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Download references. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the IAS and the ICCR, an independent academic organization based at Université Laval, Québec, Canada, who were responsible for coordinating the production of our report.
No funding or honorarium was provided by either the IAS or the ICCR to the members of the writing group for the production of this article. The scientific director of the ICCR J. is funded by a Foundation Grant Funding Reference Number FDN from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy. Lipid Clinic Heart Institute InCor , University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Division of Cardiology, Anschutz University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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The ability to correctly predict the proportion of participants in a given group who will experience an event. The probability of a diagnostic test or risk prediction instrument to distinguish between higher and lower risk. The relative increase in the predicted probabilities for individuals who experience events and the decrease for individuals who do not.
The highest value of VO 2 that is, oxygen consumption attained during an incremental or other high-intensity exercise test.
Open Access This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity.
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Download PDF. Subjects Disease prevention Metabolic syndrome Obesity Predictive markers. Abstract Despite decades of unequivocal evidence that waist circumference provides both independent and additive information to BMI for predicting morbidity and risk of death, this measurement is not routinely obtained in clinical practice.
Introduction The prevalence of adult overweight and obesity as defined using BMI has increased worldwide since the s, with no country demonstrating any successful declines in the 33 years of recorded data 1.
Methodology This Consensus Statement is designed to provide the consensus of the IAS and ICCR Working Group Supplementary Information on waist circumference as an anthropometric measure that improves patient management. Historical perspective The importance of body fat distribution as a risk factor for several diseases for example, CVD, hypertension, stroke and T2DM and mortality has been recognized for several decades.
Prevalence of abdominal obesity Despite a strong association between waist circumference and BMI at the population level, emerging evidence suggests that, across populations, waist circumference might be increasing beyond what is expected according to BMI.
Full size image. Identifying the high-risk obesity phenotype Waist circumference, BMI and health outcomes — categorical analysis It is not surprising that waist circumference and BMI alone are positively associated with morbidity 15 and mortality 13 independent of age, sex and ethnicity, given the strong association between these anthropometric variables across cohorts.
Waist circumference, BMI and health outcomes — continuous analysis Despite the observation that the association between waist circumference and adverse health risk varies across BMI categories 11 , current obesity-risk classification systems recommend using the same waist circumference threshold values for all BMI categories Importance in clinical settings For practitioners, the decision to include a novel measure in clinical practice is driven in large part by two important, yet very different questions.
Risk prediction The evaluation of the utility of any biomarker, such as waist circumference, for risk prediction requires a thorough understanding of the epidemiological context in which the risk assessment is evaluated. Risk reduction Whether the addition of waist circumference improves the prognostic performance of established risk algorithms is a clinically relevant question that remains to be answered; however, the effect of targeting waist circumference on morbidity and mortality is an entirely different issue of equal or greater clinical relevance.
A highly responsive vital sign Evidence from several reviews and meta-analyses confirm that, regardless of age and sex, a decrease in energy intake through diet or an increase in energy expenditure through exercise is associated with a substantial reduction in waist circumference 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , Measurement of waist circumference The emergence of waist circumference as a strong independent marker of morbidity and mortality is striking given that there is no consensus regarding the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference.
Conclusions and recommendations — measurement of waist circumference Currently, no consensus exists on the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference and little scientific rationale is provided for any of the waist circumference protocols recommended by leading health authorities.
Threshold values to estimate risk Current guidelines for identifying obesity indicate that adverse health risk increases when moving from normal weight to obese BMI categories. Table 1 Waist circumference thresholds Full size table.
Table 2 Ethnicity-specific thresholds Full size table. Conclusions The main recommendation of this Consensus Statement is that waist circumference should be routinely measured in clinical practice, as it can provide additional information for guiding patient management.
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PubMed Google Scholar Mason, C. Outsmart this problem by being physically active, which has been shown to help you fall asleep faster and sleep better. And these tips are tried and true: no screens an hour before bedtime, avoid heavy meals and alcohol before bedtime, and keep your bedroom dark and cool.
Try this interactive Body Weight Planner to calculate calories and activity needed to get to your goal weight and maintain it. Writing down what you eat is the single best predictor of weight loss success.
Guess how long it takes yes, studies have been done? Less than 15 minutes a day on average. Use this handy food diary [PDF — KB] to get started.
People who keep the weight off tend to be motivated by more than just being thinner. For some, it might be a health scare.
Others want more energy to play with their grandkids. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. Healthy Weight. Español Spanish Print. Minus Related Pages. Learn what it takes to get to a healthy weight and stay there! Weight status and BMI Weight status BMI Underweight Less than Success Stories.
Get moving to stay motivated and keep the weight off. Balancing Food and Activity. Learn More. Weight Loss Success Stories Get Moving To Manage Your Diabetes Physical Activity Basics CDC Diabetes on Facebook CDCDiabetes on Twitter. Last Reviewed: December 30, Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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