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Stop Quercetin Supplements (New Study)Quercetin and anti-inflammatory effects -
Several studies confirmed the ability of quercetin to potentiate the efficacy of anticancer drugs. A study was conducted in Taiwan, to study the synergistic effect of quercetin, irinotecan and its metabolite SN in the gastric cancer cell line of humans both in vitro and in vivo.
Results for in vitro analysis revealed that low-dose SN combined with quercetin showed comparable therapeutic effects as that of high-dose SN β -catenin protein expression level increased in the group managed with high-dose SN, while it was less in quercetin alone and as well in combined low doses of SN with quercetin.
In vivo results showed high levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and several markers of epithelial-mesenchymal such as Twist1 and ITGβ6 in rat models treated with irinotecan, while their levels were low in group treated with quercetin combined with a low dose of irinotecan.
Several studies showed anticancer effects of quercetin by apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation of breast, lung, oral and prostate cancer. Toru Hisaka et al. for the first time examined antitumor effects of quercetin on thirteen liver cancer cell lines 13 HCC in vitro.
Quercetin alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil 5-FU was given, and cell viability was performed by MTT assay. The results showed synergistic activity of quercetin and 5-FU by cycle arrest via induction of apoptosis [ 11 ].
EMT6 a breast cancer cell line was used to induce tumor in mice and was subcutaneously injected. These findings suggest synergistic activity of quercetin and cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines along with decreased side effects of cisplatin in animal models [ 42 ].
Among the most prevalent cancers in females, ovarian cancer ranks seventh worldwide. It is a serious malignancy affecting the reproductive system in females. Guangya Xu et al. enhanced the effect of quercetin as an anticancer agent but improving its solubility profile.
For this, a quercetin-loaded thermo-sensitive injectable hydrogel system Qu-M-hydrogel was made based on nanotechnology. Quercetin was encapsulated using MPEG-PCL and later added into a thermosensitive hydrogel. The formulated hydrogel system showed a slower release of quercetin in vivo. Qu-M—hydrogel composites showed enhanced apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth effects on the ovarian cancer mouse model SKOV-3 [ 43 ].
Investigating the role of quercetin as an anticancer agent against lung cancer, researchers in China conducted a study in which nanoparticles were made comprised of gefitinib and quercetin. Antitumor activity was conducted both in vitro and in vivo.
Nanoparticles formed showed good entrapment and release of both drugs up to 12 h. Results for both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the enhanced antitumor effect of gefitinib and quercetin [ 44 ]. Deantari karliana et al.
formulated nanoparticles gel consisting of lecithin-quercetin injected into chitosan-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate TPGS to study the effects on osteoarthritis.
White male Sprague—Dawley rats 2—3 month-old weighed — g were used for this study and divided into five groups. The amount of quercetin administered through nanoparticle gel was 0. Significant reduction in inflammation and edema was observed at dose 3. A study reported in Korea gave the anti-inflammatory mechanism of two flavanols, namely galangin and quercetin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW Atopic dermatitis induced by a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene mouse model was used.
Both the compounds were given alone and also in combination with study the synergistic effect. Results of the study revealed that both these compounds reduce nitric oxide production, interleukin-6 and nuclear factor NF-kB. From histological and ear thickness measurement, it was concluded that reduction in inflammation and IgE levels were greatly reduced when these flavonoids were used in combinations.
Thus, quercetin and galangin combination provided new ways for the prevention of AD [ 46 ]. Ex vivo COX-1 and lipoxygenase LOX assays using human platelets were applied for assessing anti-inflammatory potential. The method was based on the inhibitory potential of compounds like eicosanoids and prostaglandins catalyzed by inflammatory enzymes response, COX-1 and LOX.
Severe inflammation and inflammatory pneumonia is the risk factor associated with SARS-Cov Cytokine storm is responsible for death in infected patients mainly due to acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.
The study revealed that NLRP3 is an inflammasome responsible for the activation of several inflammatory mediators like NRF2, SIRT1 and TXNIP. Quercetin by affecting this inflammasome successfully suppressed NLRP3 and thus acts as a potential treatment for severe inflammation and in life-threatening conditions like COVID [ 47 ].
