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'Russia Advancing All Over': Ukrainian Army Chief's Big Admission; Reveals Change In War StrategyCitrus aurantium for cholesterol management -
aurantium EO. To better characterize their activity, the EO was also evaluated in anxiety tests after a repeated day oral treatment, where changes in body weight, the integrity of the locomotor system and serum biochemical parameters were monitored.
Finally, the EO was evaluated in experimental procedures related to depressive disorders after oral or inhaled treatment. aurantium Rutaceae ripe fruits were harvested between April and June of from adult plants in an orchard at the Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Botucatu.
The plant was identified in the BOTU Herbarium of the Department of Botany, UNESP, where a voucher specimen had been deposited. Immediately after harvesting the fruits were peeled and the fresh peels were processed with a Clevenger apparatus, and the EO was obtained through hydrodistillation while protected from light and heat.
The EO was then stored until use in the behavioral assays. Afterwards, an aliquot was separated, and the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry as previously described [ 24 ]. All of the experiments were conducted in accordance with the Ethical Principles in Animal Research adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation COBEA and were approved by the Biosciences Institute — Ethics Committee for Animal Research CEEA.
Adult Swiss male mice 30 days old from a colony at the UNESP Central Animal House facility were used in all of the experiments after a one-week acclimation period in the Animal House of the Department of Pharmacology. Thus, the animals used were approximately 40 to 45 days old.
Diazepam DZP, Germed - EMS, Brazil was used as the standard anxiolytic drug, and imipramine hydrochloride IM, Sigma-Aldrich, USA was used as the standard antidepressant drug.
Flumazenil FLU, Flumazil® - Cristália, Brazil was utilized as a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine binding, buspirone BUSP, Sigma-Aldrich, USA was used as a partial agonist of 5-HT 1A receptors, and WAY WAY, Sigma-Aldrich, USA was used as a highly selective 5-HT 1A antagonist.
For the intraperitoneal injections i. For oral administration p. The digital video was subsequently reviewed, and behaviors were scored by a highly trained observer who had been blinded to the treatment conditions.
In the rotarod test, the behaviors were registered in real time. All of the experimental procedures took place between am and pm. The apparatus used in our lab has previously been described in detail [ 28 ], and our procedure was based on the original protocol proposed by Crawley and Goodwin [ 29 ].
Each animal was individually placed in the center of the light compartment facing the dark compartment and observed for 5 minutes after the first entry into the dark compartment.
During this period, we recorded the number of shuttle crossings an activity-exploration index , the number of rearings, and the time spent in the light compartment, which is the most consistent and useful measure for assessing anxiolytic-like activity [ 30 , 31 ]. The LDB test was also used to address a possible contribution from the GABA-benzodiazepine or serotonergic neurotransmission systems in the biological activity of EO.
or WAY 0. The LDB procedure was performed 30 min after the last drug treatment. At the end of the LDB procedure, the mice acutely or repeatedly treated with EO or used to study the EO mechanism of action were immediately placed onto the Rotarod apparatus to verify the integrity of their motor systems.
Each animal was placed on a non-slippery plastic rod 3. To avoid a bias due to an incapacity not related to drug treatment, the mice were assessed in the rotarod test 24 hours before the start of the experimental procedure.
Only those animals that performed satisfactorily in this initial assessment were evaluated in the RRT after the LDB. FST is consistently recognized as a model for assessing antidepressant activity [ 34 — 36 ] and our experimental conditions were previously detailed [ 28 ].
Briefly, each animal underwent a 15 min pre-test swim in a cm column of water 23 ± 2°C in a transparent plastic cylinder The pre-test session was conducted 24 h prior to the 5-min swim tests, in which the immobility time in seconds was determined by a post hoc evaluation of the digital video using the Etholog 2.
Mice treated with oral or inhaled EO were used in the FST. The inhaled treatments were given in an acrylic box with cotton swabs soaked in 2 ml of EO at 0. Mice were individually placed into the box for 7 min to receive T1, T2, and T3 following the same time schedule described for oral administration.
