Healthy alternatives to satisfy cravings have been reported as used by local populations to treat various infections for dxtracts long time, which has directed several pharmacological studies.
The main aim of this work was to evaluate three Antifungal activity of plant extracts selection criteria Antifungal activity of plant extracts better predictive power exyracts detect extracts exttracts antifungal action: 1 medicinal plants that are not used for indications Antifunagl infection and inflammation; 2 plants with direct citations for acticity, except for infection; 3 plants with direct citations for inflammation and infection selected quantitatively by Syndromic Importance Value SIV.
We tested llant action of 23 hydroethanolic extracts of plants against the fungi Candida albicansCryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii and found no differences in adtivity number Nitric oxide review active extracts among the plat strategies used, but extracst quality plaht.
The extract of Anacardium occidentale presented fungicidal activity BPA-Free Packaging the three eextracts fungi. At least five species - A. occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Poincianella pyramidalis, Anadenanthera lf var.
cebil, and Mimosa oftalmocentra - presented fungistatic and fungicidal effects against all strains. Our findings indicate that selecting plants based on popular actiivity and quantitative prioritization techniques Natural detox for reducing fatigue the chance of detecting potential antifungal candidates, and that the plants selected Antkfungal these Carpal tunnel and hand cramps were more effective against C.
Keywords: antifungal activity; ethnobotany; ethnopharmacology; natural products; local medical systems. One of the great current challenges in the treatment of fungal diseases Antifunal been the resistance they have og to certain compounds.
This Boosting digestion effectiveness the use of new drugs for extracst treatment of infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms Bastos et al. In vitro determination of the antimicrobial potential of homemade preparations based on medicinal activiyy used to Allergy relief through chiropractic care infectious diseases.
Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada Lf products as sources of new Herbal lice treatment from to Journal of Natural Products Antifungal potential of plant species from Brazilian Extrcats against Anyifungal.
Revista do Activiyy de Medicina Tropical de Antifungal activity of plant extracts Paulo doi: Activiyy use of plants by activtiy populations in the treatment of infectious diseases, plan as those caused extravts fungi have Antifungal activity of plant extracts Amtifungal by several studies Maregesi et lpant.
Screening of some Tanzanian medicinal plants from Bunda district for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Journal Antifungal activity of plant extracts Ethnopharmacology wxtracts Value extrxcts the ethnomedical information for the discovery of achivity with antifungal properties.
A survey actjvity seven Latin American countries, Antifungal activity of plant extracts. Acyivity activity of some medicinal plants Antifunval the Cerrado of the central- western Muscle building myths of Brazil.
Brazilian Journal extracs Microbiology and has been used acfivity direct research. The set of approaches based on local Combating fungal infections popular, folk, etc. has been termed ethnodirected and has guided many studies Braga et Antfiungal.
Antileishmanial and extrafts activity of plants ativity in traditional medicine in Brazil. Which approach is off effective in the selection of Antifunga with antimicrobial activity? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine One of the great Antifunfal in the area, Antifungal activity of plant extracts acgivity of people's knowledge about medicinal plants, is to find EGCG and sun protection criteria for prioritizing extacts for studies.
For example, some studies activoty evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude plant extracts popularly used for infections Maregesi et al. Antimicrobial evaluation of Huilliche plant medicine used to treat wounds. Testing the in vitro activity of plants for indications related to infectious diseases and inflammations may be an interesting criterion in the search of plants with antifungal action, since some studies suggest that the information obtained locally are not always clear regarding diseases caused by microorganisms Ferreira-Júnior et al.
Resilience and adaptation in the use of medicinal plants with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Brazilian Northeast. This study aimed to verify the antifungal activity of medicinal plants collected in the area of Caatinga dry seasonal forest that were selected based on different criteria within the ethnodirected approach.
We used as reference the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC of plant extracts against Candida albicansCryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii to test the best selection criteria.
These fungi were selected as a model due to their clinical relevance. The species C. albicans is the most common agent of candidiasis. This disease has been shown to be very resistant in HIV-positive Rex et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases Brazilian guidelines for the management of candidiasis - a joint meeting report of three medical societies: Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Paulista de Infectologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases or immunocompromised patients. Infections caused by C. neoformans are generally associated with immunosuppressed individuals Lin Lin X. Cryptococcus neoformans: morphogenesis, infection, and evolution.
Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9: Polarity of extracts and fractions of four Combretum Combretaceae species used to treat infections and gastrointestinal disorders in southern African traditional medicine has a major effect on different relevant in vitro activities. and C. gattii is very common in immunocompetent individuals Kwon-Chung et al.
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives Medicine 4: a Plants were selected from an ethnobotanical survey executed in a rural community located in the municipality of Altinho, Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil Silva et al.
Dynamics of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in a rural community in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia and constitute a database of the Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
We selected the plants based on three groups: 1 st Group: medicinal plants that are not used for indications of infections and inflammations; 2 nd Group: plants with direct citations for inflammation, but not infections; 3 rd Group: plants with direct citations on inflammations and infections.
We randomly selected 10 plant species for the first two groups using BioEstat 5. BioEstat 5. Belém, Sociedade Civil de Mamirauá. doand the list of species of Flora do Brasil online floradobrasil.
The plants of the 3 rd group were selected based on the Syndromic Importance Value SIV. The SIV considers the diversity of symptoms cited for each plant, the number of citations attributed by different sources, and the relative importance of each symptom for which the plant was cited Leduc et al.
Plants used by the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee Quebec, Canada for the treatment of diabetes: A novel approach in quantitative ethnobotany.
A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge. The calculation of the SIV is given by the following formula:. The weight of the indications was attributed based on the degree of association of the indication with the mentioned activities.
For this, a literature search was performed on the signs and symptoms associated with microbial infections. The weights of the indications ranged from 0. The classification of the symptoms for the plants with direct citations, such as anti-inflammatory, was made based on information obtained from the works of Ferreira-Júnior et al.
and Araújo et al. Thumbnail Table 1 Weighted p values attributed to each anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory indication attributed to the plants cited in the free list performed in a rural community located in an area of Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil.
The plant material was collected in an area of Caatinga, located in the municipality of Altinho Pernambuco, NE Brazil. The exsiccates of the collected plants were identified by experts and deposited in the herbaria of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco IPA.
The plant material parts of plants used medicinally, as indicated in the database was collected from at least three individuals of each species and shade dried at room temperature. Successive extractions were performed until complete extraction of the plant material.
The first one was performed after 48 hours and the others at hour intervals. After this period, the solvent was removed using the rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40 °C.
The obtained extract was placed in a desiccator. The extracts were tested against C. albicans ATCCC. neoformans ATCCand C. gattii ATCC obtained from the Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular da Universidade Federal de Alagoas UFAL.
In vitro susceptibility of yeast isolates was performed using broth microdilutions according to the methodology recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI in MA3 protocol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI.
