Prebiotics for gut flora -
Bacteria often get a bad rap as germs that cause sickness. But some bacteria and yeasts provide you with a health boon instead of a bane. Probiotics are good bacteria. But you can also get them from certain foods and supplements.
You get them from high-fiber, plant-based foods. Good bacteria help prevent the overgrowth of pathogens that can trigger inflammation in your body.
When your bacteria balance is off, it means you have fewer of the bacteria that help you metabolize specific nutrients and absorb vitamins and minerals. With enough good bacteria, you digest foods easily and regularly, and get optimum nutrition from the foods you eat.
But good gut health gives you more than just smooth digestion. Other research shows it can also boost immunity , increasing the production of certain antibodies. Bad bacteria may rule the roost in your gut after illness, a round of antibiotics, or it can start to take over as a result of a diet high in processed foods.
When things get off kilter, you may notice it after a meal in the form of heartburn or indigestion , or you may see signs in the bathroom.
Although there are certainly plenty of supplements and products that tout a probiotic boost, your best best is to increase both your probiotic and prebiotic levels through the foods you eat. When you think of probiotics, think of fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut, Harrell says.
Other options include tempeh, kefir, miso, kombucha, and kimchi. Prebiotics are foods high in fiber, but not just any fiber. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Canfora, E. Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity. Sanna, S.
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Download references. Szajewska, and the other, anonymous, reviewer s , for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO, USA. Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
Lawson Research Institute, and Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Glenn R. declares personal fees for consulting for Bayer and Pharmavite. declares that he helped develop and commercialize probiotic strains GR-1 and RC, but has had no financial interest in them for over 10 years.
He is Chief Scientific Officer for Seed, a company producing probiotic products.
Fpora Prebiotics for gut flora gaining Belly fat reduction and diabetes prevention thanks to their role florw feeding the good microbes in rPebiotics gut. Find out Prebiotics for gut flora nutrition and flor Prebiotics for gut flora experts have to say, plus the 8 best prebiotic foods for your gut. Elizabeth Shaw is a nationally Prebiottics nutrition expert, four time cookbook author, freelance writer, and pioneer in the field of fertility nutrition. Commonly referred to as "Shaw Simple Swaps", she is the president and owner of the USA based nutrition communications and consulting firm. Elizabeth has been in the field of nutrition for over 18 years, has served as an adjunct professor, and is a certified personal trainer. Probiotics —aka the live microorganisms found in cultured dairy products and other fermented foods—are likely something you've heard of. Thank Prebiotics for gut flora for Preniotics nature. You are using Injury prevention through proper protein intake browser version with limited support for CSS. To Perbiotics the best ror, Prebiotics for gut flora Prebioticss you use a more up to date browser or rPebiotics off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. An Author Correction to this article was published on 09 August Probiotics and prebiotics are microbiota-management tools for improving host health. They target gastrointestinal effects via the gut, although direct application to other sites such as the oral cavity, vaginal tract and skin is being explored.
Prebiotics for gut flora -
Certain cheeses, kombucha, kimchi, pickles and sauerkraut are other bacteria-fermented foods containing probiotics. When you're familiar with the variety of foods containing prebiotics and probiotics, you can easily incorporate these ingredients in your meals and favorite recipes.
These foods may be a staple in your diet without realizing the health benefits for your microbiome. In a large bowl, combine the oats and hot water. Let sit for 1 to 2 minutes until the oats are creamy and tender. Stir in oil and sugar; set aside to cool slightly. In a medium bowl, combine the flours, baking powder, baking soda, salt and ground cinnamon.
Whisk to blend. Add the milk, yogurt and banana to the oats and stir until well-blended. Beat in the egg. Add the flour mixture to the oat mixture and stir until just moistened.
Place a nonstick frying pan or griddle over medium heat. Once hot, spoon ¼ cup pancake batter into the pan. Cook for about 2 minutes, until the top surface of the pancake is covered with bubbles and the edges are lightly browned.
Flip the pancake and cook for another 2 to 3 minutes. Repeat with remaining pancake batter. Nutrition information per two-pancake serving: calories, 6 grams fat, 0 grams saturated fat, 0 grams trans fat, 4 grams monounsaturated fat, milligrams sodium, 30 grams total carbohydrate, 2 grams dietary fiber, 6 grams protein.
Source: Mayo Clinic. Download a list of prebiotic and probiotic foods with good bacteria for your gut , and read more healthy recipes and tips.