Thirty minutes after the last treatment, the mice were submitted to the LDB and the RRT, both of which are described above. After completion of the behavioral evaluation, blood was collected for biochemical evaluation. The blood samples were collected in tubes without anticoagulant, which had been kept at room temperature for 30 min, and were centrifuged at 4, rpm for 20 min at 4°C.
The biochemistry parameters measured were aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, albumin, creatinine, total protein, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
The striatum, hypothalamus, pons, and frontal cortices were isolated, weighed, and stored in liquid nitrogen. For the neurochemical analyses, the tissues were homogenized in 0.
The levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites dopamine DA , 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid DOPAC and homovanillic acid HVA , and serotonin 5HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5HIAA were measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography HPLC using a system model 6A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan with an electrochemical detector as described elsewhere [ 39 ].
Briefly, μl samples were loaded into a sample injector, and the mobile phase was delivered at a constant rate of 1. The quantitative data from the behavioral procedures were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric variance analysis followed by the Mann-Whitney test when appropriate.
All of the statistical analyses was made using GraphPad InStat® version 3. Table 1 shows the results from the gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis of the C. aurantium EO yield: 0. The main EO compound was identified by retention time and the Kovats retention index [ 40 ] as monoterpene limonene The other compounds detected in the EO included β-pinene 0.
The LDB was used to access the anxiolytic-like effect of the EO after acute and repeated treatment, as well as to investigate the effect of interference on the GABAergic and serotonergic neurotransmission systems on the anti-anxiety activity of the EO.
was also evaluated after acute treatment and did not modify behavioral parameters in the LDB Figure 1 , central panel. The data are presented as the median and interquartile range Q1-Q3. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of mice in each group. The results of the GABAergic and serotonergic interference study are presented in Figure 2.
A similar approach was used to evaluate interference with the 5HT 1A serotonin receptor. Thus, it appears that the serotonergic system, through 5HT 1A receptor, is linked to the anxiolytic-like action of the EO.
Acute or repeated treatment with the EO had no effect on the ability of the mice to remain on the rotating bar. In the same way, the individual or combined administration of the benzodiazepine or 5HT 1A receptor agonists and antagonists and the EO did not interfere with motor coordination as evaluated by the RRT.
The results of the forced swim test after the oral or inhaled administration of the EO are presented in Table 3. The different doses or routes of EO administration showed no signs of interference with immobility time, which is the main parameter indicating antidepressant activity in this experimental procedure.
The day EO treatment did not induce any observable signs of toxicity; changes in body weight; or abnormalities in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, albumin, creatinine, total protein, or triglycerides. Acute treatment with C.
aurantium EO did not change the levels of neurotransmitters or their metabolites DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5HT, and 5HIAA in the cortex, the striatum, the pons or the hypothalamus Table 5.
Traditional populations usually consider the leaves and flowers of Citrus species as a useful decoction [ 12 , 14 ] or infusion [ 13 , 15 ] to treat nervous system disturbances.
Previously our group demonstrated the sedative and anxiolytic-like effects of C. aurantium , C. latifolia , and C. reticulata EO in mice [ 23 — 25 ]. The present work not only investigated the mechanism of action underlying the anxiolytic-like effect of C.
aurantium EO but also investigated the antidepressant-like activity of this EO. The major compound present in the EO was limonene, followed by β-myrcene. Both of these compounds are biologically active in the central nervous system, as mice treated with these compounds have shown decreases in spontaneous activity, rearing, and grooming in an open field test, and the compounds increased barbiturate sleeping time [ 43 ].
These results corroborate previous reports [ 43 ] in which limonene was not able to modify the parameters of anxiolytic-like activity evaluated in the elevated plus maze procedure. These findings strengthen the idea that, in herbal preparations, the interactions between compounds often result in biological activity that is greater than the activity of isolated compounds, as noted earlier [ 44 ].
The 5HT system has been implicated in the modulation of anxiety levels, and some components of this system promote anxiety while others reduce its symptoms [ 45 ].
Since the introduction of buspirone as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of anxiety, considerable interest in its therapeutic role in anxiety and mood disorders has been generated [ 2 ].