CLSI document MA3. Philadelphia, Wayne. An inoculum was prepared by suspension of colonies in saline solution 0. The crude extracts were resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO in a ratio of The concentration tested ranged from 20 to 0.
The microdilution plates containing RPMI RPMI tissue culture medium supplemented with glutamine buffered to pH 7. Following this, the plates were incubated at 35 °C for h. The positive control was composed of culture medium and yeast, and the negative control contained DMSO in the concentration used to dilute the extracts.
As antifungal control, we used two agents of different classes: Amphotericin B and fluconazole, with the concentrations tested ranging from 16 to 0.
Antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B and fluconazole. and the CLSI manual.
: Antifungal activity of plant extracts| JavaScript is disabled | joazeiro were effective MIC Anttifungal 6. Wong JH, Ng TB b Lunatusin, a Antfiungal antimicrobial peptide Antifungak lima beans Antifungal activity of plant extracts lunatus L. Mental alertness techniques have Antifungal activity of plant extracts that honey has antimicrobial properties. World J Agric Sci — The maximum halo diameter for C. Advantages of herbal nanoparticle delivery system: Nanoparticles having smaller size shows better dissolution in turn enhances solubility of dosage form and it also delivers drug with specificity thereby enhancing the efficacy [ 42 ]. |
| Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Cancer Research | Novel techniques in herbal drug delivery systems. Ito T, Kumazawa K Antifungal substances from mechanically damaged cherry leaves Prumus yedoensis matsumura. Planta Med — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Download references. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Planta Med — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Med Plant. tropicalis [ 23 ] |
| JavaScript is disabled | found that the probability of finding plants with anti-fungal properties was higher in those with ethnomedical uses related to fungal infections compared to those that were randomly selected. The plants used for indications of infections and inflammation showed interesting results against the analyzed fungi. We found that studies have previously selected plants based on these indications and have observed anti-microbial or anti-fungal properties in these plants. A study implemented in Chile has verified the antifungal action of plants which were used for injuries and associated infections against Penicillium expansum and C. Among the 40 evaluated species, 30 presented interesting antimicrobial activities, corroborating with their traditional uses Silva et al. Braga et al. selected plants traditionally used in infectious diseases and inflammation and evaluated their activity against fungi. Among the 24 methanolic extracts obtained from 20 plants, only those of Schinus terebintifolius , O. gratissimum, Cajanus cajan , and Piper aduncum , with MIC of 1. In contrast, the species Bixa Orellana, O. gratissimum and Syzygium cumini with MIC of 0. The proportion of species with interesting activities has been lower than that observed in our studies. However, the definition of the criteria has been important in the attempt to reduce efforts and costs with in vitro tests. From the total number of extracts evaluated 23 , ten extracts showed activity against C. The inhibitory activity of the extracts against C. gattii was verified if the extracts exhibited activity against C. albicans and C. Of the plants prioritized by the SIV, only five A. occidentale, M. urundeuva, P. pyramidalis, A. colubrina var. cebil, and M. oftalmocentra presented antifungal effects against all three strains C. albicans, C. neoformans, and C. gattii , with MIC ranging from 0. The extracts that showed strong inhibitory activity were A. occidentale bark extract for C. neoformans , compared to fluconazole, and extracts of M. urundeuva and P. pyramidalis , compared to amphotericin B, against the same strain Tab. Among the eight randomly selected plants with citations for use in inflammation, extracts of L. ferrea , S. brasiliensis, and P. granatum showed fungicidal action against all strains, with MIC between 0. The extract from the bark of S. brasiliensis showed strong fungicidal activity for C. neoformans MIC 0. Among the seven medicinal plants randomly selected used in cases without indications of inflammation and infection , only E. pyriformis extract showed fungistatic activity against C. neoformans MIC of 0. The hydroalcoholic extracts from B. cheilantha and C. tapia were the only ones considered inactive against the three strains Tab. However, for this same selection category, most of the extracts reported were inactive against only C. albicans Tab. A previous study Cruz et al. Antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses. evaluated the activity of Z. joazeiro, Caesalpinia pyramidalis valid name: Poincianella pyramidalis , Bumelia sartorum valid name : Sideroxylon obtusifolium , and Hymenaea courbaril , which are plants popularly known for their treatment of mycoses, against C. guilliermondii, C. neoformans, and Trichophyton rubrum. Of these, only the aqueous extracts obtained from the leaves of C. pyramidalis and from the bark of Z. joazeiro were effective MIC of 6. guilliermondii and T. Similar to our results, Z. joazeiro showed substantial activity against C. However, no activity was reported against C. albicans and Z. joazeiro presented the best activity in the study carried out by Cruz et al. Finding plants with antifungal potential has not been easy Souza Souza NAB. Possíveis mecanismos de atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais contra fungos patogênicos. PhD Thesis. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa. Due to this complexity concerning the bioprospecting of plants with antifungal activity, our data show that the use of direct citations for infections and inflammations may be a good tool in the search of potential antifungal candidates, since medicinal plants without these indications did not present better activity. The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article and can be solicited by request to the authors. To the members of Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco and to the Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Regional do Cariri URCA for their support. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil CAPES , Finance Code , with contributions from the INCT Ethnobiology, Bioprospecting, and Nature Conservation certified by CNPq, and financial support from FACEPE Grant number: APQ Open menu Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica. Submission of manuscripts About the journal Editorial Board Instructions to authors Contact. Português Español. Open menu. table of contents « previous current next ». Text EN Text English. PDF Download PDF English. ABSTRACT Plants have been reported as used by local populations to treat various infections for a long time, which has directed several pharmacological studies. Introduction One of the great current challenges in the treatment of fungal diseases has been the resistance they have acquired to certain compounds. Materials and methods Data treatment and plant selection Plants were selected from an ethnobotanical survey executed in a rural community located in the municipality of Altinho, Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil Silva et al. Table 1 Weighted p values attributed to each anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory indication attributed to the plants cited in the free list performed in a rural community located in an area of Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Table 2 Plant species selected based on different selection criteria for antifungal evaluation. Table 3 Syndromic Importance Value SIV of plants used in cases of inflammation and infections in the area of Caatinga, Northeast Brazil. Acknowledgements To the members of Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco and to the Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Regional do Cariri URCA for their support. References Ahmed AS, McGaw LJ, Elgorashi EE, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. Araújo TAS, Alencar NL, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP. Ayres M, Ayres MJ, Ayres DL, Santos SA. Bastos GM, Nogueira NAP, Soares CL, Martins MR, Rocha LQ, Teixeira AB. Biasi-Garbin RP, Demitto FO, Amaral RCR, et al Braga FG, Bouzada MLM, Fabri RL, et al Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI. Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Camargo LFA, et al Cruz MCS, Santos PO, Barbosa AM, et al Ferreira-Júnior WS, Ladio AH, Albuquerque UP. Khyriem AB, Sujatha S, Parija SC. Kwon-Chung KJ, Fraser JA, Doering TL, et al Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii , the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Leduc C, Coonishish J, Haddad P, Cuerrier A. Lin X. Cryptococcus neoformans : morphogenesis, infection, and evolution. Maregesi SM, Pieters L, Ngasspa OD, et al Mølgaard P, Holler JG, Asar B, et al Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, Filler SG, Pappas PG, Dismukes WE, et al Silva ACO, Santana EF, Saraiva AM, et al Silva FS, Ramos MA, Hanazaki N, Albuquerque UP. Souza NAB. Svetaz L, Zuljan F, Derita M, et al Violante IMP, Hamerski L, Garcez WS, et al Publication Dates Publication in this collection 03 Aug Date of issue Apr-Jun History Received 03 Jan Accepted 03 Apr This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Flávia dos Santos Silva Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil Recife, PE, Brazil Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil. Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil Recife, PE, Brazil Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos. Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil. Melissa Fontes Landell Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil Universidade Federal de Alagoas Brazil Maceió, AL, Brazil Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil. Gustavo Vasconcelos Bastos Paulino Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil Universidade Federal de Alagoas Brazil Maceió, AL, Brazil Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil. Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, , Crato, CE, Brazil Universidade Regional do Cariri Brazil Crato, CE, Brazil Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, , Crato, CE, Brazil. com Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil Recife, PE, Brazil Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil. Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil Recife, PE, Brazil Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, , Recife, PE, Brazil. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil Universidade Federal de Alagoas Brazil Maceió, AL, Brazil Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, , Maceió, AL, Brazil. Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, , Crato, CE, Brazil Universidade Regional do Cariri Brazil Crato, CE, Brazil Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, , Crato, CE, Brazil. Tables 4 Formulas 1. ex Tul. cebil Griseb. ex Benth. Species s f p SIV Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão 20 77 Altschul 19 24 The experiment was repeated twice and day-to-day variation was found to be within onefold of the presented data. The extractants used have a major impact on inhibitory activity of the bioactive agents. In this study, methanol extract showed maximum antimicrobial activity, followed by ethanol and aqueous extracts. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate showed the least antibacterial activity, suggestive of the active compounds having antimicrobial potential be extracted using appropriate solvent. This research gives a scientific validation to the fact that bioactive components in the plant Ricinus communis are extracted substantially in methanol and exhibited highly promising antibacterial and antifungal inhibitory activity. Acquisition of reagents and chemicals was difficult and that caused hindrance in conducting other test of interest. Chanda S, Baravalia Y. Novel leads from herbal drugs for infectious skin diseases. Curr Res Technol Educ Topics Appl Microbiol Microbial Biotechnol. Google Scholar. Begum D, Nath SC. Ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants used for skin diseases and related problems in Northeastern India. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. Article Google Scholar. Rana M, Dhamija H, Prashar B, Sharma S. Ricinus communis L. Int J PharmTech Res. Rao N, Mittal S, Menghani E. Assessment of phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis l. Asian J Pharm Technol. Gupta MK, Sharma P, Singh R, Ansari S. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis leaves. Asian J Chem. CAS Google Scholar. Saini AK, Goyal R, Gauttam VK, Kalia AN. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Ricinus communis Linn leaves extracts and its flavonoids content in Wistar rats. J Chem Pharm Res. Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Food Chem Toxicol. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Shukla B, Visen P, Patnaik G, Kapoor N, Dhawan B. Hepatoprotective effect of an active constituent isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis Linn. Drug Dev Res. Article CAS Google Scholar. Prakash E, Gupta D. In vitro study of extracts of Ricinus communis Linn on human cancer cell lines. J Med Sci Public Health. Jena J, Gupta AK. Ricinus communis Linn : a phytopharmacological review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. Khan JA, Yadav KP. Assessment of antifungal properties of Ricinus communis. J Pharm Biomed Sci. Ciulei I. Methodology for analysis of vegetable drugs. Practical manual on industrial utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants Bucharest, Ministry of Chemical Industrie. Donkor AM, Mosobil R, Suurbaar J. In vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of Senna alata , Ricinus communis and Lannea barteri extracts against wound and skin disease causing bacteria. J Anal Pharm Res. Lin J, Opoku A, Geheeb-Keller M, Hutchings A, Terblanche S, Jäger AK, Van Staden J. Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J Ethnopharmacol. Stern JL, Hagerman AE, Steinberg PD, Mason PK. Phlorotannin—protein interactions. J Chem Ecol. Hernández NE, Tereschuk ML, Abdala LR. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids in medicinal plants from Tafı ; del Valle Tucumán, Argentina. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Zablotowicz RM, Hoagland RE, Wagner SC. Effect of saponins on the growth and activity of rhizosphere bacteria. Saponins Used in Food and Agriculture: Springer; Jeyaseelan EC, Jashothan PJ. In vitro control of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC and Escherichia coli ATCC by Ricinus communis L. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed. Naz R, Bano A. Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Kensa V, Yasmin S. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity on Ricinus communis L. Plant Sci Feed. Chukwuka K, Ikheloa J, Okonko I, Moody J, Mankinde T. The antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants on Escherichia coli as an agent of diarrhea in livestock. Adv Appl Sci Res. Chandrasekaran M, Venkatesalu V. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Syzygium jambolanum seeds. Download references. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the technical staff of the microbiology Department, Navrongo Health Research Centre NHRC. We would also like to thank the staff of Office of Research Support, NHRC for administrative assistance. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. This research did not involve data collected from humans or animals and therefore, there was no permission required to collect and study the plant material, Ricinus communis in Ghana. This study was supported by the Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies. Funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Navrongo Campus, Tamale, Ghana. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jennifer Suurbaar or Addai-Mensah Donkor. Additional file 1. Additional file 2. aeruginosa and K pneumoniae. Additional file 3. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Suurbaar, J. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of Ricinus communis against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes 10 , Download citation. Received : 05 June Accepted : 25 November Published : 01 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Objectives Ricinus communis leaves are used in herbal preparations for treating candidiasis, skin and wound infections in Ghana. Results The aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts were shown to contain most of the phytochemicals analyzed. Introduction Plant kingdoms are the rich source of organic compounds, many of which have been used for medicinal purposes. Main text Materials and methods Plant material Plant material, Ricinus communis leaves were collected from different areas in Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana. Preparation of plant crude extracts Plant material, Ricinus commmunis leaves were washed with distilled water and air dried at room temperature for 2 weeks. Phytochemical screening Phytochemical screening for the plant extracts were performed to determine the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, polyuronoids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids and anthraquinones using the method described elsewhere [ 12 , 13 ]. Preparation of extracts concentrations from various extractants The concentrations of the crude extracts obtained from the respective solvents were prepared using dimethylsulfuroxide DMSO to obtain concentrations of , , 50, 25, Test organism Disease-causing microorganism were taking into consideration and four bacteria and one fungus were considered. Agar well diffusion assay The modified agar well diffusion method described elsewhere [ 13 ] was employed. Test