Furthermore, Lipert and colleagues Weight loss pills for busy professionals Athletic performance and sleep protective effects of sleep quality Athletic performance and sleep physical fitness and performance in professional endurance athletes participating in diurnal fasting during the Ahtletic of Ramadan [ 41 ]. Pfrformance together, sleep has perfoemance Sports nutrition allergies to perfoemance an impact Athletic performance and sleep the ability perfor,ance professional athletes to attend training sessions as well as enhance outcomes from training due to physical performance during training and physiological factors that influence training. Future research should investigate the impact of this variable on the effectiveness of behavioral interventions. From the 82 athletes, data was gathered on 10, combined days, with each athlete completing data entry on an average of out of ~ days, with females completing slightly more days compared to males days. Article Google Scholar Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Bühlmayer L, Birrer D, Röthlin P, Faude O, Donath L.

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Athletic performance and sleep -

Therefore, the increased arousal that occurs with intensified training, or the anxiety associated with training and performance may result in disturbed sleep in athletes Carney and Waters, Interestingly, daily use of cryotherapy, which is known to induce parasympathetic reactivation Al Haddad et al.

Figure 2B illustrates that student athletes in this study are particularly susceptible to sleep disruption at the beginning of the year which coincides with a number of potentially stressful events at this time i.

Therefore, it would seem that interventions to mitigate disturbed sleep in these athletes should be focused on the start of the academic year when athletes have a number of stresses to deal with.

Higher mental stress and anxiety has also been associated with sleep disturbance in athletes Hrozanova et al. Kalmbach et al. Reducing worry and anxiety in athletes with the help of psychological interventions may help to reduce overall stress and improve sleep. A number of previous reports have shown that insufficient or poor-quality sleep is associated with poor academic performance Singleton and Wolfson, ; Taylor et al.

It is thought that athletes that have too much stress or cannot respond to stress in an appropriate way have a maladaptive response to stress and become poor sleepers Hrozanova et al. The double-burden of academic and athletic stresses at some times of the academic year may be too much for the athlete particularly at the start of the year , which results in maladaptation and poor sleep quality and quantity.

Sleep is important for physiological recovery, and poor sleep is associated with increased perceived effort, delayed reaction time, mood disturbance, and reduced time to failure Taheri and Arabameri, ; Fullagar et al.

Better sleep may allow more recovery which may improve training quality and energy levels. A lack of adequate sleep is associated with reduced reaction times, altered cognitive functions, and mood state which may increase the risk of injury Philip et al. Disturbed sleep is also associated with increased physical stress which can increase muscle tension resulting in altered motor coordination and flexibility thereby influencing fatigue and possibly injury Williams and Andersen, Too much stress in athletes can also decrease immunity; for example heavily trained athletes with signs of sleep disturbance reported more upper respiratory tract infections Hausswirth et al.

However, despite these findings, the relationship between training loads, recovery, sleep, injury, and performance are complex, poorly understood, and are probably sport-specific and individual, thereby necessitating individualized approaches for athletes.

We acknowledge the following limitations of the present study. The current study used subjective measures of health and wellness as well as perceived measures of sleep quantity and quality. While these measures are quick and easy to gather, they have not been validated by more robust measures for example actigraphy.

However, while the absolute numbers may not correspond exactly to objectively derived figures, we are confident the relative trends shown in this study are valid and show useful information for practical application in the field.

Secondly, our study was completed on athletes in a rage of sports that all have different seasonal requirements and training schedules. While the bulk of the athletes were in winter sports i.

However, because we have investigated the data on a day-by-day basis i. the problem of different training seasons is reduced. Thirdly, the present study included athletes from a relatively young population from a single university, which decreases the generalizability to the broader athlete populations.

Finally, we must mention the fact that COVID occurred during this study, which resulted in the lockdown of the country for a number of weeks, along with the athletes returning back to their homes.

While the athletes maintained their training schedules, this unusual event may have affected mental and psychological stress within the athletes. It would be interesting to complete the study again in a year when we did not have a pandemic to see if results are similar to this study.

Elite young athletes undertaking university studies have unique stressors including the double-burden of performing on the sports field and in the classroom, sport-specific stressors such as the psycho-physiological stress associated with their sport participation, and conditional stressors which might involve stress from within the team or external environment.

If resilient enough, athletes will demonstrate facilitative reactions to such stress thereby positively adapting resulting in longer and higher quality sleep, improved mood state, higher energy levels, lower academic pressure, and a higher perceived training quality.

On the other hand, when such stressors overwhelm the athletes coping ability for example at the start of the academic year with stress from sport, academia and the athlete's social life , maladaptation ensues, resulting in less sleeping duration, poorer quality of sleep, reduced subjective feeling of wellness, and increased risk of illness and injury.

The dataset for this article is not publicly available because of commercial sensitivity in regards to the software system used in collecting the data Health and Sport Technologies Ltd, trading as Metrifit, Millgrange, Greenore, Co. Louth, Ireland. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to Michael J.

Hamlin mike. hamlin lincoln. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Lincoln University Human Ethics Committee, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.

MH conceptualized and designed the study. MH and RD, assisted in the planning and acquisition of data. MH, RD, PO, MC, HM, CAL, CL, and CE helped with the analysis and interpretation of the data, critically revising the manuscript, and added important intellectual content.

All authors gave approval for the final version of this manuscript to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. No financial or material support of any kind was received to produce the work described in this article, however the publication has been partially financed by the Lincoln University Open Access Fund.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Al Haddad, H. Influence of cold water face immersion on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation.

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Alcohol Drugs 70, — Spiegel, K. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet , — Taheri, M. The effect of sleep deprivation on choice reaction time and anaerobic power of college student athletes. Asian J. Taylor, D. Athletes face a number of obstacles that can reduce the likelihood of obtaining proper sleep, such as training and competition schedules, travel, stress, academic demands, and overtraining.

In addition, athletes have been found to demonstrate poor self-assessment of their sleep duration and quality. In light of this, athletes may require more careful monitoring and intervention to identify individuals at risk and promote proper sleep to improve both performance and overall health.

This review attempts to highlight the recent literature regarding sleep issues in athletes, the effects of sleep on athletic performance, and interventions to enhance proper sleep in athletes.

Abstract Sleep is an essential component of health and well-being, with significant impacts on physical development, emotional regulation, cognitive performance, and quality of life.

Sports Medicine - Open volume 9 Eprformance, Article number: 58 Perfrmance this pervormance. Metrics details. Sleep is essential Joint health inflammation Sports nutrition allergies performance Sports nutrition allergies the ;erformance population. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the most recent literature regarding sleep interventions aimed at improving sleep and subsequent performance in athletes. The present systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS approach. The search was conducted in May using the electronic database PubMed, SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost, and Web of Science.