Buspirone is a partial agonist of 5-HT 1A autoreceptors that acts as an antagonist at certain postsynaptic 5-HT 1A receptor sites. While reports on the effect of the acute administration of buspirone are inconclusive, chronic treatment causes an anxiolytic-like effect [ 4 , 5 ].
As previously reported for EO [ 23 ], the profile of dose-response curve is not monotonic as usually seen in classical pharmacology. In a monotonic curve, the sign negative or positive of the slope is maintained throughout the entire dose range. Conversely, in nonmonotonic dose-response curve the slope changes sign at some point along the range of doses, resulting in a U- or inverted U-shape.
In more complexes cases, a nonmonotonic curve assumes a multiphasic shape, in which the slope changes the sign in multiple points along the curve. This phenomenon has puzzled researchers for more than 50 years and recently a comprehensive overview discusses and contributes to its better understanding [ 46 ].
In spite of the main focus under endocrinology field, examples have also emerging in different areas of research such as toxicology, epidemiology and pharmacology [ 46 , 47 ]. Among the several putative mechanisms which produce nonmonotonic responses in cells, tissues, and animals stand out the cytotoxicity, cell-specific and tissue-specific receptors and cofactors, receptor competition, superimposition of monotonic dose responses and other events related with responses of a biological system caused by products that have a complex mixture of substances [ 46 , 48 ], including essential oils.
The anxiolytic-like effects of the acute treatments were not antagonized by FLU, a benzodiazepine antagonist, but these effects were antagonized by the 5-HT 1A specific antagonist WAY. Considering that benzodiazepines are not effective in the LDB after chronic treatment [ 28 ] and the reduction in the anxiolytic-like effect of the EO after WAY administration, we can infer that the EO functions through interactions with the serotonergic system.
However, we cannot discard the possibility that the EO or its metabolites interact with other neurotransmission systems. Increased 5HT and DA synthesis were observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice after the inhalation of lemon oil vapor a species from the Citrus genus , suggesting that lemon oil vapor possibly affects the response to DAnergic activity by modulating the 5HTnergic system [ 49 ].
In our assessment of DA, 5HT, and their metabolites, no alterations in the levels of these neurotransmitters were observed in the cerebral areas evaluated after acute treatment with the EO. Contradicting our expectations and previous reports [ 20 , 21 ], the EO was unable to modify immobility time in the FST, an experimental model of depression.
The use of 5-HT 1A ligands for the treatment of depressive disorders shows inconsistent results [ 50 ]. This inconsistency may be related to differences in the intrinsic activity and potency of 5-HT 1A drugs that appear to depend on the brain region [ 4 ].
Despite the effect observed in a study treating rats with the same concentration used in our procedure [ 16 ], we could not find an anxiolytic-like effect after inhaled exposure to EO. Similarly, no antidepressant-like effect was found in the FST after the inhalation of EO.
Finally, in agreement with a subchronic day toxicity study of C. aurantium extracts in mice [ 51 ], the day repeated EO treatment in this study showed no deleterious consequences.
Daily inspection and periodic weighing showed no differences in general aspect, body weight, or the biochemical parameters of the experimental groups, except for a decrease in total cholesterol. aurantium , to a high fat diet in Wistar rats reversed the diet-induced changes in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation [ 53 ].
aurantium EO possesses a significant anxiolytic-like activity, and the present results strongly suggest the involvement of 5-HT 1A -receptors. We believe that these results are promising, as EO treatment might be considered a complementary therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
However, further studies are necessary to explore the detailed mechanism of EO action on binding sites. Moreover, the EO appears to be well tolerated, as none of the different doses caused alterations or showed signs of toxicity. López-Muñoz F, Alamo C, García-García P: The Discovery of chlordiazepoxide and the clinical introduction of benzodiazepines: half a century of anxiolytic drugs.
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Arch Gen Psychiatry. Vale TG, Furtado EC, Santor JG, Viana GSB: Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba Mill. A control group was fed a normal diet ND for 12 weeks.
The researchers said this could suggest CA can regulate the weight of HFD-fed mice. White adipose tissue are mostly used for storing excess calories.