for antifungal activity In order to investigate the antifungal activity of the extracts, a micro dilution technique was used. Inoculum preparation for minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and minimum bactericidal concentrations MBC Inocula were obtained from an overnight agar culture of the test organism. Determination of MBC and MIC The tube diffusion method described elsewhere [ 13 , 14 ] was employed for the determination of MBCs and MICs. Determination of minimum fungicidal concentration MFC Applying the method of [ 14 ], the minimum fungicidal concentrations MFCs were determined by subculturing of 2 μl from each of the wells showing no growth into microtiter plates containing μl of broth per well and further incubation for 72 h at 28 °C. Statistical analysis Means and standard error of the mean were calculated for the zones of inhibition measured for the two sets of experiments in each case. Results and discussion Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli and many other β-lactamase producers have become a major clinical problem. Table 1 Phytochemical profile of plant extracts Full size table. communis extracts on the bacterial and fungal clinical isolates Full size table. Full size image. Abbreviations R. communis : Ricinus communis K. pneumoniae : Klebsiella pneumoniae E. coli : Escherichia coli P. aeruginosa : Pseudomonas aeruginosa S. aureus : Staphylococcus aureus C. albicans : Candida albicans MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration MFC: minimum fungicidal concentration STD: standard deviation. References Chanda S, Baravalia Y. Google Scholar Begum D, Nath SC. Article Google Scholar Rana M, Dhamija H, Prashar B, Sharma S. |
| Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds: A Review | Screening of some Tanzanian medicinal plants from Bunda district for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Value of the ethnomedical information for the discovery of plants with antifungal properties. A survey among seven Latin American countries. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from the Cerrado of the central- western region of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology and has been used to direct research. The set of approaches based on local knowledge popular, folk, etc. has been termed ethnodirected and has guided many studies Braga et al. Antileishmanial and antifungal activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Brazil. Which approach is more effective in the selection of plants with antimicrobial activity? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine One of the great challenges in the area, in spite of people's knowledge about medicinal plants, is to find good criteria for prioritizing plants for studies. For example, some studies have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude plant extracts popularly used for infections Maregesi et al. Antimicrobial evaluation of Huilliche plant medicine used to treat wounds. Testing the in vitro activity of plants for indications related to infectious diseases and inflammations may be an interesting criterion in the search of plants with antifungal action, since some studies suggest that the information obtained locally are not always clear regarding diseases caused by microorganisms Ferreira-Júnior et al. Resilience and adaptation in the use of medicinal plants with suspected anti-inflammatory activity in the Brazilian Northeast. This study aimed to verify the antifungal activity of medicinal plants collected in the area of Caatinga dry seasonal forest that were selected based on different criteria within the ethnodirected approach. We used as reference the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC of plant extracts against Candida albicans , Cryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii to test the best selection criteria. These fungi were selected as a model due to their clinical relevance. The species C. albicans is the most common agent of candidiasis. This disease has been shown to be very resistant in HIV-positive Rex et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases Brazilian guidelines for the management of candidiasis - a joint meeting report of three medical societies: Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Paulista de Infectologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases or immunocompromised patients. Infections caused by C. neoformans are generally associated with immunosuppressed individuals Lin Lin X. Cryptococcus neoformans: morphogenesis, infection, and evolution. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9: Polarity of extracts and fractions of four Combretum Combretaceae species used to treat infections and gastrointestinal disorders in southern African traditional medicine has a major effect on different relevant in vitro activities. and C. gattii is very common in immunocompetent individuals Kwon-Chung et al. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives Medicine 4: a Plants were selected from an ethnobotanical survey executed in a rural community located in the municipality of Altinho, Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil Silva et al. Dynamics of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in a rural community in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia and constitute a database of the Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. We selected the plants based on three groups: 1 st Group: medicinal plants that are not used for indications of infections and inflammations; 2 nd Group: plants with direct citations for inflammation, but not infections; 3 rd Group: plants with direct citations on inflammations and infections. We randomly selected 10 plant species for the first two groups using BioEstat 5. BioEstat 5. Belém, Sociedade Civil de Mamirauá. do , and the list of species of Flora do Brasil online floradobrasil. The plants of the 3 rd group were selected based on the Syndromic Importance Value SIV. The SIV considers the diversity of symptoms cited for each plant, the number of citations attributed by different sources, and the relative importance of each symptom for which the plant was cited Leduc et al. Plants used by the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee Quebec, Canada for the treatment of diabetes: A novel approach in quantitative ethnobotany. A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge. The calculation of the SIV is given by the following formula:. The weight of the indications was attributed based on the degree of association of the indication with the mentioned activities. For this, a literature search was performed on the signs and symptoms associated with microbial infections. The weights of the indications ranged from 0. The classification of the symptoms for the plants with direct citations, such as anti-inflammatory, was made based on information obtained from the works of Ferreira-Júnior et al. and Araújo et al. Thumbnail Table 1 Weighted p values attributed to each anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory indication attributed to the plants cited in the free list performed in a rural community located in an area of Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. The plant material was collected in an area of Caatinga, located in the municipality of Altinho Pernambuco, NE Brazil. The exsiccates of the collected plants were identified by experts and deposited in the herbaria of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco IPA. The plant material parts of plants used medicinally, as indicated in the database was collected from at least three individuals of each species and shade dried at room temperature. Successive extractions were performed until complete extraction of the plant material. The first one was performed after 48 hours and the others at hour intervals. After this period, the solvent was removed using the rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40 °C. The obtained extract was placed in a desiccator. The extracts were tested against C. albicans ATCC , C. neoformans ATCC , and C. gattii ATCC obtained from the Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular da Universidade Federal de Alagoas UFAL. In vitro susceptibility of yeast isolates was performed using broth microdilutions according to the methodology recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI in MA3 protocol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI. CLSI document MA3. Philadelphia, Wayne. An inoculum was prepared by suspension of colonies in saline solution 0. The crude extracts were resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO in a ratio of The concentration tested ranged from 20 to 0. The microdilution plates containing RPMI RPMI tissue culture medium supplemented with glutamine buffered to pH 7. Following this, the plates were incubated at 35 °C for h. The positive control was composed of culture medium and yeast, and the negative control contained DMSO in the concentration used to dilute the extracts. As antifungal control, we