Amanda Gingrasso is a nurse practitioner in Gastroenterology and Hepatology in La Crosse , Wisconsin. Skip to main content. Posted By. Shimizu et al. successfully produced a strain of Bifidobacterium longum that secretes C-CPE-PE23 and can selectively localize and proliferate in tumors. The isolated Bifidobacteria were specifically distributed in the tumors of mice with breast cancer and significantly inhibited tumor growth without serious side effects such as weight loss or liver and kidney damage, and the experimental results suggest that Bifidobacteria can be special carriers of anti-cancer proteins against malignant tumors In addition to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium , Gram-positive parthenococci such as Enterococcus are frequently used in the food industry today.
The ability of Enterococcus strains to survive, compete and attach to host cells in the intestine is a key feature as a probiotic.
In addition, Enterococcus is highly resistant to a wide range of pH and temperature; this is attributed to its strong bacteriocin production capacity, which can be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in the food industry Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-known non-pathogenic and selective probiotic that is now used in the commercial production of probiotic foods.
Saccharomyces boulardii , for example, has been extensively studied for its probiotic action and is commonly used to treat digestive disorders such as diarrhea symptoms, especially when used as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, when passing through the digestive tract, Saccharomyces boulardii has a higher survival capacity compared to other probiotics, helping to maintain the balance of the normal microflora of the intestinal tract.
It also has immunomodulatory effects, acting to fine-tune immunological pathways during pathogenic infections or chronic diseases 96 — In addition to the enterococci and yeasts mentioned above, other categories of probiotics that are more common are Bacillus species, Streptococcus species, and E.
Based on recently published work, the roles and applications of some common probiotics were summarized in Table 2. As the largest immune organ in the body, intestine is very important to human body.
The intestinal barrier is a heterogeneous body composed of extracellular components, including the mucus layer, the cellular layer and the lamina propria of the intestinal epithelium 8. Figure 6 presents relevant details of the intestinal barrier and the main cellular players.
Both mucus layer and intestinal epithelium possess the own specific cell types, which can be a physical barrier to intestinal microorganisms.
For example, enterocytes can absorb the molecules from the intestinal lumen. Paneth cells possess the ability to synthesize and secrete antimicrobial peptides during contact with intestinal bacteria.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells can secrete mucus. Intestinal endocrine cells are the constituent part of intestinal epithelium 72 , , The main roles of the intestinal epithelial mucus layer are to create a protective barrier against the hostile luminal environment, to facilitate the passage of food, and to avoid the adhesion of pathogens into the lamina propria Probiotics will interact with intestinal bacteria after entering the intestine; the first to play the role of physical barrier is the intestinal mucosa, which keeps the intestine at a safe distance from toxic substances in the intestinal lumen.
Probiotics will react with bacteria after entering the intestine to enhance its chemical barrier, mechanical barrier, biological barrier and immune barrier Reaching the intestine, probiotics will interact with intestinal cells, with the aim of restoring intestinal permeability, stimulating mucus production, promoting mucosal regeneration, and maintaining the mucosal barrier's integrity and the intestinal mechanical barrier's normal function For example, some studies have found that antibiotics disrupt normal intestinal microbes and cause disruption of the intestinal barrier.
However, the water-soluble polysaccharide from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench bee pollen can alleviate antibiotic-induced microbiota dysbiosis and improve intestinal barrier integrity by increasing intestinal sIgA secretion and suppressing inflammation Certain probiotics in the gut can influence the function of various immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells and natural killer NK cells in the body in a direct or indirect way, thus acting as immune regulators and controlling inflammation; some of these probiotics are of the immunostimulatory type 9 , , These probiotics enhance non-specific cellular immune responses characterized by fighting against cancer cells, inducing IL production, thus activating NK cells and developing Th1 cells, and releasing various cytokines in a strain-specific and dose-dependent manner; they also fight against allergies through the balance between Th1 and Th2 Short-term supplementation with probiotics can also enhance the body's cellular immune function.
One study found that probiotics increased the body's polymorphonuclear phagocytosis capacity and tumor-killing activity of NK cells and improved cellular immune function in older people after supplementation with appropriate amounts of probiotics Generally, the probiotics can directly or indirectly stimulate immune cells in the gut to enhance its function.