Endothelial cell function is affected by cytokines and pro-inflammatory stimuli such as high blood glucose levels. Quercetin was investigated to reduce the harmful effects of hyperglycemia and inflammatory conditions on vascular endothelium. The metabolomics approach was used to identify and quantify 27 human umbilical veins endothelial cell HUVEC metabolites.
A significant increase in lactate and glutamate concentrations was observed with the treatment of high glucose concentrations in HUVECs. Lactate and adenosine triphosphate concentrations were inhibited by quercetin, while inosine levels were increased. TNF- α and quercetin reduced pyruvate concentration.
Quercetin altered HUVEC metabolites balance toward less inflamed phenotype, both alone and in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli [ 48 ].
Mousumi Patra et al. reported a novel complex of calcium phosphate-quercetin-nanoparticles CPQN which was synthesized by precipitation method. For this, quercetin, calcium nitrate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate were used as precursors, and stabilization was done by sodium citrate.
Nanoparticles formed had a unique property of color change at different pH which could be used as a pH indicator. These nanoparticles were used as fluorophores to mark biological cells.
Besides this, CPQN was investigated for antioxidant activity on mouse neuroblastoma cell N2A, by H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress. The nanoparticles exhibited remarked antioxidant properties and thus emerged as a unique beneficial moiety [ 49 ]. Hassanien et al.
formulated a new complex for diabetes consisting of cobalt complexed with quercetin, cobalt-quercetin complex CQC by mixing quercetin solution and cobalt chloride solution in molar concentrations.
Several histopathological and biochemical parameters were assessed along with blood glucose levels, and it was found that CQC efficiently reversed diabetes-induced changes through its strong antioxidant activity.
Antihyperglycemic effects of CQC were comparable with insulin [ 50 ]. Another study was conducted in Egypt to investigate metal complexed with quercetin for the management of diabetes.
Here, Zn NO3 2·6H2O was added in the presence of ammonia solution to formulate quercetin-zinc complex having formula ZnQNO 3 H 2 O·5H 2 O which was confirmed by 1 HNMR.
For analyzing the antidiabetic profile of the complex formed, a streptozotocin STZ -induced diabetes rat model was used. Several biochemical parameters along with glycosylated hemoglobin were analyzed.
Quercetin possesses permeability glycoprotein P-gp inhibitory activity which could be enhanced by conjugating it with metals. Six different metal complexes of quercetin Cu, Zn, Co, Vd, Mo, Ni were synthesized and analyzed in vitro by everted sac intestinal model of rats.
The permeability of atorvastatin was observed in different control and experimental groups. Yuzhi Mu et al. reported a novel pH responsive nano-micelle based on quercetin, chitaconic anhydride and chitosan QT-CA-CS. Anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated in QT-CA-CS self-assembled nano-micelles by ultrasound method.
The advantage of this complex was that drug efflux from the cancerous cell was inhibited due to inhibition of the P-glycoprotein pump. At an acidic pH of 4. These nano-micelles escaped the lysosomes and released doxorubicin and quercetin faster in the cytoplasm which resulted in synergistic anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells [ 52 ].
Rafael de Oliveira Pedro et al. reported a simple method in which chitosan self-assembled amphiphilic nanoparticles loaded with quercetin were made for treating MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. A larger release profile at pH 5 was observed. MTT assay revealed inhibitory effects of quercetin in nanoparticle form due to greater uptake by the cells.
Nanoparticles were hemocompatible, showing the emergence of a novel drug delivery system for cancer therapy [ 53 ]. Juan-Juan Ma et al. developed Zein-chitosan nanoparticles for loading quercetin ZCPs-Q to increase its solubility in water.
Results revealed that ZCPs-Q increases the solubility of quercetin and stability in water. Thus, these nanoparticles are suitable for loading nutraceuticals for enhancing cellular uptake with an increased antioxidant profile [ 54 ].
Jalil Rashedi et al. formulated chitosan and quercetin nanoparticles by inotropic gelation method for loading 5-FU. Anticancer effects were observed on colon cancer of Wistar rats.
Firstly, the tumor was induced by using 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine DMH and dextran sulfate sodium DSS. Rats were provided with NPs in the form of an enema. Results revealed high encapsulation efficiency of quercetin with an increased release profile up to 24 h.
A decrease in microvascular density and mitosis rate was noticed in all the treatment groups as compared to the control group, confirming the promising nature of NPs in site-specific colorectal cancer [ 55 ]. Wenhao Nan et al. reported the protective effects of quercetin against ultraviolet-B radiations to protect skin damage, cancer and photoaging along with inflammation.