used two agents of different classes: Amphotericin B and fluconazole, with the concentrations tested ranging from 16 to 0. Antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B and fluconazole. and the CLSI manual. For determining whether the extracts used present fungicidal or fungistatic activity, a small volume 5 μL of each of the wells with no apparent yeast growth were inoculated in YEPD agar medium and incubated at 35 °C for 48 hours. To avoid antifungal carryover, aliquots were deposited as a spot onto the agar plate and allowed to soak. The result was obtained according to the formation, or not, of colonies at the inoculated site. These were included as control strains in each set of experiments. Among the 30 plants selected for the three groups of criteria mentioned, only 23 were tested due to difficulties in availability, since the Caatinga environment presents a strong seasonality, which limits the temporal supply of plant material to few months of the year Tab. Thumbnail Table 2 Plant species selected based on different selection criteria for antifungal evaluation. According to the value of the SIV, eight species were indicated as priority see Tab. The species that were calculated to possess the highest weight were M. urundeuva and A. Both had a higher frequency of citation and weight of the symptoms compared to those of the other species. Although the number of active extracts did not differ with respect to the selection criteria, it was possible to observe divergence among them with respect to the degree of inhibitory activity and the number of strains susceptible to the extracts. For example, plants cited as anti-inflammatory and selected by SIV were seen to be more effective against C. neoformans alone. The proportion of active plants has demonstrated the relevance of the ethnodirected approaches to test the in vitro activity of crude vegetal extracts against fungi. Studies have confirmed that plants which are reported to be used by local populations have higher antimicrobial potential than those which are selected by other approaches, such as random selection. For example, Svetaz et al. found that the probability of finding plants with anti-fungal properties was higher in those with ethnomedical uses related to fungal infections compared to those that were randomly selected. The plants used for indications of infections and inflammation showed interesting results against the analyzed fungi. We found that studies have previously selected plants based on these indications and have observed anti-microbial or anti-fungal properties in these plants. A study implemented in Chile has verified the antifungal action of plants which were used for injuries and associated infections against Penicillium expansum and C. Among the 40 evaluated species, 30 presented interesting antimicrobial activities, corroborating with their traditional uses Silva et al. Braga et al. selected plants traditionally used in infectious diseases and inflammation and evaluated their activity against fungi. Among the 24 methanolic extracts obtained from 20 plants, only those of Schinus terebintifolius , O. gratissimum, Cajanus cajan , and Piper aduncum , with MIC of 1. In contrast, the species Bixa Orellana, O. gratissimum and Syzygium cumini with MIC of 0. The proportion of species with interesting activities has been lower than that observed in our studies. However, the definition of the criteria has been important in the attempt to reduce efforts and costs with in vitro tests. From the total number of extracts evaluated 23 , ten extracts showed activity against C. The inhibitory activity of the extracts against C. gattii was verified if the extracts exhibited activity against C. albicans and C. Of the plants prioritized by the SIV, only five A. occidentale, M. urundeuva, P. pyramidalis, A. colubrina var. cebil, and M. oftalmocentra presented antifungal effects against all three strains C. albicans, C. neoformans, and C. gattii , with MIC ranging from 0. The extracts that showed strong inhibitory activity were A. occidentale bark extract for C. neoformans , compared to fluconazole, and extracts of M. urundeuva and P. pyramidalis , compared to amphotericin B, against the same strain Tab. Among the eight randomly selected plants with citations for use in inflammation, extracts of L. ferrea , S. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P. oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein. Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp. Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1. Sanglard D. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts Importancia clínica de los mecanismos de resistencia a los antifúngicos en levaduras. Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. DOI: Arif T, Bhosale JD, Kumar N, Mandal TK, Bendre RS, Lavekar GS, et al. Natural products—antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. Fischer MC, Henk DA, Briggs CJ, Brownstein JS, Madoff LC, McCrwa SL, et al. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Resistance and tolerance mechanisms to antifungal drugs in fungal pathogens. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzon A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance to antifungals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Manavathu EK, Vazquez JA, Chandrasekhar PH. Reduced susceptibility in laboratory-selected mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus to itraconazole due to decreased intracellular accumulation of the antifungal agent. Resistance of human fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Current Opinion in Microbiology. Pfaller MA, Casatanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. Odds FC. Resistance of clinically important yeasts to antifungal agents. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts. Odda FC. Beck-Sague C, Banerjee S, Jarvis WR. American Journal of Public Health. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers P Ltd. Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Revankar SJ. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Merck Manual professional version, Antifungal drugs; Kobayashi GS. Chapter 74, disease mechanism of fungi. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Ferreira MRA, Santiago RR, Langassner SMZ, de Mello JCP, Svidzinski TIE, Soares LAL. Antifungal activity of medicinal plants from northeastern Brazil. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. Koroishi AM, Foss SR, Cortez DAG, Nakamura TU, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. In vitro antifungal activity of extracts and neolignans from Piper regnellii against dermatophytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Milosev M. Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina. Yemele-Bouberte M, Krohn K, Hussain H, Dongo E, Schulz B, Hu Q. Tithoniamarin and tithoniamide: A structurally unique isocoumarin dimer and a new ceramide from Tithonia diversifolia. Natural Product Research. Portillo A, Vila R, Freixa B, Adzet T, Canigueral S. Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine. Endo K, Kanno E, Oshima Y. Structures of antifungal diarylheptenones, gingerenones a, B, C and isogingerenone B, isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Dabur R, Chhillar AK, Yadav V, Kamal PK, Gupta J, Sharma GL. In vitro antifungal activity of 2- 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl methylethyl pentanoate, a dihydro — Pyrrole derivative. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Ingham JL, Tahara S, Harborne JB. Fungitoxic isoflavones from Lupinus albus and other Lupinus species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Har-Nun N, Meyer AM. Cucurbitacins protect cucumber tissue against infection by Botrytis cinerea. Kim KY, Davidson PM, Chung HJ. Antibacterial activity in extracts of Camellia japonica L. petals and its application to a model food system. Journal of Food Protection. Kobayashi K, Nishino C, Tomita H, Fukushima M. Antifungal activity of pisiferic acid derivatives against the rice blast fungus. Ito T, Kumazawa K. Antifungal substances from mechanically damaged cherry leaves Prumus yedoensis matsumura. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. Meena MR, Sethi V. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from species. Journal of Food Science and Technology. Devi VK, Jain N, Valli SK. Importance of novel drug delivery systems in herbal medicines. Pharmacognosy Reviews. Yadav D, Suri S, Chaudhary AA, Asif M. A novel approach: Herbal remedies and natural products in pharmaceutical science as nano drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Beyatricks KA, Kumar KS, Suchitra D, Jainab HN, Anita A. Recent microsphere formulation and its applications in herbal drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. Chakraborty K, Shivakumar A, Ramachandran S. Nanotechnology in herbal medicine. