Turmeric curcumin research -
However, it is important to note that the effect of curcumin on biotransformation enzymes may vary depending on the route of administration, the dose, and the animal model.
In addition, curcumin intakes ranging from 0. Following DNA damage, the cell cycle can be transiently arrested to allow for DNA repair or for activation of pathways leading to programmed cell death apoptosis if the damage is irreparable Defective cell-cycle regulation may result in the propagation of mutations that contribute to the development of cancer.
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells proliferate rapidly and are unable to respond to cell death signals that initiate apoptosis. Curcumin has been found to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating a variety of cell-signaling pathways 3 , For example, the inhibition of cell proliferation by curcumin has been associated with the Nrf2-dependent downregulation of DNA repair-specific flap endonuclease 1 Fen1 in breast cancer cells in culture Curcumin has been shown to induce pdependent or -independent apoptosis depending on the cancer cell type In a panel of cancer cell lines, pindependent apoptosis induced by curcumin was mediated by the rapid increase of ROS and the activation of MAPK and c-jun kinase JNK signaling cascades Inhibition of NF-κB signaling by curcumin also suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells Malignant and aggressive forms of cancer can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant tissues once cancer cells have acquired the ability to leave the primary site reduced cell-to-cell adhesion and loss of polarity , migrate, and disseminate.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition EMT is the process by which epithelial cells acquire the ability to migrate and invade through downregulating proteins like E-cadherin and γ-catenin and expressing mesenchymal markers like MMPs, N-cadherin, and vimentin.
In breast cancer cells, curcumin prevented EMT-associated morphological changes induced by lipopolysaccharide LPS while upregulating E-cadherin and downregulating vimentin.
In another study, curcumin increased the expression of the small non-coding RNA miRb, which then downregulated proinflammatory cytokines , CXCL1 and CXCL2, as well as MMPs, thereby reducing the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Curcumin was found to exert its anticancer activities in many different types of cancer cells by regulating a variety of signaling pathways reviewed in 2 , Another feature of AD is the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by phosphorylated Tau protein Abnormal microglial activation, oxidative stress , and neuronal death are also associated with the progression of the disease.
Curcumin has been found to inhibit Aβ fibril formation and extension and to destabilize preformed fibrils in vitro Curcumin might also affect the trafficking of Aβ peptide precursor APP and the generation of Aβ peptides from APP 54, Abnormally activated microglia and hypertrophic astrocytes around amyloid plaques in AD brains release cytotoxic molecules, such as proinflammatory cytokines and ROS , which enhance Aβ formation and deposition and further damage neurons.
Curcumin was found to reduce the inflammatory response triggered by Aβ peptide-induced microglial activation and increase neuronal cell survival When injected into the carotid artery of a transgenic mouse model of AD, curcumin was found to cross the blood-brain barrier, bind to amyloid plaques, and block the formation of Aβ oligomers and fibrils In other animal models of AD, dietary curcumin decreased biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative damage , increased Aβ peptide clearance by macrophages , dismantled amyloid plaques in the brain, stimulated neuronal cell growth in the hippocampus, and improved Aβ-induced memory deficits reviewed in Note: It is important to keep in mind that some of the biological activities discussed above were observed in cultured cells and animal models exposed to curcumin at concentrations unlikely to be achieved in cells of humans consuming curcumin orally see Metabolism and Bioavailability.
Oral curcumin administration has been found to inhibit the development of chemically-induced cancer in animal models of oral 58, 59 , stomach 60, 61 , liver 62 , and colon cancer. Despite promising results in animal studies, there is presently little evidence that high intakes of curcumin or turmeric are associated with decreased cancer risk in humans.
Several controlled clinical trials in humans designed to evaluate the effect of oral curcumin supplementation on precancerous colorectal lesions, such as adenomas, are under way Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related vascular complications.
In a nine-month, randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance pre-diabetes , no progression to overt diabetes was reported with a daily ingestion of a mixture of curcuminoids 0.
In addition, curcumin supplementation was shown to reduce insulin resistance and improve measures of pancreatic β-cell function and glucose tolerance. In an eight-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 67 individuals with type 2 diabetes, oral curcumin a mixture of all three major curcuminoids; 0.
