Flaxseed for preventing oxidative stress -
The recorded MCs indicate that it is likely that the equilibrium MC of the yellow variety is lower than that of the brown at our chosen temperature and RH. This result is consistent with the short lag time between harvesting and testing and good handling practices by the supplier.
The advanced oxidative decontamination performed on the flaxseed with the Clēan Flow unit did not significantly lower the germination rate immediately.
During storage, the germination rate decreased from its initial high value for both seed colours, including control and decontaminated flaxseed Fig. This significant difference indicates some damage to the viability of brown flaxseeds that only becomes apparent after the passage of time and storage.
The germination rates of A brown and B yellow flaxseed and grey bars control and white bars decontaminated samples during storage. The living zygote within a seed is vulnerable and is known to be damaged by overly high concentrations of ozone Pandiselvam et al.
Oxidative stress is implicated in many human diseases but is also relevant to seed germination. Germination involves rapidly dividing cells with an intense metabolic activity that produces ROS. Omega-3 fatty acid antioxidant properties neutralize oxidative stress, the imbalance between the production and detoxification of ROS.
The percentages decreased over the course of the storage study. Differences between the control and decontaminated flaxseed became apparent only after 8 weeks of storage. The decontaminated flaxseed showed higher percentages of seeds without visible mould growth for both colours.
Saltwater filter paper SFP results for the stored A brown and B yellow flaxseed. Data points are plotted in grey and white for control and decontaminated samples, respectively.
Our observation at the 12th-week time point at the end of the storage indicates a significantly higher percentage of seeds without visible mould for decontaminated yellow flaxseed compared to the control.
Prior works on the application of the Clēan Flow unit to decontaminate N95 respirators during the COVID pandemic established that the unit is capable of efficiently sterilizing viral and bacterial burdens Clark et al. The present study extends the use of the same effectors i.
UV light, ozone and H 2 O 2 to demonstrate the grain decontamination abilities of the Clēan Flow. However, there is a need to further study the various strains of grain-afflicting moulds.
As well, there is a research gap in the application of advanced oxidative decontamination techniques to inactivate mycotoxins. The FAV was not significantly affected by decontamination at 0 weeks of storage for both colours Fig. After 12 weeks of storage, there was an increase in the FAV of the brown decontaminated flaxseed compared to the control.
This observation indicates that the fatty acid contents of the seed were degraded faster in the brown seed after the advanced oxidative decontamination. On the other hand, no significant changes were observed in the yellow variety after 12 weeks.
Fatty acid value of A brown and B yellow flaxseed grey bars and control and white bars decontaminated samples during storage. Interestingly, our results are the opposite of what was reported in a study of ozone fumigation of flaxseed by Bechlin et al.
This inconsistency could be due to several differences between the experimental design of the two studies. For example, herein, we used unpackaged flaxseeds under advanced oxidative decontamination with ozone concentrations of 3—4 ppm for 30 s.
In the other study, packaged flaxseeds were utilized with ozone fumigation at a concentration of 10 ppm for min. The increase in FFA in response to ozone exposure is problematic as it indicates that the lipid contents of the seeds were oxidized and that rancidity was accelerated.
Concerningly, the increase in rancidity was not apparent immediately after the oxidative treatment but rather as a delayed effect that only became measurable with the passage of time. It is reported that the VT variety has a higher In contrast, the brown CDC Bethune and Glas varieties have ALA percentages of It follows that the yellow flaxseed studied here should have a higher percentage of ALA per mass dry weight of seed than the brown.
Genetically purebred varieties are generally not commercially available. Blended brown flaxseed is typical of what is commercially traded and available to food processors, manufacturers and retail customers. The brown genetically blended sample we employed was sufficient for the purpose of illustrating a disparity in ALA content.
How that disparity may produce significantly different FTIR spectroscopic signatures for each flax is explored in the next section. The internal anatomical features of the flaxseed can be seen when the seed is cut in either the longitudinal Fig. The flaxseed was cryo-sectioned in the transverse direction after soaking and embedding Fig.
Photomicrographs of top A , B intact and bottom C , D longitudinally bisected left A , C brown and right B , D yellow flaxseed. Lowercase letters indicate anatomical features o the outer hull or seedcoat, e the endosperm and c the cotyledon.