Some probiotics i. If exposed to any foreign antigen, the host intestinal mucosal immune system initiates an immune response, partly through an adaptive immune response and partly by inducing inflammation to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Immunomodulatory probiotics are characterized by the production of IL and Treg cells, leading to a reduction in symptoms such as allergy and inflammation , It has been found that probiotics increase intestinal barrier function by stimulating B cells and influencing cytokine production, thereby initiating an adaptive response in the host body, and that short-term supplementation with probiotics can also enhance the body's cellular immune function.
In the presence of probiotics, monocytes act synergistically with NK cells to reduce and inhibit inflammatory cytokine release by secreting IL to induce regulatory differentiation of stem cells and resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity Figure 7 shows an immunomodulatory mechanism involving two different classes of probiotics, namely, immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory.
Figure 7. Mechanism of immune regulation by probiotics TH1, TH2, TH16, type 1 T helper, type 2 T helper, type 17 T helper; DC, dendritic cell; MØ, M cell; IL, IL, interleukin, interleukin; NK, natural killer. Probiotics regulate the intervention of intestinal microorganisms through colonization by modulating microorganism metabolism and improving human health.
Probiotics prevent gastrointestinal diseases by competing for nutrients or producing antimicrobial factors to form colonization resistance to reduce infection by intestinal pathogenic microorganisms.
The health of rabbits can be improved by using the autogenous strain Enterococcus faecalis EF CCM , which has a good ability to colonize the intestinal tract and produces the antimicrobial enterococin Ent, which effectively reduces coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliforms and clostridia In addition to the gut, probiotics have the ability to colonize the epithelial surface and produce antimicrobial metabolites capable of controlling and maintaining the microbiota of the vagina.
For example, Lactobacillus acidophilus KS produces bacteriocins with antimicrobial activity against relevant urogenital pathogens Because the activity of probiotics depends on the conditions of the host gastrointestinal tract and changes in the intestinal flora, the colonization and persistence of probiotics are important.
Probiotic strains secrete secondary metabolites such as SCFAs and peptides with antimicrobial activity, which may interact directly with the host or pathogen to prevent proliferation of pathogens and improve the efficacy of probiotics Probiotics can adsorb to mucus and epithelial cells to create a competitive advantage over pathogenic bacteria and bind to the host to produce stronger interactions and stimulate the host's immune response Thus, probiotics can be ingested as exogenous bacteria, colonize the human intestine, change the composition of intestinal flora, and then compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients, further excluding pathogenic bacteria and improving the immunity of the body.
The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis in the body has long been appreciated, and it is considered a central nervous system pathway that regulates bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain at the neuronal, endocrine, and immune levels As one of the important regulators of the gut-brain axis, microbiota have been of great interest in understanding of the importance of the gut-brain axis.
Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota and the brain communicate with each other through various pathways, including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus and enteric nervous systems, and other mechanisms that may be involved in gut microbial signaling to the brain involving microbial metabolites such as SCFAs, branched-chain amino acids and peptidoglycans In turn, the brain can change the composition and behavior of microorganisms through the autonomic nervous system , Many hormones and neurotransmitters are made in the gut, such as SCFAs, secondary products from carbohydrate fermentation, dopamine and serotonin, which can directly influence brain function and behavior The gut microbiota broadly and profoundly affects the gut-brain relationship, including mental status, mood regulation, neuromuscular function, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis regulation, and the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain are affected either directly or indirectly Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram of microbiota gut-brain axis bidirectional signal pathway.
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of microbiota gut-brain axis bidirectional signal pathway by Figdraw. The relationship between intestinal flora and depression has been a hot topic of research in recent years. The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression, and although the relevant pathogenesis is unclear, it may be associated with modulation of monoamine neurotransmitter release and efficacy, altered activity and function of the HPA axis, and changes in the abundance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Therefore, attempts to target the microbiota-gut-brain axis to treat depression are increasing , Studies have found that probiotics promote the production of SCFAs such as butyric acid, which is very important for the integrity of the intestinal barrier, it affects the central nervous system by changing the expression of BDNF and also has a positive impact on reducing the incidence rate of depression To determine the effect of probiotic intake on depressive symptoms and metabolic status in major depressive disorder patients, Akkasheh et al.
They found that the administration of probiotic showed positive effect to decrease in the Beck Depression Inventory index and a significant decrease in insulin levels.