Due to low hydrophilicity and percutaneous absorption, quercetin use was limited in topical preparations. For this, chitosan nanoparticles were made using sodium tripolyphosphate and quercetin was entrapped in these nanoparticles. Results revealed remarkable skin penetration of quercetin with better stability and low cytotoxicity in HaCat cells.
It was concluded that quercetin loaded on chitosan TPP nanoparticles can be used as topical preparation against ultraviolet-b radiations [ 56 ]. Virginia Tzankova et al. Wistar rats were taken and paracetamol-induced liver injury was treated with these nanoparticles which showed significantly decreased levels of serum transaminases ALT and AST and restored gluthation levels.
In vitro cell viability of HepG2 cells decreased with the treatment of encapsulated quercetin in nanoparticles. Li Lv et al. reported a new therapeutic drug delivery system by incorporating doxorubicin and quercetin on biotin-decorated nanoparticles.
The cytotoxic study was done on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and ADR. By inhibition of P-glycoprotein, enhanced cytotoxic effects were observed in biotin decorated nanoparticles as compared to nanoparticles without biotin. Thus it was concluded that MDR cancer cells can be treated with these novel nanoparticles [ 58 ].
This review examined that quercetin is a safe dietary supplement with a variety of biological functions in animals as well as in humans. Majority of the literature showed its safety profile in animals as an antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
However, further evaluation in this regard with accurate outcomes is much needed. Poor solubility and oral bioavailability of quercetin were a major problem in its use which was managed by making its complexes with polymers and metal ions in sustained released microspheres, nanospheres and liposomal dosage forms.
Synergistic effects of quercetin with anticancer, antimicrobials, antidiabetics and anti-inflammatory agents make it an interesting compound for exploring new treatment modalities for acute and chronic human diseases with lesser side effects and improved efficacy.
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Oncotarget 7 22 Download references. The authors are very much thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya university Multan for providing research facilities and Higher Education Commission HEC of Pakistan for providing the funding of the project.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Institute of Chemical Sciences, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Muhammad Hanif.
The authors have indicated that they have no other conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Reprints and permissions. Azeem, M. et al. An insight into anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin: a review. Download citation.
Received : 16 September Revised : 30 December Accepted : 07 January Published : 30 January Issue Date : January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Flavonoids are present naturally in many fruits and vegetables including onions, apples, tea, cabbage, cauliflower, berries and nuts which provide us with quercetin, a powerful natural antioxidant and cytotoxic compound.
Flavonoids: A Nutraceutical and Its Role as Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agent Chapter © An insight into the potentially old-wonder molecule—quercetin: the perspectives in foresee Article 09 September Natural flavonols: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for various diseases Article Open access 15 May Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction Polyphenolic molecules possess diverse chemical structures and properties. Sources of quercetin Quercetin is found in many fruits, vegetables and in more than twenty species of plants particularly in Mangifera indica, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Cuscuta reflexa, Santalum album, Curcuma domestica valenton and Foeniculum vulgare.
Sources and uses of quercetin. Full size image. Search strategy A comprehensive data search was conducted between June and July on google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink and Wiley online library to include newly published articles to date.
Eligibility criteria and data collection Articles were considered eligible if they meet the following criteria: a in vivo animal study, b ex vivo cell line studies, c quercetin uses as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial agents, d quercetin conjugates with chitosan, e complexes of quercetin with metal ions, f use of quercetin in other diseases and g Language is English.
Table 2 Summary of uses of quercetin as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer agent Full size table. The results showed that quercetin supplementation significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These reductions were mostly seen in people taking higher doses of milligrams mg daily or greater.
Most studies in the analysis involved people with hypertension, except for one that included people with prehypertension and stage 1 disease. Still, it is unclear if quercetin has much clinical benefit or would be useful as an add-on supplement for people with hypertension.
Further research is needed to confirm the findings, look at other dosages, and study potential interactions with antihypertensive medications.
No supplement should replace standard medical care. Always check with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement. Some studies suggest quercetin may help lower inflammation in the body. One small study examined quercetin's possible effects on inflammation, disease severity, and symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis.