Visible photoimages of transversely cut flaxseed. Top A Bisected and bottom B cryo-sectioned. o The outer hull, e the endosperm and c the cotyledon.
Swaths of tissues were intact enough to acquire transmission-mode FTIR hyperspectral images, as seen in Fig. The blacked out area of the image in Fig. The FTIR images of the brown flaxseed had pixel spectra with moderate calculated ratios green and yellow pixels Fig.
For the yellow flaxseed Fig. Transmission-mode FTIR imaging of top A , B brown and bottom C , D yellow flaxseed. A , C Visible photoimages of cryosections of the flaxseed showing o the outer hull, e the endosperm and c the cotyledon.
The blue and red boxes are B , D False-colour FTIR images processed for the ratio of two areas under the curve of the FTIR spectra, mapped to a common colour scale.
The black pixels indicate an area with a tear in the tissue. E Selected FTIR spectra from the images are displayed on a common scale, offset for clarity.
Absorbance in this spectral region could be due to the presence of C-O-H and C-O-C bending and the C-O and C-C stretching of carbohydrates Wiercigroch et al.
Overall, the transmission FTIR micro-spectroscopy of the flaxseed was challenging, and due to the poor quality of the tissue, only the control flaxseed could be analysed. In thin layers, flaxseed oil can oxidize in as little as 5 h in ambient conditions Van der Weerd et al.
The thinness of the cryosections makes them vulnerable to oxidation due to ambient atmospheric oxygen during sectioning and imaging. One possible solution to the problem of tissue quality would be to dissect and remove the seed coat prior to sectioning.
The seed coat readily separates after the seed is transversely bisected. However, we did not attempt imaging without the seed coat, due to the relevance of the seed coat to surface decontamination.
After the handheld ATR-FTIR spectra were processed, it became apparent that all the stored yellow flaxseed spectra had a higher peak ratio than the stored brown flaxseed spectra Fig. Representative handheld ATR-FTIR spectra of A brown and B yellow flaxseed from the storage study. Spectra are on a common scale, offset for clarity.
Van der Weerd et al. Our results on the stability of the olefinic peaks over the longer term 3 months may be explained by the fact that the studied flaxseed tissue structure is intact during storage. Thin layers, such as cryosections or films, have a higher surface area exposed. The intact tissue and the outer hull would also offer some protection from oxygen.
The sample preparation and analysis involved with acquiring handheld ATR-FTIR spectra of ground flaxseed were simple and effectively showed spectral contrast between yellow and brown flaxseed. Hence, our experiment suggests that ATR-FTIR is a faster tool than transmission FTIR for studying the seed as a whole, when tissue-specific changes are not required and when exposure to ambient oxygen is an issue and data must be acquired quickly.
These unsaturated compounds may be relevant to reducing damage to quality. A study by Mohanan et al. It may be possible that the increased presence of antioxidants in the yellow flaxseed counteracts lipid oxidation and oxidative damage due to oxidative decontamination, preventing the promotion of oxidative rancidity during storage.
There could be a more complex relationship here, as biological systems that are rich in olefins often have other antioxidant systems that protect them from lipid peroxidation. It may not be the unsaturated lipids acting directly to detoxify oxygen but rather related systems at work.
The potential of advanced oxidative decontamination consisting of ozone, H 2 O 2 and UV treatment was explored for two varieties of flaxseeds, viz. brown and yellow.
Our applied treatments on yellow flaxseed were successful in two respects: 1 mould reduction and 2 maintenance of quality parameters such as germination rate and FAV. On the other hand, the same treatment on brown flaxseed diminished its quality without significantly improving mould reduction.
Different reactions to decontamination treatments for flaxseed varieties may be due to differences in their compositional constitution, e. amounts of ALA. The ALA content disparity between varieties studied produced significantly different FTIR spectroscopic signatures for each of our colour samples of flax.
The increased resistance of yellow flaxseed to oxidation could be related to the rich presence of lipid double bonds. Adjustments of decontamination parameters e. exposure time, irradiation intensity and concentrations could reduce or eliminate the negative impacts on the brown variety and increase the microbial reduction of yellow seed.