Another randomized controlled trial also reported that oral curcumin supplementation 1. Finally, in a two-month randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled study in 40 individuals with type 2 diabetic nephropathy kidney disease , daily curcumin ingestion Larger trials are needed to assess whether curcumin could be useful in the prevention or management of type 2 diabetes and vascular complications.
The ability of curcumin to regulate a variety of signaling pathways involved in cell growth, apoptosis , invasion, metastasis , and angiogenesis in preclinical studies elicited scientific interest in its potential as an anticancer agent in tumor therapy To date, most of the controlled clinical trials of curcumin supplementation in cancer patients have been phase I trials , which are aimed at determining feasibility, tolerability, safety, and providing early evidence of efficacy A phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer found that doses up to 3.
When colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases took 3. In contrast, curcumin was measurable in normal and malignant colorectal tissue after patients with advanced colorectal cancer took 3. In a pilot trial in patients awaiting gastrointestinal endoscopy or colorectal cancer resection, the administration of a mixture of three major curcuminoids 2.
Combining curcumin with anticancer drugs like gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer 79, 80 , docetaxel in breast cancer 81 , and imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia 82 may be safe and well tolerated. Although curcumin has been demonstrated to have anti- inflammatory and antioxidant activities in cell culture and animal studies, few randomized controlled trials have examined the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
A placebo -controlled trial in 40 men who had surgery to repair an inguinal hernia or hydrocele found that oral curcumin supplementation 1. A preliminary intervention trial that compared curcumin with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID in 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis RA found that improvements in morning stiffness, walking time, and joint swelling after two weeks of curcumin supplementation 1.
In a more recent randomized , open-label study in 45 RA patients, supplementation with a mixture of all three major curcuminoids 0. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether oral curcumin supplementation is effective in the treatment of RA.
Radiation-induced skin inflammation occurs in most patients receiving radiation therapy for sarcoma, lung, breast, or head and neck cancer. Curcumin failed to reduce skin redness and radiation-induced pain at the site of treatment Ulcerative colitis UC is a long-term condition characterized by diffuse and superficial inflammation of the colonic mucosa.
Disease activity may fluctuate between periods of remission and periods of relapse. Preliminary evidence suggests that curcumin might be useful as an add-on therapy to control disease activity.
Six-month treatment with curcumin significantly reduced measures of disease activity and severity and resulted in a lower relapse rate than with placebo in subjects on standard-of-care medication sulfasalazine or mesalamine ; yet, there was no difference in the proportion of patients who experienced relapse six months after curcumin was discontinued Larger trials are needed to ensure that curcumin can be safely used with conventional UC treatments and to further support its potential therapeutic benefits for relapsing-remitting UC.
Emerging evidence suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that could be beneficial in the treatment of certain diseases of the oral cavity. For example, the topical application of a curcumin gel was found to reduce gingival bleeding and periodontal bacteria after conventional periodontal therapy scaling and root planing A mouthwash containing curcumin was also found to be as effective as chlorhexidine in reducing inflammation in individuals who underwent periodontal therapy for gingivitis Any part of the oral cavity may be affected by oral submucous fibrosis OSMF , a currently incurable condition especially prevalent in Southeast Asia and India.
OSMF is characterized by the formation of excess fibrous tissue fibrosis that leads to stiffness of the mucosa and restricted mouth opening.
A few recent intervention studies showed that curcumin could improve some symptoms, such as burning sensations and reduced mouth opening reviewed in No differences between the two treatment groups were seen with respect to mouth opening Further studies should assess the appropriate dose of curcumin to achieve the greatest benefits and determine whether curcumin can enhance the effect of standard-of-care treatment in limiting OSMF disease progression.
When injected into the carotid artery , curcumin was found to cross the blood-brain barrier in an animal model of AD 53 , though it is not known whether curcumin taken orally can reach the blood-brain barrier at sufficient concentrations and impede cognitive decline in humans.
As a result of promising findings in animal models see Neuroprotective activity , a few recent clinical trials have examined the effect of oral curcumin supplementation on cognition in healthy older adults and AD patients A randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 60 healthy older adults mean age, A significant reduction in mental fatigue and higher levels of calmness and contentedness following cognitive test sessions were observed in individuals who consumed curcumin either acutely or chronically compared to the placebo group.
