Hyperglycemic crisis and diabetic lifestyle modification -
However, during self-quarantine associated with the declaration, more patients refrained from visiting medical institutions in consideration of a risk of infection, which is expected to have resulted in a decreased opportunity for physical activity changes in dietary content and the opportunity to eat and drink, bringing about effects on body weight and glycaemic control.
Around the start of the lockdowns in many countries, some said that the status of glycaemic control in patients with diabetes would markedly worsen [ 2 , 3 ], and others said that it would not become so serious [ 4 ].
So far, these large-scale and long-term lockdowns in response to transmittable diseases have not been implemented, and some things will not be known until the data have been verified.
Reports available to date show results that vary among regions and subjects [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. There is, however, still no report on the actual conditions of changes in lifestyle and treatment status of patients with diabetes before and after the declaration.
Therefore, to understand changes in body weight and HbA1c levels of patients with diabetes under treatment, in addition to their living conditions, a survey was conducted to investigate actual conditions in clinical practice.
This study was a two-center observational study in Japan Tokyo and Chiba. Subjects were enrolled between July 10 and September 23, If too much time has passed, memory of events before and after the declaration is less reliable, so the target number of cases was set at cases cases at each facility.
Patients who met all of the following inclusion criteria were included in this study the rationales for the criteria are provided in parentheses. No exclusion criteria were used in the study. Subjects were provided with written information on the study, gave written consent, and responded to the patient questionnaire.
Data on HbA1c and body weight before and after the declaration in daily clinical practice were collected. Data after the declaration were represented by data of the date the closest to 3 months after the declaration that were selected from the data at least two but less than 6 months after the declaration.
The survey items included: age, sex, occupation, changes before and after the declaration employment status, dietary life, status of opportunities to eat out, food intake, status of drunkenness, alcohol consumption, frequency of opportunities to drink alcohol, amount of exercise and physical activity, presence or absence in the home of devices to measure body weight, body weight, mental status, status of outpatient visits, medication adherence, presence or absence of perceived effects of self-quarantining associated with the declaration on the management of lifestyle-related diseases, and status of glycaemic control , reason for change in food consumption, reason for change in alcohol consumption, and current method for glycaemic control.
The primary endpoint was the overall change in HbA1c levels before and after the declaration. The secondary endpoints included changes in body weight before and after the declaration as well as the responses to the questionnaire.
In addition, a subgroup analysis of the change in HbA1c levels was performed as an exploratory analysis. A multivariate analysis of factors affecting the change in HbA1c levels was also performed. We also compared the results of the two clinics. Data analysis was performed using R version 3.
For factorial analysis of the change in HbA1c levels and change in body weight, items that were found to be significant in a univariate analysis and had missing data from less than 40 subjects were included in multiple regression analysis as explanatory variables.
Table 1 shows the subject characteristics. The study population of subjects consisted of males and females, aged Among the subjects with HbA1c levels available before and after the declaration, there was a significant decrease from 7.
Body weight significantly decreased from Major results from the questionnaire are shown in Table 3 , and other results from the patient questionnaire are provided in supplementary material 1. After the declaration, Changes in HbA1c levels by occupation are provided in supplementary material 2.
A significant decrease was noted in all occupations with at least 50 subjects, and a decreasing trend was noted in occupations with fewer subjects. Eight items showed significant differences in the change in HbA1c levels among the response options of the questionnaire Table 4.
A test of correlation with changes in HbA1c levels showed a negative correlation with HbA1c levels before the declaration and positive correlations with changes in body weight and age supplementary material 3.
A factorial analysis of changes in HbA1c levels found that a high HbA1c level before the declaration was the most influential factor that made HbA1c levels more likely to decrease, with such factors including a good amount of exercise.
A positive correlation with changes in body weight was noted. There was no case of hypoglycemia or serious hyperglycemia in study subjects after the declaration. The evaluation of HbA1c levels before and after the declaration showed improvement in HbA1c levels in the overall population and in the T2DM and T1DM subpopulations.
There have been reports to date on the status of the management of T2DM during a lockdown. A study of subjects in an urban area in Northern India reported a significant decrease in median HbA1c levels from 7. Our study showed a change in HbA1c levels from 7. This difference is also supported by the multiple regression analysis, which showed that baseline HbA1c levels had the largest effect.
In contrast, a study of subjects in a semi-urban area in Southern India showed no significant change [ 6 ], while a study of subjects in a rural area in Turkey showed a worsening, but not significant, trend [ 7 ]. The baseline levels in these studies were 8.
In addition, this study, taken in conjunction with these studies, suggests that the status of management is better in urban areas and tends to be poor in rural areas.
An Indian study of patients with T2DM showed that some patients were transported to a hospital with hypoglycemia due to poor glycaemic control associated with the lockdown. In particular, a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea SU was commonly used, by Our study demonstrated that no patients had experienced hypoglycemia.
This result may be due to efforts to avoid combinations of drugs that can cause severe hypoglycemia. We paid particular attention to the combination of SU with other drugs.
DPP4 inhibitors, which exhibit a drug efficacy in a blood glucose-dependent manner, are used in Japan more than SU is and are less likely to cause hypoglycemia. For T1DM, there are many reports of improved glycaemic control.
Improvement has been reported in many countries, such as India [ 9 ], the UK [ 10 , 11 ], and Spain [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In contrast, a report of 50 patients in Rome, Italy, indicated that glycaemic control was markedly worsened during the lockdown [ 15 ], and a study of 52 patients in Rohtak, an industrial city in Northern India, reported an increase from 8.