This result is consistent with the experimental results of Kazemi et al. New research points to a link between autism and imbalance in the gut microbiota. Srikantha and Mohajeri tested metabolites in the urine of children with autism and found that patients had abnormal levels of SCFAs, LPS, and indoles, which are likely to be caused by an incomplete gut barrier.
Therefore, probiotics can be used to regulate the gut flora and re-establish gut homeostasis. The possible pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is like that of autism, where increased intestinal barrier permeability and immune cell activation impairs blood-brain barrier function, loses neurons, promotes neuroinflammation, and causes nerve damage, leading to disease onset.
The use of probiotics as a supplement can regulate the balance of intestinal flora, which introduces a research direction for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease Previous studies have found that prebiotics can promote the growth of probiotics in the human gut and improve intestinal microbial diversity , Probiotics account for a certain proportion of the normal intestinal flora in the intestine; they can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, regulate the human immune mechanism, and are closely related to human health.
Probiotics cannot grow and metabolize without a carbon source mainly carbohydrates. Prebiotics are not decomposed by human digestive juices, and indigestible prebiotics can be converted into carbon sources required by probiotics in the intestine, promoting the proliferation of good bacteria and regulating the composition of probiotics.
There are many studies on prebiotics promoting the growth and reproduction of probiotics, most of which focus on polysaccharide-based prebiotics. For example, Vázquez-Rodríguez et al. found that the polysaccharide fraction isolated from brown seaweed Silvetia compressa could proliferate Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to increase the synthesis of total SCFAs with effects similar to inulin Shang et al.
Moreover, Enteromorpha clathrata polysaccharide affected the microbiota differently in females and males, with Enteromorpha clathrata polysaccharide causing an increase in the number of Lactobacillus bacteria in male mice and Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila the next generation of probiotics in females.
The positive effect of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus SCSPsj on rodent health was attributed to the significant modulation of the gut microbial community by SCSPsj due to the regulation of gut microorganisms.
Although not directly proliferating LAB, SCSPsj significantly promoted biofilm formation and mucus binding, contributing to their enrichment in vivo and indirectly increasing their abundance In addition to polysaccharide prebiotics, polyphenolic compounds can selectively promote the growth of probiotics.
The existed phenolic compounds e. Not only limited to the intestinal tract, Sphallerocarpus gracilis polysaccharides both enhance the acidifying activity of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus which is termed as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus according to the updated microbial taxonomy during milk fermentation and promote the growth of these probiotics Overall, the above findings are a good indication that prebiotics can be utilized by certain probiotics, thus increasing flora abundance.
SCFAs are the metabolism products of fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins by intestinal bacteria from endogenous or dietary sources. They consist of saturated fatty acids with chains of 2—6 carbons Probiotics and prebiotics are the most important factors in the formation of SCFAs.
In the intestine, prebiotics produce beneficial metabolites in the presence of probiotics, predominantly SCFAs, which influence the intestinal environment and lower intestinal pH SCFAs are mostly produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of undigested and unabsorbed carbohydrates in the colon, with SCFAs-producing probiotics mainly including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium Butyricum.
Prebiotics have an important effect on SCFAs production by probiotics. One study showed that the physical form of the prebiotic substrate affected fermentation rate and SCFAs production Higher crystallinity bacterial cellulose had lower fermentation rates than less crystalline soluble polysaccharides, and cellulose complex fermentation produced a different SCFAs profile compared to soluble polysaccharides, with significantly higher butyric acid production and lower propionic acid production than that of rapidly fermentable substrates The concentration of prebiotics is also an important factor affecting the amount SCFAs produced by probiotics.
Fehlbaum et al. found that five prebiotics of varied concentrations i. The experimental results showed that β-glucan had the most significant effect on microbial composition and metabolism—as it promoted the growth and reproduction of Prevotella and Roseburia —resulting in a significant increase in the production of propionic acid.
In addition, the proportion of butyrate increased with the increase of β-glucan and inulin concentrations. As an important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells, butyrate has beneficial properties such as anti-colon cancer and anti-inflammation effects , In addition, Fei et al.
The produced SCFAs can also be regarded as the nutrients to enhance the function of probiotics In addition, prebiotics and pathogens can competitively bind to the receptors on epithelial cells, facilitating the probiotics to produce antimicrobial peptides to show the antibacterial effect.