Additionally, the results of cognitive ability tests suggested that curcumin treatment had limited benefits on cognitive function, as shown by better scores in measures of sustained attention and working memory compared to placebo Yet, measures of cognitive performance using the Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] scoring scale and levels of F 2 -isoprostanes oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in blood were not found to be significantly different between curcumin- and placebo-treated subjects at the end of the intervention period.
In another six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of subjects with mild-to-moderate AD, curcumin failed to improve cognitive test scores and to reduce blood and cerebrospinal fluid CSF concentrations of β-amyloid peptide, CSF concentrations of total and phosphorylated Tau protein, and CSF concentrations of F 2 -isoprostanes Despite the lack of encouraging results from completed trials, several randomized controlled studies are under way to determine whether supplemental curcumin has the ability to reverse or prevent cognitive deficits in both healthy and cognitively impaired individuals Major depressive disorder MDD is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with abnormal neurotransmission; it is primarily treated with drugs that improve the bioavailability of neurotransmitters like serotonin , noradrenaline, and dopamine in the brain Characteristics of MDD also include alterations in the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis, increased neuroinflammation, defective neurogenesis , and neuronal death.
A few clinical studies have examined the effect of curcumin alone or with conventional antidepressant drugs in MDD patients. A recent meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found that supplementation with curcumin significantly reduced depression symptoms Significant improvements in the severity and frequency of specific depression-related symptoms only occurred after four weeks of treatment, suggesting that a longer treatment period might be needed to uncover the antidepressant effects of curcumin , Curcumin also induced a reduction in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers and an increase in plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to placebo antidepressant drug alone Larger clinical trials are needed to address the long-term effect of curcumin in subjects with major depression.
Premenstrual syndrome PMS refers to a range of emotional e. In a recent randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 70 women with PMS, the daily supplementation with 0. Additional trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin in the management of PMS.
Turmeric is the dried ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn It is used as a spice in Indian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern cuisines. Curry powder contains turmeric along with other spices, but the amount of curcumin in curry powders is variable and often relatively low Curcumin extracts are also used as food-coloring agents Commercial curcumin is usually a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin see Figure 1 above.
Curcuminoid extracts are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US. Some curcumin preparations also contain piperine, which may increase the bioavailability of curcumin by inhibiting its metabolism However, piperine may also affect the metabolism of drugs see Drug interactions.
Optimal doses of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention or therapeutic uses have not been established. It is unclear whether doses less than 3. Curcuminoid-containing supplements taken on an empty stomach may cause gastritis and peptic ulcer disease In the United States, turmeric is generally recognized as safe GRAS by the FDA as a food additive An increase in gallbladder contractions was observed in 12 healthy people supplemented with single doses of 20 to 40 mg of curcumin , Yet, serious adverse effects have not been reported in humans taking high doses of curcumin.
A dose escalation trial in 24 adults found that single oral dosages up to 12 g were safe, and adverse effects, including diarrhea, headache, rash, yellow stool, were not related to dose 7.
Another clinical trial in the UK found that curcumin supplementation ranging from 0. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also observed in several participants, but it was not clear whether these increases were related to curcumin supplementation or cancer progression 3.
Although there is no evidence that dietary consumption of turmeric as a spice adversely affects pregnancy or lactation, the safety of curcumin supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been established. Curcumin has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro , , suggesting a potential for curcumin supplementation to increase the risk of bleeding in people taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel Plavix , dalteparin Fragmin , enoxaparin Lovenox , heparin, ticlopidine Ticlid , and warfarin Coumadin.
In cultured breast cancer cells, curcumin inhibited apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agents, camptothecin, mechlorethamine, and doxorubicin at concentrations of 1 to 10 μM In an animal model of breast cancer, dietary curcumin inhibited cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression.