The trial included 50 individuals who were sorted into a quercetin supplementation group or a placebo group for eight weeks. Quercetin users took milligrams mg daily.
After eight weeks, those who received quercetin reported significantly reduced early morning stiffness, morning pain, and after-activity pain, according to the results. Quercetin users also had reduced markers of inflammation compared to those in the placebo group. Still, more evidence is needed to recommend quercetin for this purpose.
If you have pain, consult a healthcare provider for medical guidance. Consuming a supplement like quercetin may have potential side effects. Quercetin is generally well-tolerated when used in appropriate amounts for short periods of time. Some possible side effects of quercetin include:.
Check with your healthcare provider before taking quercetin. Remember to mention any medications you are taking and any pre-existing medical conditions. Pregnant or lactating individuals, children, and people with kidney problems should not take quercetin in any form, as not enough research has been done in these populations.
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs. With medical supervision, quercetin has been safely used in amounts of up to 1 gram daily for 12 weeks.
There is not enough evidence to know if it is safe for long-term use longer than 12 weeks. As a general guideline, never take more than the manufacturer's recommended dosage. If you experience side effects of any kind, stop taking quercetin and call your healthcare provider.
It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included.
Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications. Quercetin may interact with the following medications:.
Quercetin can also interact with cytochrome CYP enzymes and affect how the liver breaks down certain medications, including those known as:. It may also interact with certain drug transporters:.
Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are taking a medication and are unsure if it belongs to any of the above-listed categories.
Herbs and Supplements. Quercetin may interact with herbs and supplements with blood-pressure-lowering effects e. This is not a complete list of drug and supplement interactions that may occur with quercetin.
Tell your healthcare provider or pharmacist about all the substances you take, including prescription and over-the-counter OTC drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Store quercetin according to manufacturer's directions on the package. Discard as indicated on the packaging. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, children, and individuals with kidney problems should not take quercetin, as there is not enough information on its use in these populations.
More research is needed to determine the exact health benefits of quercetin. Currently, there is not enough evidence to support its use for any health condition. Always talk to your healthcare provider before starting a new supplement. Food sources of quercetin include:.
Quercetin can often be purchased online or at health food stores. These plant-derived enzymes fruit extracts are shown to increase the intestine's absorption of quercetin. Supplements are classified as food products, not drugs.
Therefore, it is important to note that the FDA does not strictly regulate them in the United States. Sometimes, a product may be contaminated or contain products other than those listed on the label. Also, remember that it is illegal for any company to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease.
Quercetin is a plant chemical naturally found in certain foods and drinks, like apples, tea, and onions. It is generally recognized as safe by the FDA when used as an ingredient in foods and beverages in up to milligrams per serving. Quercetin is thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
While it's been studied for various health conditions, more human studies are needed before taking quercetin for any health purpose. Although generally safe, quercetin can interact with many medications and supplements, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking it.
National Institute of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance: Fact sheet for health professionals. Serban MC, Sahebkar A, Zanchetti A, et al.
Effects of quercetin on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. Javadi F, Ahmadzadeh A, Eghtesadi S, et al. The effect of quercetin on inflammatory factors and clinical symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
J Am Coll Nutr. Anand David AV, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Ungvári O, et al. Inhibitory effects of quercetin and its main methyl, sulfate, and glucuronic acid conjugates on cytochrome P enzymes, and on OATP, BCRP and MRP2 transporters.
Quercetin is a pigment anti-ihflammatory many Anti-tumor herbal remedies, fruits, and vegetables. Quercetin has powerful Quercrtin properties and may Quercetin and anti-inflammatory effects protect against certain health conditions, including heart disease. This article details the possible benefits of quercetin. It also looks at the potential side effects. Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds in plants, fruits, herbs, vegetables and nuts. Quercein © Lee et al. This is Tips for boosting metabolism naturally open access Tips for boosting metabolism naturally distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License. The flavonoids comprise a large group of unique anti-inflammatogy that are widely angi-inflammatory throughout the plant Kingdom. Flavonoids are widely consumed in foodstuffs, including fruits, vegetables and tea 1. Flavonoids can be divided into various classes on the basis of their molecular structure. Flavonols are a subgroup of dietary flavonoids, consisting predominantly of myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and galangin, contai ning 3, 2, 1, and 0 hydroxy groups on the B-ring structure, respectively 2. Flavonols are the strongest antioxidants among flavonoids.Quercetin and anti-inflammatory effects -
It can reportedly protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells from inflammation induced by H 2 O 2 , which is mediated by downregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and CD80 As well as inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, quercetin also promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL Quercetin can reduce high-valent iron, thereby inhibiting lipid oxidation and quenching ROS, assisting in suppressing inflammation and preventing related diseases Kalantari et al.
