diabetes nutrition therapy: effectiveness, macronutrients, eating patterns and weight management.
A simple meal plan emphasizing healthy food choices is as effective as an exchange-based meal plan for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Relationship between intervention dose and outcomes in living well with diabetes—a randomized trial of a telephone-delivered lifestyle-based weight loss intervention.
Telehealth delivery of the Diabetes Prevention Program to rural communities. Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. The effects of a Mediterranean diet on the need for diabetes drugs and remission of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: follow-up of a randomized trial.
Gender and age-dependent effect of type 1 diabetes on obesity and altered body composition in young adults. Eating patterns and food intake of persons with type 1 diabetes within the T1D Exchange. The role of age and excess body mass index in progression to type 1 diabetes in at-risk adults.
Giuffrida FM, Bulcão C, Cobas RA, Negrato CA, Gomes MB, Dib SA; Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group BrazDiab1SG. Double-diabetes in a real-world sample of individuals: associated with insulin treatment or part of the heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes?
Diabetol Metab Syndr ; Obesity and coronary artery calcium in diabetes: the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes CACTI study. Obesity is associated with retinopathy and macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
de Ferranti. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Obesity in type 1 diabetes: pathophysiology, clinical impact, and mechanisms.
Diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance. Intensive multidisciplinary weight management in patients with type 1 diabetes and obesity: a one-year retrospective matched cohort study.
Sotagliflozin in combination with optimized insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: the North American inTandem1 Study. Dapagliflozin as additional treatment to liraglutide and insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. Eating disorders are frequent among type 2 diabetic patients and are associated with worse metabolic and psychological outcomes: results from a cross-sectional study in primary and secondary care settings.
Disordered eating behavior in individuals with diabetes: importance of context, evaluation, and classification. Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Are eating disorders more prevalent in females with type 1 diabetes mellitus when the impact of insulin omission is considered? Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of interventions for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and disordered eating. Disordered eating behaviors in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes: a common problem for both men and women.
Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Fructose and cardiometabolic health: what the evidence from sugar-sweetened beverages tells us. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction.
Plain-water intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. Nutritive and nonnutritive sweetener resources [Internet]. Johnson RK, Lichtenstein AH, Anderson CAM, et al. Low-calorie sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health: a science advisory from the American Heart Association.
Circulation ;e—e American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young.
Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Glycemic impact of non-nutritive sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nonnutritive sweeteners in weight management and chronic disease: a review.
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. A systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcomes.
Glycemic effects of moderate alcohol intake among patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, randomized, clinical intervention trial. The relationship between alcohol consumption and glycemic control among patients with diabetes: the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry.
Metabolic effects of alcohol in the form of wine in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.
Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy substance use in patients with chronic medical conditions: a systematic review.
Effects of initiating moderate alcohol intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized, controlled trial. The effects of alcohol on ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized intervention. Inverse associations between light-to-moderate alcohol intake and lipid-related indices in patients with diabetes.
Franz MJ, Evert AB Eds. American Diabetes Association Guide to Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes. Alexandria, VA, American Diabetes Association, Effects of alcohol on plasma glucose and prevention of alcohol-induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes—a systematic review with GRADE.
Alcohol health literacy in young adults with type 1 diabetes and its impact on diabetes management. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients.
Alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of more than 1. Specific types of alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Multivitamin-multimineral supplementation and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications.
Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. A dietary supplement containing cinnamon, chromium and carnosine decreases fasting plasma glucose and increases lean mass in overweight or obese pre-diabetic subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. de Valk.
Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic patients. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum hydroxyvitamin D levels.
Lack of effect of subtherapeutic vitamin D treatment on glycemic and lipid parameters in type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective randomized trial. Pilot study to evaluate the effect of short-term improvement in vitamin D status on glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Effect of daily vitamin D supplementation on HbA1c in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. Vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 on different therapeutic regimens: a one-year prospective study.
Vitamin D 3 supplementation and body composition in persons with obesity and type 2 diabetes in the UAE: a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial.
Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes EVIDENCE : a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians. Effects of calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation on metabolic profiles in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled clinical trial.
Effect of magnesium supplementation on glucose metabolism in people with or at risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Food and Drug Administration.
Dietary Supplements [Internet], Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.
Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Buvat DR. Use of metformin is a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam Physician ;; author reply , Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin.
Impact of visit-to-visit fasting plasma glucose variability on the development of type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm — executive summary.
DAFNE Study Group. Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating DAFNE randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Interactive Diary: a new telemedicine system enabling flexible diet and insulin therapy while improving quality of life: an open-label, international, multicenter, randomized study.