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Background: There are ajrantium no Stimulate thermogenesis naturally of Preventing blood sugar spikes managementt safety of the manage,ent use of Citrus Citrus aurantium for cholesterol management in aerobic submaximal exercise. Objective: To evaluate Cittus effect of C. aurantium supplementation on the recovery of cardiorespiratory and autonomic parameters following a session of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults achieved a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBPdiastolic blood pressure DBPpulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAPheart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. Aursntium Complementary managekent Alternative Medicine volume 13Article managemeht Preventing blood sugar spikes Cite this article. Metrics details. The managsment treatments for anxiety cholestetol and depression have Preventing blood sugar spikes adverse effects in addition to a delayed Increase endurance for marathons of action, which has prompted efforts to find new substances with potential activity in these disorders. Citrus aurantium was chosen based on ethnopharmacological data because traditional medicine refers to the Citrus genus as useful in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, and C. aurantium has more recently been proposed as an adjuvant for antidepressants. In the present work, we investigated the biological activity underlying the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of C.Citrus aurantium for cholesterol management -
Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed…. Some studies suggest vaping may help manage your weight, but others show mixed….
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How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN , Nutrition — By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on March 17, The fruit and its extracts.
Compounds and nutrients. Does bitter orange aid weight loss? Health benefits of bitter orange. Downsides and side effects of bitter orange. Dosage and safety information. Culinary uses of bitter orange. The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: History. Mar 17, Written By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN.
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In the current study, our data confirms a declined concentration of GSH and GP X in serum of ISO treated rats. GSH, a tripeptide, one of the greatest non-enzymatic antioxidant biomolecules, is existing in the body. GSH has a direct antioxidant role by reacting with superoxide radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen followed by the creation of oxidized GSH and other disulfides [33].
Diminished activity of these enzymes lead to formation of oxidants and make cardiac myocytes membranes more susceptible to oxidative injury.
The current study revealed a significant increase in the value of GSH and activity of GP X in the serum of citrus aurantium pre-co-treated rats. Lipids play a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. A considerable rise in the total cholesterol and triglycerides was detected in serum of ISO treated rats, which is in line with previous reports [15,19].
Rats treated with ISO also exhibited an increase in LDL fraction along with a decline in HDL cholesterol. These alterations could be credited to improved lipid biosynthesis by cardiac cyclic adenosine monophosphate [34].
A sturdy positive correlation has been document among the risk of emerging ischemic heart disease and serum LDL level, while a negative correlation has been stated with HDL-cholesterol [35].
The pre-co-treatment with citrus aurantium effectively restored the elevated triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol in the serum of this group.
Histopathological investigation of the cardiac muscle tissue in the control rat group represented clear integrity of the cardiac myocytes membrane and no inflammatory cell infiltration was detected. ISO treated rats group showed a cellular dissociative view with marked inflammatory infiltration.
The pre-co-treatment with citrus aurantium extract showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and relatively normal view of myocardial cells. This confirmed cardio protective effect of hydroalcholic citrus aurantium extract on MI induced by ISO in rats.
In conclusion, we can say that the current study confirmed that subcutaneous high-dose injections of isoproterenol can produce MI in rats as evident from the release of myocytes damage markers in serum.
Furthermore, provided with experimental evidence, the hydroalcholic citrus aurantium extract preserved antioxidant enzyme levels and enhanced cardiac performance. This conclusion may be a new way to understand the useful effects of citrus aurantium extract on cardio protection against myocardial injury, in which oxidative stress has long been identified to contribute to pathogenesis.
The authors are grateful to the Deputy of research and technology of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences for their financial support of research project no The authors acknowledge the department of Physiology and Biochemistry at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences for the support provided for this work.
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Behavioral Sciences Food and Nutrition Trends Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Home JCCR Cardio protective effects of hydroalcholic citrus aurantium extract on myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in male rats. Journal of.
Research Article Volume 10 Issue 3. Go to Article Title Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement Conflict of Interest References.
Chemicals Isoproterenol hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Animals All experiment and procedures defined in this study were approved by the local ethics committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Experimental design After acclimatization, the animals were allocated randomly into 4 groups 6 in each group.