A report from Italy [ 15 ] indicated that the development of problems related to an unstable employment situation was a major determinant of an increase in changes in glucose. In an Indian study [ 16 ], the majority of the study population consisted of minors, indicating a different profile from that of other studies.
Aggravating factors included a limited stock of drugs in rural and semi-urban areas, restricted transport during the lockdown period, and a low socio-economic status of parents In contrast, a study at Jehangir hospital in Pune, a city in western central India was conducted with subjects aged 20 or younger, but showed that HbA1c levels were improved [ 9 ].
Differences in transportation and economic aspects between urban and rural areas became evident. As of September , the end of this study, the number of wholly unemployed persons was 2.
Although the economy deteriorated in Japan, economic deterioration was more marked in India, where the unemployment increased from 8. The rate subsequently returned to the level before the coronavirus crisis, while in Japan, the amplitude of changes in employment was smaller than in developing countries, suggesting that effects originating from economic aspects were small.
Our study suggests that, unless the employment situation or distribution significantly deteriorates, changes in lifestyles associated with the declaration, such as self-quarantine measures and working from home, does not significantly worsen the glycaemic control of many patients with diabetes, but rather may provide a favorable opportunity for improvement for individuals who utilize the time allowed effectively.
Individual subgroup analyses showed that decreases in HbA1c levels were greater in the groups of patients who took body weight measurements, performed self-monitoring of blood glucose, had no increase in food consumption, and had increased amounts of exercise and physical activity than the groups of patients who did not take body weight measurements, did not perform self-monitoring of blood glucose, had increases in food consumption, and had no increase in amount of exercise and physical activity.
In addition, patients who reported that this declaration benefited their lifestyle management showed significant improvement compared with those who did not. These results suggest that patient awareness affects the status of glycaemic control. Other comparative studies before and after lockdowns showed that patients showing improvement were those who were willing to make regular visits to a diabetes clinic and were familiar with recommended lifestyles and target blood glucose levels [ 5 ].
However, steady efforts for education by experts in medical institutions are essential for raising patient awareness of glycaemic control and sustaining improvement in diet and exercise habits. Education by registered dietitians is effective for the practice of dietary therapy [ 19 , 20 ].
Both sites in which this study was conducted provided education by certified diabetes educators and registered dietitians, which is likely to have been beneficial. In this study, we compared the changes in HbA1c between the two sites, but no significant difference was observed.
As of September 23, , at the end of the study, the cumulative population ratio of infected people in Tokyo was 0. In addition, the complications of the subjects and the usage rate of therapeutic drugs were different. We believe these are the factors that brought about similar results.
Inadequate knowledge of diabetes is associated with reduced medication adherence [ 25 , 26 ]. Receipt of information from healthcare providers is associated with enhanced compliance with diabetic treatments [ 27 ], suggesting the importance of clinicians who arrange time for providing education to patients.
This study showed that A survey on medication adherence in patients with T2DM reported that a stronger tendency toward pessimism or worry about future problems led to poor medication adherence, while a stronger tendency to control activities according to purposes or values led to favorable medication adherence [ 28 ].
The results of this study suggest that the declaration issued in Japan did not significantly affect medication adherence when patients were well educated in medical institutions specialized in diabetes. A comparative study before and after the lockdown reported that the majority of study participants with increased mental stress maintained unhealthy dietary patterns [ 6 ].
Our study showed that a certain number of patients had increased food intake and alcohol consumption, suggesting that stress is linked to disturbed dietary habits.
Only this item showed a significant difference, probably due to the type of stress which would have not been felt normally. In this study, there was no significant difference in changes in HbA1c levels for the broad category of questions about increases and decreases in anxiety and stress.
A report described the correlation of depression or depressive symptoms with HbA1c levels in T2DM [ 30 , 31 ]. There was also a report indicating that anxiety in particular was most strongly correlated with HbA1c level, followed by depression and stress [ 32 ], but individual analyses of anxiety and stress may provide a factorial analysis.
There is a report that blood glucose levels fluctuate with the season and HbA1c levels are high in the winter and low in the summer [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The same has been described in reports on drug effectiveness [ 38 , 39 ]. It is still possible that the season from April to July has an effect.
However, reports on worsening conditions have emerged from countries in the northern hemisphere [ 7 , 15 , 16 ], suggesting that it is impossible for seasonal fluctuation to be the only contributing factor. A lockdown for an unknown virus may be required in the future.
This study has several limitations. It was conducted in Tokyo and its bed town, Ichikawa, Chiba. Therefore, its subject population was limited to patients in urban areas, and the results cannot be reliably generalized throughout Japan. The lockdown was not complete, and the self-quarantine period requested by the government was also different from that in other countries.
The questionnaire used was created independently and not a universal standard. As not all patients in the sites were included in the study, the actual conditions of patients who could not provide informed consent, including those who did not go to hospitals or were transferred to other hospitals, could not be understood.
A comparison before and after the declaration of the state of emergency in Japan showed a significant decrease in HbA1c levels in both patients with T2DM and patients with T1DM. Even if patients do not see this time as an opportunity, glycaemic control can be maintained by encouraging patients to receive dietary and exercise therapies routinely, gaining a deeper understanding of diabetes, and ensuring team medicine to raise patient awareness.
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