In another study, a quercetin-coated nanocellulose matrix had strong antioxidant activity Bai et al. Lastly, it has been reported that quercetin has neuroprotective effects and anti-cancer activity.
Quercetin has undergone clinical trials, and to date no significant toxicity or side effects have been observed in humans. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on inflammation have been observed in clinical studies, as it has the capacity to suppress multiple types of cancer More clinical studies should be conducted to confirm the effects of quercetin on autoimmune diseases, and better characterize the potential mechanisms of these beneficial effects.
Rheumatoid arthritis RA is a systemic chronic autoinflammatory disease. The main clinical symptoms are synovitis and progressive destruction of multiple joints, which can lead to joint deformity and dysfunction.
It can also cause multi-system damage, and in severe cases premature death. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, quercetin significantly alleviated morning stiffness and pain in RA patients In that study, DAS 28 and HAQ scores of RA patients in a quercetin group where lower than those in a placebo group.
In in vivo studies 39 — 41 , quercetin has reduced arthritic scores and improved symptoms significantly in RA mice via inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon γ, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, IL-6, and IL It also inhibited neutrophil extracellular trap formation by suppressing autophagy Yang et al.
Saccol et al. The aberrant migration, proliferation, and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes FLSs are considered to be major parts of the etiopathogenesis of RA. In vitro , quercetin significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of FLSs, and reduced the levels of F-actin.
It also increased the level of miRa, but inhibited the expression of GATA transcription factor 6 in FLSs Kim et al. Many studies indicate that quercetin can inhibit the generation of osteoclast-like cells, bone resorption depression, and F-actin ring formation in RAW These results suggest that quercetin may play a role in protection against arthritic bone destruction.
RA affects extra-articular tissues and organs, including blood vessels, the nervous and gastrointestinal systems, heart, lung, and kidneys. In an adjuvant-induced arthritis model established in rats, Piovezana Bossolani et al. Treatment with quercetin alone reversed the aforementioned neurodegenerative effects to an extent, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-arthritic, and neuroprotective capacities.
It is characterized by chronic, progressive, and relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, which increases the risk of colitis-associated cancer.
Quercetin has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory compound in a variety of in vitro and in vivo bioassay models, but oral quercetin has not exhibited the desired effects in a colitis model 54 , This could be partly because it is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and thus does not reach the lower gastrointestinal tract.
The rapid metabolism of quercetin is disadvantageous with respect to treating IBD, unless the flavonoid is introduced in its glycosylated form, the most common of which is the compound rutin. Although rutin may have direct effects in the treatment of IBD, it is reasonable to surmise that its pharmacological activity and effects are exerted via conversion to the bioactive aglycone, quercetin Rutin is hydrolyzed by the gut bacteria in the colon to synthesize quercetin, so it may act as a prodrug with quercetin being the active component.
Rutin has been shown to have potent effects in vivo In a dextran sulfate sodium DSS -induced colitis mouse model, rutin had a positive role in controlling colonic inflammation and disease progression, as well as in the reduction of nitric oxide, iNOS, cyclooxygenase 2, and prostaglandin E2 Mascaraque et al.
Ju et al. Some evidence suggests that glycosylation of quercetin as demonstrated by rutin is an important structural feature of flavonoids with respect to their efficacy against IBD.
The deglycosylation of flavonoids in the small intestine is induced by epithelial β-glucosidases and colonic microflora, resulting in the production of bioactive aglycones such as quercetin Quercetin and its glycosides—which are common in the blood in conjugated products—need be designed such that post-absorption they release active quercetin with a specific pattern in the colon.
Several experiments of formulations have been conducted in recent years to address this problem and enhance the pharmacological efficacy of quercetin. Shen et al. Overall, available evidence suggests the efficacy of orally ingested glycosylated forms of quercetin such as rutin, or quercetin delivered via drug carriers for IBS.
Sulfasalazine, a common aminosalicylate drug, also functions via interaction with colonic microbiota resulting in the release of active moieties at the IBD site.