Our study suggests that flaxseed varieties with high levels of antioxidants, e. the yellow flaxseed variety studied here, are resistant to deterioration due to oxidation and can withstand the more aggressive treatment.
Overall, the authors believe an intense, but short and calibrated exposure to a dosed combination of three decontaminating agents i. ozone, H 2 O 2 and UV is a promising tool to decontaminate flaxseeds without inducing adverse side effects on quality.
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Antioxidative and antiatherogenic effects of flaxseed, α-tocopherol and their combination in diabetic hamsters fed with a high-fat diet Authors: Raluca Ecaterina Haliga Veronica Mocanu Magda Badescu View Affiliations Affiliations: Department of Pathophysiology, Grigore T.
Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi , Romania. Metrics: Total Views: 0 Spandidos Publications: PMC Statistics: Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 Spandidos Publications: PMC Statistics:. Cited By CrossRef : 0 citations Loading Articles This article is mentioned in:.
Introduction Oxidative stress is considered to be significant in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease CVD , which is associated with an abnormal blood lipid profile, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome 1.
Materials and methods Animals A total of 35 male Golden Syrian hamsters were used in the study. Table I Composition of the diets. a Hydrogenated coconut oil. Table II Serum glucose, serum lipid profile and aortal cholesterol content in the study groups. Table III Oxidative stress parameters in the study groups.
High glucose exposure distorted erythrocytes to form acanthocytes [8, 32 ,33, 34]. Thus, our results indicated that flaxseed oil could counteract lipid peroxidation to enhance fluidity or prevent phosphatidylserine externalization on membrane [ 32 ].
Meantime, images of ultra scanning electron microscopy showed that flaxseed oil could maintain cellular shape of erythrocytes at high glucose level and results of flow cytometry also illustrated similar results.
These results suggested that flaxseed oil could maintain normal phospholipids symmetry on membrane of erythrocytes [ 8 , 32 — 34 ]. The membrane of the red blood cell plays many roles that aid in regulating their surface deformability, flexibility, adhesion to other cells and immune recognition [ 35 — 37 ].
These functions are highly dependent on its composition, which defines its properties [ 35 ]. Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian erythrocytes are proteins.
The other half is lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol [ 36 ]. The erythrocyte cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells [ 37 ].
This lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity [ 37 ].
Unlike cholesterol which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets, the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed outer monolayer: phosphatidylcholine, PC and sphingomyelin, SM; inner monolayer: phosphatidylethanolamine, PE, phosphoinositol, PI and phosphatidylserine, PS [ 17 , 37 , 38 ].
In the present study, concentrations of PUFA C, C and C were decreased in membrane while concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acid MUFA C and C were dramatically increased, which resulted in a net higher concentration of total monounsaturated fatty acids in the positive control group [ 19 , 39 ].
Moreover, earlier studies also found that the carbonyls of C and C were exposed to the aqueous interface of phospholipids, the C and C on membranes may result in increase of rigid molecular order on membrane structures [ 19 , 39 — 42 ].
The worse partition of the fatty acid compositions in the lipid bilayer may alter the biochemical properties of the cell membrane, the membrane shape, organization, and permeability [ 10 , 39 , 41 — 46 ]. Therefore, our results indicated that flaxseed oil could protect against to the deformability of human erythrocytes.
Our study found that flaxseed oil could attenuate lipid peroxidation, preserve anti-oxidation capacity and maintain fatty acid compositions of in membrane of human erythrocytes.
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BMC Glycogen replenishment guide and Alternative Medicine volume 15Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Fof fibrosis Oxldative leads to Flaxseed for preventing oxidative stress lung stdess despite aggressive care. Gor inflammation and oxidative Flaxseed contribute to Flaxseed for preventing oxidative stress and disease progression. Flaxseed FSa dietary botanical supplement with high fiber, lignan phenolics, and omega-3 fatty acids has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in murine models of acute and chronic lung injury. This pilot study was designed to determine whether CF patients could tolerate FS, evaluate circulating FS metabolites, and study biomarkers of lung damage, as a prelude to studying clinical outcomes. Urine was evaluated for systemic oxidative stress and plasma for FS metabolites enterolignans and cytokine levels.
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