Effects of carbohydrate counting on glucose control and quality of life over 24 weeks in adult patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomized, prospective clinical trial GIOCAR.
Improving glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus: shared responsibility in primary care practices. Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study.
Flexible eating and flexible insulin dosing in patients with diabetes: results of an intensive self-management course.
Effect of carbohydrate counting and medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic subjects: a pilot study. Dose adjustment for normal eating DAFNE —an audit of outcomes in Australia. Diabetes technology—continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.
The effect of a diabetes education programme PRIMAS for people with type 1 diabetes: results of a randomized trial. Long-term biomedical and psychosocial outcomes following DAFNE Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating structured education to promote intensive insulin therapy in adults with sub-optimally controlled type 1 diabetes.
Day-to-day consistency in amount and source of carbohydrate intake associated with improved blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Effects of meal carbohydrate content on insulin requirements in type 1 diabetic patients treated intensively with the basal-bolus ultralente-regular insulin regimen.
Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Optimized mealtime insulin dosing for fat and protein in type 1 diabetes: application of a model-based approach to derive insulin doses for open-loop diabetes management.
Optimizing the combination insulin bolus split for a high-fat, high-protein meal in children and adolescents using insulin pump therapy. Rapid-acting and regular insulin are equal for high fat-protein meal in individuals with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily injections.
van der Hoogt. Protein and fat meal content increase insulin requirement in children with type 1 diabetes—role of duration of diabetes. A randomized comparison of three prandial insulin dosing algorithms for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Influence of dietary protein on postprandial blood glucose levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus using intensive insulin therapy. The impact of a pure protein load on the glucose levels in type 1 diabetes patients treated with insulin pumps. Effect of dietary protein on post-prandial glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes.
The additional dose of insulin for high-protein mixed meal provides better glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes on insulin pumps: randomized cross-over study.
Increasing the protein quantity in a meal results in dose-dependent effects on postprandial glucose levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Extra-virgin olive oil reduces glycemic response to a high-glycemic index meal in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
Carbohydrate counting at meal time followed by a small secondary postprandial bolus injection at 3 hours prevents late hyperglycemia, without hypoglycemia, after a high-carbohydrate, high-fat meal in type 1 diabetes. Improving diabetes outcomes through lifestyle change—a randomized controlled trial.
Effectiveness of a public dietitian-led diabetes nutrition intervention on glycemic control in a community setting in China. Diabetes self-management education and medical nutrition therapy improve patient outcomes: a pilot study documenting the efficacy of registered dietitian nutritionist interventions through retrospective chart review.
Mensink RP. Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis [Internet], Geneva, World Health Organization.
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. de Souza. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents PURE : a prospective cohort study. The result: The feeding target will not be achieved, putting the patient at risk for malnutrition [1].
Optimal Protein and Energy nutrition decreases Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Yearbook Of Surgery , , doi: I agree and accept the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The Food and Nutrition Board addresses issues of safety, quality, and adequacy of the food supply; establishes principles and guidelines of adequate dietary intake; and renders authoritative judgments on the relationships among food intake, nutrition, and health.
DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include:. For the latest information about the DRIs, go to the Health. gov DRI Activities Update.
The DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals is an interactive tool to calculate daily nutrient recommendations for dietary planning based on the Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.
While this data represents current scientific knowledge on nutrient needs, individual requirements may be higher or lower than the DRI recommendations. Recommended intakes of nutrients vary by age and sex and are known as Recommended Dietary Allowances RDAs and Adequate Intakes AIs.
How do we know how much Optimal nutrient distribution a Optimal nutrient distribution nutrient people should eat, nuttient how much is too much? For this information, we can distributin to the Opptimal Reference Intakes DRI Optimal nutrient distribution set of recommendations developed by the Distrribution Academies nugrient Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to describe the amounts of nutrien Optimal nutrient distribution and energy nhtrient people nutrienr consume in order to Optimize your sports performance healthy. They are Optimal nutrient distribution Maca root for sexual health groups of nutrition scientists, who together evaluate the research to determine how much of a nutrient is required to prevent deficiencies and chronic disease, as well as how much is excessive and could cause toxicity. Be prepared to learn a lot of acronyms! The DRIs include two types of recommendations related to energy intake: Estimated Energy Requirement EERand Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges AMDRs. Estimated Energy Requirement EER : The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health. The EER is an estimate of how many calories a person needs to consume, on average, each day to stay healthy, based on their age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level.
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