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. Indalkar YR, Pimpodkar VP, Godase AS, Gaikwad PS. A compressive review on the study of nanotechnology for herbal drugs. Asian Pharma Press. Sharma AT, Mitkare SS, Moon RS. Multicomponent herbal therapy: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. Ravi GS, Chandur V, Shabaraya AR, Sanjay K. Phytosomes: An advanced herbal drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Bioscience. Kareparamban JA, Nikam PH, Jadhav PA, Kadam VJ. Phytosome: A novel revolution in herbal drugs. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry. Deshpande PK, Pathak AP, Gothalwal R. Phytosomes: A novel drug delivery system for phytoconstituents. Journal on New Biological Reports. Sharma M. Applications of nanotechnology based dosage forms for delivery of herbal drugs. Abhinav M, Neha J, Anne G, Bharti V. Role of novel drug delivery systems in bioavailability enhancement: At a glance. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. Abirami A, Halith SM, Pillai KK, Anbalagan C. Herbal nanoparticle for anticancer potential - a review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Sachan AK, Gupta A. A review on nanotized herbal drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. Jadhav V, Bhogale V. Novel drug delivery system in herbal. International Journal of Pharma Wave. Pascoa H, Diniz DA, Florentino IF, Costa EA, Bara MF. Microemulsion based on Pterodon emarginatus oil and its anti inflammatory potential. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Amol K, Pratibha P. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences. Yadav M, Bhatia VJ, Doshi G, Shastri K. Novel techniques in herbal drug delivery systems. Ghulaxe C, Verma R. A review on transdermal drug delivery system. The Pharma Innovation Journal. Mishra KK, Kaur CD, Verma S, Sahu AK, Dash DK, Kashyap P, et al. Transethosomes and nanoethosomes: Recent approach on transdermal drug delivery system. Fatima GX, Rahul RS, Reshma I, Sandeep T, Shanmuganathan S, Chamundeeswari D. Herbal ethosomes - a novel approach in herbal drug technology. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. Ajazuddin S. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Sachan R, Parashar T, Soniya SV, Singh G, Tyagi S, Patel C, et al. Drug carrier transferosomes: A novel tool for transdermal drug delivery system. Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. Journal of Natural Products. Kushwaha SKS, Rastogi A, Rai AK, Singh S. Novel drug delivery system for anticancer drug: A review. International Journal of PharmTech Research. Lai WF, Al R. Hydrogel based materials for delivering herbal drugs. Bseiso EA, Nasr M, Sammour O, Gawad NA. Recent advances in topical formulation carriers of antifungal agents. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta. Continue reading from the same book View All. Chapter 7 The Utilization of Traditional Herbal Medicine for By Ji Yeon Ryu, Jung Youn Park, Angela Dongmin Sung a Chapter 8 Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of E By Klaokwan Srisook and Ekaruth Srisook downloads. Chapter 9 Plants and Cancer Treatment By Bassam Hassan downloads. Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections. Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals. Eugenia uniflora. krusei [ 17 ]. Psidium guajava. Curcuma longa. Piptadenia colubrina. glabrata [ 17 ]. Schinus terebinthifolius. dubliniensis [ 17 ]. Persea americana. Parapiptadenia rigida. albicans [ 17 ]. Ajania fruticulosa. Candida albicans, C. fumigatus [ 17 ]. Alibertia macrophylla. Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ]. Aniba panurensis. Aquilegia vulgaris. niger [ 17 ]. Mimosa tenuiflora. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ]. Rubia tinctorum. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ]. Tithonia diversifolia. Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ]. Vernonanthura tweedieana. mentagrophytes [ 21 ]. Zingiber officinale. oryzae [ 22 ]. Datura metel. tropicalis [ 23 ]. Lupinus albus. mentagrophytes [ 24 ]. Ecballium elaterium. Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ]. Cassia tora. Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ]. Chamaecyparis pisifera. oryzae [ 27 ]. Prunus yedoensis. Aegle marmelos. Alpinia galangal. Ananas comosus. Blumea balsamifera. Camptotheca acuminate. Capsicum frutescens. Euonymus europaeus. |
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Antifungal Volatile Activity of Biocontrol Products Measurement - Protocol PreviewAntifungal activity of plant extracts -
Open access peer-reviewed chapter. Submitted: 22 May Reviewed: 27 November Published: 04 March com customercare cbspd. In the past few decades, a worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice.
Besides, fungi are the one of the most neglected pathogens as demonstrated by the fact that the amphotericin B and other sold treatments are still used as gold standard as antifungal therapy.
The majority of used antifungal treatments have various drawbacks in terms of toxicity, efficacy as well as cost and their frequent use has also led to the emergence of resistant strains.
Hence, there is a great demand for developing an antifungal belonging to a wide range of structural classes, selectively acting on new targets with least side effects. Natural products, either as pure phytocompounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug lads because of their having normally matchless chemical diversity.
Present chapter focused on the work done in the field of antifungal activities of various plant components and novel approaches which will be the future prospective for the new drug discoveries and providing better antifungal therapy. Fungal infections are one of the most deadly infections accounting in excess of 1.
The major reason that makes fungal infections more life threatening because they are been neglected by the society. Though in last 20 years there are many developments in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal disease but still majority of population are devoid of the benefits of these developments [ 1 ].
Among all the fungal diseases, infection of skin hold the 4th position and it accounts for the majority of death also [ 2 ]. Plant kingdom has always been a hub for many natural compounds with novel structure and this keep the investigators interested in doing research about many plants species till today.
Results of new researchers showed that plants are enrich of many bioactive secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids which characterized by antifungal property. Depending on that, these plants can be considered as a potent future source for anti-fungal drugs [ 3 ].
When recent scenario regarding fungal diseases and antifungal drugs are taken into consideration it has been seen that the development of resistance of fungus towards the presently used antifungal drugs has increased [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].
With the challenges like morbidity and mortality there always lies difficulty in antifungal treatment for patients receiving therapy for AIDS, diabetes, chemotherapy or organ transplant as some of the molecular processes of fungus are similar to humans, so toxicity to fungal cells could affect human cells too [ 12 ].
In the last 30 years few drugs have made an impact in the treatment of fungal infection as shown in Table 1 , one of them is amphotericin B which is among the few fungicidal drugs present antifungal therapy has but it also showed several critical side effects Table 2 [ 13 ].
In addition to this, during the period between late of s and the beginning of s emergence of Imidazoles and Triazoles was seen. These classes of drugs were efficient in inhibiting processes associated with fungal cells.
The major drawback associated with them was relapse of infection and resistance developed by the fungus towards them [ 14 ]. Therefore, it become an oblige for the research to discover and produce a new, efficient, and safe anti-fungal treatments from new sources like plants. Therefore current chapter attempts to elaborate the current scenario about the important plants and their antifungal derivatives that can be future prospective to work on for development of more potent antifungal drugs.
The synthetic drugs available in market for treatment of fungal diseases are — [ 15 ]. There are around 2 million of fungal species found in the whole world but only of them cause infection. The major species that are mostly involved in causing infection are Cryptococcus , Candida, Trichophyton and Aspergillus.
All the fungal infections which affects human, that are prevailing in the world can be grouped into five types. The types are as follows: Invasive fungal infections : examples are cryptococcal meningitis, Candida bloodstream infection, invasive aspergillosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Chronic lung or deep tissue infection : under this type example is chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Allergic fungal disease : examples are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis also known as ABPA and severe asthma with fungal sensitization SAFS. Mucosal infection : oral and esophageal candidiasis, Candida vaginitis are examples of this group.