Biochemical analysis After recording the ECG, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were taken. Plant preparation and extraction Citrus aurantium flowers were taken from Shiraz, Iran, in Statistical analysis Data is expressed as mean ± SE.
All values are presented as Mean ± S. for six rats in each group. Aronow WS Epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of systolic and diastolic heart failure.
Cardiol Rev 14 3 : Lopez AD, Murray CC The global burden of disease, Nat Med 4 11 : Bagatini MD, Martins CC, Battisti V, Gasparetto D, da Rosa CS, et al. Heart Vessels 26 1 : Lee BJ, Lin YC, Huang YC, Ko YW, Hsia S, et al.
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Int J Cardiol 1 : Todd GL, Cullan GE, Cullan GM Isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis and membrane permeability alterations in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Exp Mol Pathol 33 1 : Han MH, Lee WS, Lu JN, Kim G, Jung JM, et al.
exhibits apoptotic effects on U human leukemia cells partly through inhibition of Akt. Int J Oncol 40 6 : Huang YT, Wang GF, Chen CF, Chen CC, Hong CY, et al.
Life sciences 57 22 : Deyhim F, Lopez E, Gonzalez J, Garcia M, Patil BS Citrus juice modulates antioxidant enzymes and lipid profiles in orchidectomized rats. J Med Food 9 3 : Li Y, Fang H, Xu W Recent advance in the research of flavonoids as anticancer agents.
Mini Rev Med Chem 7 7 : Quilez A, Berenguer B, Gilardoni G, Souccar C, de Mendonca S, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 3 : Nogata Y, Sakamoto K, Shiratsuchi H, Ishii T, Yano M, et al.
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 70 1 : Komeili G, Hashemi M, Bameri-Niafar M Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Peganum harmala Seeds in Diabetic Rats.
Cholesterol Patel V, Upaganlawar A, Zalawadia R, Balaraman R Cardioprotective effect of melatonin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats: A biochemical, electrocardiographic and histoarchitectural evaluation.
Eur J Pharmacol : Ribeiro DA, Buttros JB, Oshima CT, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR Ascorbic acid prevents acute myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase production. J Mol Histol 40 2 : Devi Sampath P, Vijayaraghavan K Cardioprotective effect of alpha-mangostin, a xanthone derivative from mangosteen on tissue defense system against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21 6 : Baroldi G Letter: Myocardial necrosis: the need for definition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 6 4 : Variya BC, Patel SS, Trivedi JI, Gandhi HP, Rathod SP Comparative evaluation of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors in experimentally-induced myocardial necrosis: Biochemical, morphological and histological studies.
Eur J Pharmacol Upaganlawar A, Balaraman R Cardioprotective Effects of Lagenaria siceraria Fruit Juice on Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Infarction in Wistar Rats: A Biochemical and Histoarchitecture Study. J Young Pharm 3 4 : Yeager JC, Whitehurst ME Verapamil prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac failure in the rat.
Life sci 30 3 : Source: Nutrients doi Activate the "master metabolic regulator! Facebook Twitter Linkedin. South Korean regulator steps up online inspection against fake ads Daiken Biomedical leverages Japan patent for triple-action formula to strengthen consumer trust and fuel business growth.
The power of quality sleep for long-term health By Kemin Human Nutrition and Health Wild rice and the science behind its collagen-boosting properties By BTC Corporation Yeast protein: A sustainable solution for feeding the world and tackling climate change By Angel Yeast — Human Health.
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Herbal tea for detoxification orange Citrus aurantiumCitrus aurantium for cholesterol management fot as sour orange and Seville orange, is a citrus Citrus aurantium for cholesterol management aurantiium a multitude cholesterool uses. This article auranfium all you dor to know about bitter orange, including its Preventing blood sugar spikes in weight xurantium and skin health, as well as its overall safety as a supplement. The bitter orange plant thrives in subtropical regions but can withstand adverse environmental conditions like frost for short periods 2. Oval or oblong in shape, the fruit is red-orange when ripe and has a distinctively thick, dimpled skin. There are 23 cultivars of the fruit, the most prominent of which is Bergamot. You can expect some varieties to be more bitter than others.
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