The detailed mechanisms of prebiotics for enhancing the functions of probiotics were shown in Figure 9A Figure 9. The mechanism of prebiotics promoting probiotics: A prebiotics for enhancing the functions of probiotics; B prebiotics for enhancing the resistance of probiotics to reactive oxygen species; C protective functions of prebiotics by maintaining the viability of probiotics during gastrointestinal transit In general, prebiotics promote the production of SCFAs mainly butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid by probiotics, and the increase in SCFAs also leads to a decrease in the pH of the intestine and is beneficial to human health.
In the human intestine, a suitable pH value is conducive to maintaining the adhesion ability of probiotics and promoting their growth and colonization, and a lower intestinal pH value can effectively inhibit the reproduction of harmful bacteria and promote the reproduction of probiotics.
It is well known that the existing bacteria and probiotics in the intestine survive under the oxidizing environment with oxygen and reactive oxygen species ROS , which is produced from the steps of tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle and the electron transport system ETS during the process of oxidative phosphorylation of oxygen in mitochondria The moderate amount of ROS shows benefits to keep the health of the human body.
While, the excessive amount of ROS in the intestine can induce an adverse effect on the diversity and survival of intestinal probiotics by reacting with DNA, proteins, and lipids in their cell membranes It has been reported that the prebiotics of fructans, plant polyphenols, inulin, and yellow lupin polysaccharides could scavenge the free ROS in the gastrointestinal tract, which showed the protective effect for probiotics — The capability of prebiotics to scavenge ROS is due to the produced butyrate acid in SCFAs can consume the oxygen during the metabolism process in the gut.
As shown in Figure 9B , the decreased oxygen concentration further can adjust the habitability of gut environment for oxygen-sensitive probiotics , Generally, bile shows the ability to promote the digestion and absorption of lipids in the body.
For the probiotics, they can be incorporated into microcapsules with the wall materials of used prebiotics, which can avoid exposure of probiotics in the gastric fluids.
In addition, the produced butyrate by prebiotics shows an ability to reduce the toxicity of bile salt by reversing the hyper proliferation of the colonic surface induced by deoxycholate The potential protective functions of prebiotics by maintaining the viability of probiotics during gastrointestinal transit was shown in Figure 9C The DP of prebiotics is closely related to probiotic activity.
In general, the lower the prebiotic DP, the stronger the prebiotic effect, and the easier it is to be used by probiotics, the possible reason being that prebiotics of lower molecular weight are thought to have active groups that are more exposed.
To investigate the effects of fibers with different degrees of polymerization on human intestinal bacteria, Chen et al. The results showed that operational taxonomic units in Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus , and Lactobacillus were then negatively correlated with DP, indicating that lower values of fiber DP produced greater probiotic effects.
As the most common prebiotic, the polymerization degree of inulin has also been widely studied. The prebiotic effect of inulin mainly depends on its DP, which determines its degradation site, hydrolysis rate and fermentation products. The experiment found that short-chain inulin preferentially stimulated Bifidobacterium , which showed that Bifidobacterium had the ability to effectively use oligosaccharides.
Besides, inulin may inhibit the secretion of endotoxin by increasing the proportion of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus , which is conducive to anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, long-chain inulin preferentially stimulates the growth of Bacteroides , which has a series of enzymes that can degrade complex polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and monosaccharides.
This finding also shows that long-chain inulin is more dependent on bacteria such as Bacteroides that can process complex polysaccharides than short-chain inulin, as inulin with a high DP must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides before being used by bacteria. Zhu et al. Specifically, the increase of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Myxomycetes in the FOS group was higher than that in the inulin group; because the DP value of inulin was higher than that of FOS, it was easier to hydrolyze into monosaccharides and be digested and utilized by probiotics, which also showed that compared with inulin with a high DP, inulin with a low DP ferment faster in the intestinal microbiota in vitro.
In addition, this study also showed that the dosage of prebiotics affected the increase in probiotics. At high doses, the increase in probiotics' number was more excellent. From the above research, it can be concluded that inulin with a low DP has a more obvious impact on the structure of intestinal flora than that with a high DP.
The reason may be related to the water solubility of inulin. Generally, the water solubility of oligomeric inulin is higher than that of high-aggregation inulin.
Short-chain inulin is easier to dissolve in water than long-chain inulin, which is conducive to the rapid utilization of probiotics.
Probiotics have a variety of functions and can be used as supplements for human or animals. They are widely used in food, drugs, cosmetics, health products, feed and other fields. In order to increase the longevity of probiotics, it is best to dry them In the preparation of probiotics, they are usually dried into powder by freeze-drying or spray drying.