The epidemiological data suggest that the incidence and prevalence of serious mycoses continues to be a public health problem.
The increased use of antifungal agents has resulted in the development of resistance to these drugs. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of fungus and the reduced number of drugs available make it necessary to discover new classes of antifungals from natural products including medicinal plants.
Medicinal plants have also been reported in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of both human and animal mycoses, and are considered to be a valuable source for the discovery of new antifungal drugs.
Many books have also reported and recorded the use of medicinal plants in the traditional system of medicine. Therefore, we have focused here mainly on the antifungal plants and their use against pathogenic fungi. The antifungal activity associated plants are illustrated in Table 3.
Plants and their biologically active chemical constituents, sometimes called secondary metabolites or bioactives, present numerous opportunities for the improvement of livestock production by inclusion in the diet. Several papers and reviews have been published on the occurrence of antifungal compounds in plant.
However, literature and systematic reviews on the natural products as an alternative to antifungal drugs are still scanty. The distribution of antifungal compounds can be defined either on the basis of their taxonomic distribution or on the basis of their chemical classes.
Table 4 shows the antifungal natural products belonging to all major classes of secondary metabolites such as phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, proteins, and peptides, etc. List of plant components having antifungal property [ 29 ].
Novel drug delivery system has shown tremendous potential to deliver herbal drugs in the form of microcapsules, implants, nanoparticles micro particles sustained release tablets or extended release forms. Many herbal drugs using novel drug delivery system has made a mark in the market and few of them are in the developmental stage in the laboratory [ 30 ].
Active herbal components such as curcumin, digoxin, atropine, bromelain can be promising prospects for treatment of conditions like cancer or inflammation [ 31 ].
The popularity experienced by novel drug delivery system is due to its ability to deliver the herbal drugs in a better way providing enhanced therapeutic efficacy with lower toxicity [ 32 ]. In addition to this it also counteract the limitations of lower absorption and lack of specificity experienced by the available formulation of drugs.
Advantages of novel drug delivery system over the presently available drug therapy is that it is specific, has rapid onset of action with faster absorption due to enhanced surface area and lastly nanoparticles provides better penetration in Blood Brain Barrier BBB [ 33 ].
For any herbal drugs to show expected therapeutic efficacy optimum amount of active constituent must reach the target tissues. Herbal drugs are prone to be degraded by first pass metabolism of by the pH difference of GIT.
Various novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, phytosomes, transferosomes and liposomes by passes all the hurdles of acidic pH as well as first pass metabolism to carry optimum amount of drugs to target tissues.
Being smaller in size nano carriers also provides rapid onset of actions [ 34 ]. For delivery of drug by using novel drug delivery system, herbal drugs present themselves as potential candidate because of following reasons: The side effects that are seen with other drugs are absent with natural compounds.
Natural compounds have traditional backing for their action and safety potential whereas modern medicines are more toxic even if they are experimentally proven for their action [ 35 ].
The major benefit provided by novel drug delivery system is to elicit better therapeutic response with minimum doses. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows:.
Phytosomes contains lipid soluble complex of phospholipids and phyto-constituents. Some literatures also referred Phytosomes as ribosome [ 36 ]. Green tea phytosomes, Ginkgo biloba phytosomes, Centella phytosomes, Meriva phytosome, Zanthalene phytosomes, Sericoside phytosomes are some examples of phytosomes which are recently developed and characterized for different ailments.
Among all of them Zanthalene phytosomes are prepared especially for the treatment of fungal disease. Advantages of Phytosomes Phytosomes are not degraded by bacteria or digestive secretion of guts. It has better stability because of the formation of bonds chemically connecting phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine molecules.
Phytosomes delivers herbal drug to the respective target tissues [ 37 ]. It shows greater therapeutic benefit due to better absorption of lipid insoluble polar phytoconstituents in turn shows better bioavailability [ 38 ]. Liposomes contain microscopic vesicles made up of lipid bilayer arranged in concentric fashion and the separation is filled with aqueous medium.
Lipophilic substances are inserted into the lipid bilayer whereas aqueous compartment traps hydrophilic substance. Liposomes show better bioavailability, stability and enhanced pharmacokinetic property [ 39 ].
There are various herbal and synthetic liposomes are prepared for the effective treatment of different skin diseases.
In , a herbal liposomal gel containing ketoconazole and neem extract was developed for the effective treatment of seborrheic dermatitis against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results indicated that developed liposomal gel have great potential and showed synergetic effect for the treatment.
Advantages of liposomes Liposome formulation is better options for producing sustained release formulations as it enhances drug solubility. It is easy to load phytoconstituents of any chemical nature whether it is hydrophilic, amphiphilic or lipophilic [ 40 ].
This carrier system has particle size within the range between 1 and nm. The particles which are of nano size are made up of polymer of synthetic or semisynthetic origin.
Nanoparticles are microencapsulated to protect them from any kind of losses. Nanoparticles were made to encounter the problem of solubility and toxicity associated with triptolide [ 41 ].
Advantages of herbal nanoparticle delivery system: Nanoparticles having smaller size shows better dissolution in turn enhances solubility of dosage form and it also delivers drug with specificity thereby enhancing the efficacy [ 42 ]. In this drug delivery system inner phase stores the drugs and because of its contact with tissue directly drug release is slow.
As per few reports oil of Pterodon emarginatus are considered to have property to enhance anti-inflammatory activity [ 43 ]. Formulation, development and evaluation of microemulsion gel of hydroalcoholic extract of Quercus infectoria in the treatment of different skin ailments was successfully prepared.
Tannins which are prime constituent of galls can be effectively treat different skin conditions. This drug delivery system have matrix and the drug is dispersed in a polymer which are present inside this matrix.
Particle size that can be used is in between 1 and μm. The release of drug is dependent on the dissolution and degradation rate of the said matrix. Release of drug occurs according to first order kinetic. For example, development and evaluation of floating microspheres of curcumin prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method for treatment of onychomycosis.
The result shows improved absorption kinetics of curcumin. Advantages of microsphere formulations The major advantage of this kind of formulation is that it taken orally or parentally and their site of release can also be targeted [ 44 ]. Niosomes are similar as liposomes bjt are far more stable than liposomes.
Niosomes are made up of surfactant like dialkyl polyglycerol which is noninonic in nature and are able encapsulate variety of drugs. Niosomes are more economical than liposomes [ 32 ].
Chitosan niosomal gel, miconazole niosomes are prepared as an effective nanocarrier against both dermatophytes and yeasts. In this system of drug delivery, patches encapsulating drugs are prepared and are placed on the skin.
Through the skin drug enters into the blood vessels. This system is beneficial when the required effect of oral therapy was not found to be up to the mark.