Unfortunately, however, the non-pharmacologically active fragment of sulfadiazine that is cleaved during this process has systemic side effects. The main drugs currently used to treat IBD such as 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immune-modifying agents, and biologic agents have exhibited disadvantages including loss of efficacy, substantial costs, and unavailability of formulations designed for oral administration.
Quercetin is one of the most abundant natural flavonoids, and has promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD. Oral rutin leading to the release of the active biomolecule quercetin at the site of inflammation may be an effective therapy for IBD.
Multiple sclerosis MS is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by extensive demyelination and neurodegeneration due to glia activation, oligodendrocyte death, and axon depletion. In an in vitro study conducted using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients, treatment with quercetin reduced their proliferation, and modulated levels of IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and TNF-α in cell culture supernatants Chronic microglia activation can result in the production of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators including nitric oxide, iNOS, and ROS, which are closely associated with the pathogenesis and development of MS In a mouse study utilizing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorder that is the most commonly used autoimmune model of MS, treatment with quercetin inhibited the ILinduced activation of JAK2, TYK2, STAT3, and STAT4, as well as Th1 differentiation Mast cells are involved in inflammatory processes and allergic responses in which immunologic stimulation causes the production of inflammatory mediators.
It has been suggested that mast cells are the immune gate of the brain, and are likely associated with neuropathologic processes including MS Quercetin has been associated with reductions in the release of tryptase and IL-6, and inhibition of histidine decarboxylase mRNA from human mast cells Quercetin may be useful in the complementary treatment for MS.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a disorder characterized by immune-mediated inflammation and over-production of autoantibodies.
Atopic dermatitis is an autoimmune and inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin lesions exhibiting infiltration by mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages.
Autoimmune diseases are systemic conditions that are difficult to cure, and patients often require long-term treatment. The development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases involve multiple associations and interacting factors.
The diversity and complexity of associations between the components involved are likely to limit the effects of therapies, and contribute to adverse side effects.
Quercetin possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic activities, as well as the capacity to interact with multiple molecules and targets Figure 1. Moreover, treatments involving appreciable doses of quercetin have evidently been low-toxic or non-toxic.
Quercetin will be expected to become a potential opportunity and supplement for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, it is particularly important since there is no evidence so far that quercetin could reduce the morbidity and mortality of autoimmune diseases. The direct effects of quercetin on immune imbalance in patients are still unconfirmed.
Further clinical studies are still lacking, most of the underlying mechanisms have been reported in animal models and need to be demonstrated for their pharmacological application. It is necessary to study it thoroughly with regard to high doses in order to detect possible undesirable side effects.
Only well-designed randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes will reveal the biosafety and efficacy of these currently experimental applications. Due to its poor aqueous solubility, high metabolic rate, poor oral bioavailability and absorption, and rapid body clearance, its application is limited.
A better knowledge about the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and enhanced bioavailability of quercetin are also necessary. In view of future directions and priorities, we suggest some protocol recommendations for future studies.
Scholars can explore different routes of administration under the different medical conditions of different diseases such as the local injection for anti-inflammatory effects in RA.
In in vitro studies, three-dimensional co-cultures of different cells that are responsible for a disease can mimic the microenvironment.
For instance, fibroblast synovial cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts can be used in the studies of RA, and intestinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts can be adopted in IBD studies.
Finally, it is valuable to increase the solubility, bioavailability, and target specificity of quercetin inside the human body. Investigating structurally relevant compounds of quercetin presents a novel subject for further experiments. Figure 1 Schematic representation of different signaling pathways and targets by quercetin as a potential therapeutic strategy in autoimmune diseases.
PS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Capparis Spinosa L. Quercetin is sometimes used in various health conditions such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and COVID However, there is no good scientific evidence to support taking it for these conditions.
This article discusses the purported uses of quercetin and its available research. It also covers potential side effects and drug-supplement interactions. Dietary supplements are not regulated like prescription drugs in the United States, meaning the Food and Drug Administration FDA does not approve them for safety and effectiveness before products are marketed.
When possible, choose a supplement tested by a trusted third party, such as USP, ConsumerLabs, or NSF. Therefore, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any supplements you plan to take and check in about potential interactions with other supplements or medications.
Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, nutritionist, pharmacist, or healthcare provider. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent a disease. Research on the potential health benefits of quercetin is often tested with animal models.
Due to the lack of human research, there is not enough evidence to support quercetin's use for the following:. Moreover, there is also little evidence that taking quercetin by mouth before exercise will decrease fatigue or improve exercise ability. More research is needed as few well-designed, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed human studies have been published.
A meta-analysis of human studies reviewed quercetin's effects on blood pressure control. The analysis included seven trials consisting of people overall. The results showed that quercetin supplementation significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
These reductions were mostly seen in people taking higher doses of milligrams mg daily or greater. Most studies in the analysis involved people with hypertension, except for one that included people with prehypertension and stage 1 disease. Still, it is unclear if quercetin has much clinical benefit or would be useful as an add-on supplement for people with hypertension.
Further research is needed to confirm the findings, look at other dosages, and study potential interactions with antihypertensive medications.
No supplement should replace standard medical care. Always check with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.
Some studies suggest quercetin may help lower inflammation in the body. One small study examined quercetin's possible effects on inflammation, disease severity, and symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The trial included 50 individuals who were sorted into a quercetin supplementation group or a placebo group for eight weeks.
Quercetin users took milligrams mg daily. After eight weeks, those who received quercetin reported significantly reduced early morning stiffness, morning pain, and after-activity pain, according to the results.
Quercetin users also had reduced markers of inflammation compared to those in the placebo group. Still, more evidence is needed to recommend quercetin for this purpose. If you have pain, consult a healthcare provider for medical guidance.
Consuming a supplement like quercetin may have potential side effects. Quercetin is generally well-tolerated when used in appropriate amounts for short periods of time. Some possible side effects of quercetin include:.
Check with your healthcare provider before taking quercetin. Remember to mention any medications you are taking and any pre-existing medical conditions. Pregnant or lactating individuals, children, and people with kidney problems should not take quercetin in any form, as not enough research has been done in these populations.
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs.
With medical supervision, quercetin has been safely used in amounts of up to 1 gram daily for 12 weeks. There is not enough evidence to know if it is safe for long-term use longer than 12 weeks. As a general guideline, never take more than the manufacturer's recommended dosage. If you experience side effects of any kind, stop taking quercetin and call your healthcare provider.
It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included.
Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Quercetin may interact with the following medications:. Quercetin can also interact with cytochrome CYP enzymes and affect how the liver breaks down certain medications, including those known as:.
It may also interact with certain drug transporters:. Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are taking a medication and are unsure if it belongs to any of the above-listed categories.
Herbs and Supplements. Quercetin may interact with herbs and supplements with blood-pressure-lowering effects e. This is not a complete list of drug and supplement interactions that may occur with quercetin. Tell your healthcare provider or pharmacist about all the substances you take, including prescription and over-the-counter OTC drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Store quercetin according to manufacturer's directions on the package. Discard as indicated on the packaging. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, children, and individuals with kidney problems should not take quercetin, as there is not enough information on its use in these populations.
More research is needed to determine the exact health benefits of quercetin. Currently, there is not enough evidence to support its use for any health condition.
Always talk to your healthcare provider before starting a new supplement. Food sources of quercetin include:. Quercetin can often be purchased online or at health food stores. These plant-derived enzymes fruit extracts are shown to increase the intestine's absorption of quercetin.
Supplements are classified as food products, not drugs. Therefore, it is important to note that the FDA does not strictly regulate them in the United States. Sometimes, a product may be contaminated or contain products other than those listed on the label.
Also, remember that it is illegal for any company to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease. Quercetin is a plant chemical naturally found in certain foods and drinks, like apples, tea, and onions.
It is generally recognized as safe by the FDA when used as an ingredient in foods and beverages in up to milligrams per serving. Quercetin is thought to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Anti-inflammarory flavonoid is found in many plants and foods Anti-tumor herbal remedies does it have health benefits? Quercetin, a Natural remedies for diabetes pigment, is anit-inflammatory Quercetin and anti-inflammatory effects have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. This chemical anri-inflammatory flavonoid is naturally found in foods including apples, onionsteas, berries, red wine, and herbs like Ginkgo biloba and St. John's wort. It is also available in supplement form. Quercetin is sometimes used in various health conditions such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and COVID However, there is no good scientific evidence to support taking it for these conditions.
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