Yet, it is not known whether oral curcumin administration will result in breast tissue concentrations that are high enough to inhibit cancer chemotherapeutic agents in humans Curcuminoids may interfere with the activity of efflux drug transporters of the ATP -binding cassette ABC family, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein MRP , and breast cancer-resistant protein BCRP , which function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps that actively regulate the excretion of a number of drugs limiting their systemic bioavailability , Curcumin was also found to affect the activity of phase I biotransformation enzymes like cytochrome P CYP 3A4 CYP3A4 , which catalyzes the metabolism of about one-half of all marketed drugs in the US In healthy Japanese volunteers, curcumin 2 g was found to increase plasma sulfasalazine concentration following the administration of a therapeutic dose 2 g of the anti-rheumatic drug sulfasalazine Salazopyrin, Azulfidine Some curcumin supplements also contain piperine to increase the bioavailability of curcumin.
Piperine may also interfere with efflux drug transporters and phase I cytochrome P enzymes and increase the bioavailability and slow the elimination of a number of drugs, including phenytoin Dilantin , propranolol Inderal , theophylline, and carbamazepine Tegretol Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph.
Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Updated in January by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in February by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in March by: Lynne Howells, Ph. Research Fellow Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre Lab Quality Manager University of Leicester.
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Free Radic Biol Med. DeMore, now a professor of surgery at the Medical University of South Carolina, has returned to studying curcumin after a near year gap, launching a clinical trial to see whether breast cancer patients taking a formulation of curcumin specially designed to enhance its absorption into the blood experience a decrease in tumour proliferation.
At the same time, oncologists at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York state are running a trial to see whether curcumin supplemented with piperine can halt disease progression in patients with low-grade prostate cancer, and prevent them from requiring more aggressive treatment.
In both cases, scientists are keen to emphasise that these trials are very much in the exploratory stage, and even if they produce positive results, far more proof will be needed before curcumin can be officially recommended for cancer patients.
Paultre says it is positive that further independent trials are being funded for curcumin because much of the research on the compound has been acquired through small studies that have been financed by the nutraceutical industry, which has created a perception of curcumin as a miracle cure.
There is always concern for bias in these studies, which produce amazing results with a specific product. But there are hopes that the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin could offer benefits for depression.
Laura Fusar-Poli, a psychiatry researcher at the University of Catania, Italy describes a number of theories, including that curcumin may be able to restore levels of serotonin in the brains of depressed patients and a possible modulatory effect on the brain-gut axis. But to date, evidence of any of this in humans remains scarce.
Paultre is hoping that the current interest in curcumin will help develop a gold-standard way of delivering it into the body as well as agreements on the best dose to use, which could all make it easier for scientists to quantify its benefits in future. Therefore though there is evidence of curcumin being helpful in some conditions, there is still a lot of work to be done.
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Turmeric powder has been hailed as a wonder ingredient in treating inflammation-related health conditions. This article is more than 1 year old. View image in fullscreen. Cannabis health products are everywhere — but do they live up to the hype?
Read more. Reuse this content. More on this story. When there is evidence, it usually demonstrates no consistent or clear benefit. A study published in BMC suggests that curcumin, a naturally occurring substance found in a common spice, might help ease osteoarthritis pain.
In the study, researchers enrolled people with symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Their symptoms were at least moderately severe and required treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID.
For one month, they were given the NSAID diclofenac 50 mg, twice daily or curcumin mg, three times daily. Why curcumin?
Many high-quality Turmeric curcumin research show that Muscle preservation through stretching has major benefits for your body and brain. Reaearch of Turmerif benefits Turmeric curcumin research from rdsearch main active ingredient, curcumin. The spice known as turmeric could be one of the most effective nutritional supplements in existence. Turmeric is the spice that gives curry its yellow color. It has been used in India for thousands of years as both a spice and medicinal herb. Research has shown that turmeric contains compounds with medicinal properties. These compounds are called curcuminoids. Fermented foods and nutrient absorption yellow polyphenolic Turmeric curcumin research known as curcumin, originating curcumln the rhizome of cucrumin turmeric Curcumjn Curcuma longa L. Turmeric curcumin research, curcumim biological activities of turmeric and curcumin have been thoroughly investigated. The studies mainly focused on their antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impacts. This review seeks to provide an in-depth, detailed discussion of curcumin usage within the food processing industries and its effect on health support and disease prevention. Medicinal herbs could be the best source for various medicines 1.
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