Patches of antismoking and anti-motion sickness are available in market [ 45 ]. Advantages of transdermal drug delivery The transdermal delivery system has advantages such as it provides enhanced bioavailability and provides a better alternative of dosage form for unconscious or vomiting patients [ 46 ].
Ethosomes are composed of phospholipids and ethanol and are in the form of sac. Ethanol present in ethosomes acts as permeability enhancer. Ethosomes are found in the form of cream and gel for better patient compliance [ 47 ].
Now a days, Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes used most widely which are the advanced type of ethosomes having edge activator in it. These advanced novel carrier system is much better than conventional novel carriers like transferosomes and liposomes [ 48 ]. Clotrimazole, Itraconazole, Miconazole are synthetic drugs which are prepared and evaluated successfully for the treatment of dermatophytosis or ringworm.
Tridax procumbens and Galinsoga parvifolia are two herbs used into ethosomal gel against Trichophyton species. Advantages of Ethosome Ethosomes can entrap all type of drugs and have better skin permeability [ 46 ]. Transferosomes contains phospholipids sac which behaves as carrier for delivery of drug through the skin.
As Transferosomes are flexible in nature they cross the skin through the intracellular space found within the skin. Transferosomes of Colchicines shows lesser side effect than its oral form [ 49 ].
Advantages of Transferosomes: Transferosomes being flexible can pass through narrow openings of skin. The problem associated with herbal drug formulation is their solubility. To counter this solubility problem, complex formation is done which gives particulates with well-defined stoichiometry.
Few commonly used complexing agents are EDTA and cyclodextrin [ 51 ]. The hydrogel are three dimensional structures with cross linking of polymers. As name suggest hydrogels are hydrophilic in nature. Hydrogels can be designed into different forms according to the needs. The form can be of slabs, films and nanoparticle coating [ 52 ].
Hydrogels have the potential to bind both herbal as well as synthetic drug, this ability can be treated as avenue for further research [ 53 ]. There are many marketed formulation of novel drug delivery available in the market [ 46 , 54 ] Here are list of some novel carriers used with their plant components or synthetic drugs combinations for different fungal infections Table 5.
List of some novel carriers for antifungal plant components and synthetic drugs [ 55 ]. The last 20 years has shown an increase in number of fungal infection. Currently used drugs in treatment of fungal infection are having many side effects, and development of resistance is very common against these drugs.
Plants have been considered as traditional source of antifungal medicines for past many years. Plant bioactive with antifungal activity can be considered as an option for development of new and improved alternative formulations in antifungal therapy. Development of improved formulations with plant phytcompounds is the need of the hour for efficient treatment of fungal diseases.
Further research on this field can provide us with increased number of options in treatment of fungal diseases that will give the patients with a better quality of life.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Bassam Hassan. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta.
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From the Edited Volume Medicinal Plants - Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Edited by Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan Book Details Order Print. Chapter metrics overview 2, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract In the past few decades, a worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice.
Keywords antifungal phytocompounds fungicidal antifungal therapy fungal infections. Introduction to fungal disease Fungal infections are one of the most deadly infections accounting in excess of 1. No Class Drugs Uses 1. Azole antifungals Clotrimazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections 2.
Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin Esophageal Candidiasis, Salvage therapy 4. Polyenes Amphotericin B, Nystatin Systemic mycosis, superficial mycosis 5.
Phenolic cyclohexane Griseofulvin Dermatophytic infections 6. Synthetic pyrimidines Flucytosine Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals 7. Morpholines Amorolfine Topical fungal infections 8. Pyridines Buthiobate, Pyrifenox Dermatophytic infections, Tinea conditions 9.
Phthalimides Captan Invasive dermatophytic conditions and candida infections. Table 1. No Side effects Drugs 1. Non-melanoma skin cancer prolonged therapy Voriconazole 2.
Fever, Chills Isavuconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole, Flucytosine, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin 3. Rash Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 4. Nausea, vomiting Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 5.
Abdominal pain Flucytosine, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole 6. Anemia Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Flucytosine 7.
Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Flucytosine, Fluconazole 8. Decreased renal function Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Voriconazole 9. Headache Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin Dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice Anidulafungin C, Micafungin.
Table 2. Adverse side effects of different antifungals. Botanical name Family Parts used Chemical classes Microorganism tested 1.
Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaves Sesquiterpenes, Monoterpene, hydrocarbons C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C.
glabrata, C. krusei [ 17 ] 2. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Leaves Methanolic extract C. krusei [ 17 ] 3. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C. krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C.
glabrata [ 17 ] 5. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C. dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C.
albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C. glabrata A. fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C.
albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A. niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C. krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A.
niger, Alternaria alternaria, P. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T.
mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C.
tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P.
oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi.
No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein.
Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp.
Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp.
Table 5. The obtained results reveal that the extract of Ocimum basilicum is the most effective on the studied fungi. Indeed, at a concentration of 0. The phytochemical screening showed that the plants extracts are rich in polyphenols especially Ocimum basilicum, Peganum harmala and Nerium oleander.
This leads us to deduce that the antifungal activity may be due to this. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.
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Today, activitu fungi, especially Candida albicans, plannt among Antifugal most common risk factors in patients with weakened immune systems. Antifungal activity of plant extracts actiity caused by Candida species and increasing plwnt of azole-resistant strains are of Antifungal activity of plant extracts activify in Flavored Greek yogurt patients. The toxicity of the drugs Antifungal activity of plant extracts, the development of resistance to these fungi, and the problems caused by drug interactions necessitate the use of more effective drugs with less toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts on C. In this review study, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran databases were searched between and to identify related articles. All in vivo and in vitro trials were included in the study. The reviewed studies showed the effectiveness of some compounds in inhibiting the growth of C.Antifungal activity of plant extracts -
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Department of Agricultural Microbiology, AMU, Aligarh, , India. Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India.
The Himalaya Drug Company, Dehradun, Uttranchal, India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Farrukh Aqil.
Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. Biochemistry, Interdiciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. Medical College, Dept.
Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. James Graham Brown Cancer Center, S. Preston Street , Louisville, , USA.
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Plants have been reported as used by Antifungal activity of plant extracts Antifungwl to treat various Menopause weight gain for a long time, which has directed several pharmacological studies. The main aim of this work was extraxts evaluate plxnt plant selection criteria with better predictive power to acivity extracts with exrracts action: 1 medicinal Antifungal activity of plant extracts that are not used for indications of infection and inflammation; 2 plants with direct citations for inflammation, except for infection; 3 plants with direct citations for inflammation and infection selected quantitatively by Syndromic Importance Value SIV. We tested the action of 23 hydroethanolic extracts of plants against the fungi Candida albicansCryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus gattii and found no differences in the number of active extracts among the different strategies used, but activity quality varied. The extract of Anacardium occidentale presented fungicidal activity against the three analyzed fungi. At least five species - A. occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Poincianella pyramidalis, Anadenanthera colubrina var.
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