However, adverse environmental conditions, such as acid, heat, pressure, and oxygen, can also cause a significant decline in the cell viability of probiotics Freeze-drying can protect the probiotic from external invasion during storage, maintain the properties and bacteria number of probiotic powders, and give better play to the probiotic effect.
This method has the advantages of convenient transportation, maintaining bacteria activity, and long-term storage However, due to the influence of various factors in the freeze-drying process, the bacteria may die.
Therefore, a protective agent can be used to change the environment of probiotics during freeze-drying, reduce the damage to cells, and maintain the original physiological and biochemical characteristics and biological activities of microorganisms as much as possible A prebiotic is one of the commonly used protective agents.
Savedboworn et al. Compared with other protective agents, even under long-term storage, the protein-trehalose protective agent maintained a high number of living cells and the lowest cell death rate.
Shu et al. The optimized protective agent exhibited an S. boulardii survival rate as high as Another study evaluated the potential of spent brewer's yeast β-glucan YβG as a protective agent for probiotic Lactobacillus cultures and compared it to two common prebiotic protectors, FOS and oligofructose.
The experimental results showed that β-glucan and FOS protected Lactobacilli similarly during the first 90 days of refrigeration 4°C. However, after 90 days, FOS provided higher protection and resulted in lower cell membrane damage. In contrast, for Lactobacillus plantarum , YβG was more effective as a protective agent It is worth noting that for different probiotic species, the effect of different prebiotics as protectants varied, indicating that the effect of cryoprotectants varied with the strains tested.
Compared with freeze-drying, spray-drying takes less time, consumes less energy, costs less, and is more suitable for industrial production , The process of spray drying cannot avoid of drying and dehydrating at high temperatures, which will destroy the structure of proteins and nucleic acids, and disrupt the connection between monomer units, largely affecting the viability of probiotics.
Therefore, protective agents play a crucial role in protecting probiotics from adverse conditions and in storing them for long periods after drying For example, Verruck et al. Similar results were obtained by Dantas et al.
Both of these studies illustrate the advantages and potential of prebiotics as a protective agent in the preparation of live probiotic formulations, which can effectively improve the survival of the target strains and maintain good viability during storage.
In the current study, prebiotics and probiotics have shown excellent ability to regulate human health, especially the balance of intestinal microorganisms. When they are applied in health food, clinical and other fields, they can show excellent health effects of preventing some diseases, regulating human health, secreting or synthesizing beneficial substances such as antibiotics and SCFAs, and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria.
However, further research should be carried out. First, the current mechanism of prebiotic selective promotion of probiotics remains to be explored, especially whether the concentration, preparation method and glycosidic bond connection form of prebiotics have an impact on the utilization efficiency of probiotics, which would aid in selecting the appropriate prebiotics to promote probiotics in practical applications.
Second, the mechanism of prebiotics entering the intestinal flora needs to be further revealed. Although many studies have proved the promoting effect of prebiotics on the intestinal flora, the experimental methods and theoretical mechanism still need further improvement.
Third, the influence and mechanism of probiotics on the gut-brain axis need to be further explored, which is also an important direction of future development.
SY and YM conducted the literature search and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. BY and WP draft the figures in the manuscript. QW, CD, and CH revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.
This work was sponsored by the Jiangsu Qing Lan Project and the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST for CH. In addition, the authors thank the Fuzhou Science and Technology Project AFZK , the Fujian Key Laboratory of Inspection and Quarantine Technology fund FJKF , the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University No.
RHMF to support this work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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When it comes to eating but better gut health, Prebioticd biotics are another key florz as well. Flor what exactly are prebiotics, where can you find them, Prebiotisc what benefits do they serve in the body? Generally speaking, Prebiotics for gut flora are usually classified Prebiotics for gut flora Healthy fats for athletes type of soluble fiber. But Natural energy enhancers are many different types of nutrients that serve as prebiotics in the body, many of which do include carbohydrates in the form of soluble fibers, including oligosaccharides like inulin, and polysaccharides, including resistant starch and beta glucans. But prebiotic effects can also be seen in many types of plant compounds including quercetin and curcumin as well as polyunsaturated fats like eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA. When these prebiotics reach the gut microbiome, the beneficial bacteria found there feed on and ferment these nutrients. What results from this process is a whole host of short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, propionate, and acetate.
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