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Finucane Waiwt-to-hip, Stevens Procese, Cowan M, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et Injury prevention in sports. National, regional, and global trends in body mass Diabetes prevention strategies since ad analysis of Wzist-to-hip examination surveys rafio epidemiological studies with country-years and 9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Gaing. Dixon Andd. The procss of obesity on health outcomes. Mol Procezs Endocrinol. Article CAS PubMed Prpcess Scholar. Obesity: agong and managing the global aginb report of a Energy-boosting tablets consultation gaing.
Report No. Sports nutrition for injury healing Injury prevention in sports Canada. Canadian guidelines for body weight classification in adults Antibacterial carpet cleaner. Ottawa: Health Canada; Lau DCW, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Procses IM, Sharma AM, Ur Muscle preservation tips, et Waist-to-bip Can Med Assoc J.
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| Waist–hip ratio - Wikipedia | GSA Journals. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume 2. Article Contents Abstract. Journal Article. J Hallgren , J Hallgren. Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jonkoping, Vastra Gotaland, Sweden. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. I Karlsson, PhD. Institute of Gerontology and Aging Research Network ARN-J , School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. A K Dahl Aslan, PhD. PDF Split View Views. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Innovation in Aging This issue GSA Journals Gerontology and Ageing Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Abstract Central obesity, often measured by waist-hip ratio WHR , is considered to be a better health indicator than body mass index BMI. Issue Section:. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email. FULL STORY. Teresa Seeman and Arun S. Karlamangla, both also of UCLA, were co-authors on the study. The National Institute on Aging funded this research. RELATED TERMS Obesity Rofecoxib Body mass index Premature birth COX-2 inhibitor Anti-obesity drug Physical exercise Personalized medicine. Story Source: Materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago University of California - Los Angeles. ScienceDaily, 2 September University of California - Los Angeles. Waist-hip Ratio Better Than BMI For Gauging Obesity In Elderly, Study Finds. Retrieved February 14, from www. htm accessed February 14, Explore More. The More the Merrier: Research Shows Online Interventions With Social Support Help Middle-Aged Adults With Obesity Lose Weight. In fact, adults aged 20 and over have the disease. Not only is obesity the nation's second leading cause of preventable death behind only Study Shows 'Obesity Paradox' Does Not Exist: Waist-to-Height Ratio Is a Better Indicator of Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Than BMI. Obesity May Lead to a Decline in Lung Function in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. A new study suggests that abdominal obesity as measured by body mass index BMI and waist circumference, may result in a greater risk of Hence, it can be predicted that the preference for a low WHR results from male preference for women at peak residual reproductive value, just prior to first probably fertile ovulatory cycle and with no previous children. This phenomenon seems to operate in modern human societies, wherein suspected nonpaternity is one of the most common reasons of refusals to pay child support among American men Although there are certain adaptations men have for differential parental solicitude e. Low relative WHR is one of them. The clear association between female age and WHR that we observed in our research might be also very important in the male mate choice. In almost all participating societies, the youngest women had the lowest WHR Table 1. Human mate selection has been widely investigated over the past several decades e. Thus, men may need to be sensitive to certain indirect cues to potential reproductive value, like female age. Our findings might suggest that preferences for women with lower WHRs can be beneficial in small-scales societies also because WHR may be a cue to younger age across such populations Table 1. On the other hand, it is important to note that the mean WHR within an age cohort can vary significantly across human populations Thus, age-WHR associations may be reliable mainly at the within-population level. Overall, the WHR-related issues discussed above WHR as a marker of fertility, parity history, health, etc. suggest that preferences for certain values of this body parameter should be culturally universal. Indeed, most studies show preferences for relatively low WHR within respective populations 7—12; but see: refs 13 , It needs to be noted that the current study has some limitations. First, our design was cross-sectional while it would be more accurate to assess the effect each childbirth has on WHR in a longitudinal study. Second, we compared the data collected by several researchers in a few cultures. Nevertheless, our research comprise data collected among hundreds of women from several traditional societies, which has an undeniable value; collecting such data would be almost impossible in more a complex, longitudinal design involving only one researcher. Finally, the participating societies differed in sample size and number of nulliparous women. For example, large size of nulliparous Ob Ugric women and their low WHR could potentially affect our results. However, as presented in the results section, even after exclusion of all females without children from all analyses the number of children remains a significant predictor of WHR in the whole sample. In summary, we demonstrated a culturally stable, significant relationship between number of children and WHR among women, controlling for BMI and age. Along with selection of younger and healthier women, preferences for low WHRs may enable men to mate with women of highest possible reproductive potential. These findings increase our understanding of sexual preferences in traditional, small-scale societies that approximate reproductive and infectious disease conditions under which the evolutionary adaptations arose. Singh, D. Female mate value at a glance: relationship of waist-to-hip ratio to health, fecundity and attractiveness. Lett 23 , 81—91 PubMed Google Scholar. Sugiyama, L. Physical attractiveness in adaptationist perspective. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology ed. Buss, D. Physical attractiveness: An adaptationist perspective. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology second ed. Rozmus-Wrzesinska, M. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Platek, S. Optimal waist-to-hip ratios in women activate neural reward centers in men. PLoS One 5 , e, doi: Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Dixson, B. et al. Human physique and sexual attractiveness: Sexual preferences of men and women in Bakossiland, Cameroon. Article Google Scholar. Male preferences for female waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Sorokowski, P. PLoS One 9 , e, doi: Is beauty in the context-sensitive adaptations of the beholder? Shiwiar use of waist-to-hip ratio in assessments of female mate value. Marlowe, F. Preferred waist-to-hip ratio and ecology. Dif 30 , —, doi: Wetsman, A. How universal are preferences for female waist-to-hip ratios? Evidence from the Hadza of Tanzania. Cashdan, E. Waist-to-Hip Ratio across cultures: Trade-offs between Androgen - and Estrogen - dependent traits. Epel, E. Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Folsom, A. Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women. Jama , —, doi: Huang, Z. a Leibel, R. Physiologic basis for the control of body fat distribution in humans. Misra, A. Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of abdominal adiposity and abdominal adipose tissue depots. Nutrition 19 , —, doi: Nelson, T. Psychological and behavioral predictors of body fat distribution: Age and gender effects. Res 7 , —, doi: x Lassek, W. Waist-hip ratio and cognitive ability: Is gluteofemoral fat a privileged store of neurodevelopmental resources? Van Anders, S. Waist-to-hip ratio is positively associated with bioavailable testosterone but negatively associated with sexual desire in healthy premenopausal women. d7 Jasienska, G. Habitual physical activity and estradiol levels in women of reproductive age. Cancer Prev. Rebuffe-Scrive, M. Fat cell metabolism in different regions in women. Effect of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. Invest 75 , —, doi: Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Santoro, N. Björntorp, P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Disord 20 , — Google Scholar. Morgan, L. Diurnal variations in peripheral insulin resistance and plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations: a possible link? Van Hooff, M. Insulin, androgen, and gonadotropin concentration, body mass index, and waist to hip ratio in the first years after menarche in girls with regular menstrual cycle, irregular menstrual cycles, or oligomenorrhea. Zaadstra, B. Fat and female fecundity: prospective study of effect of body fat distribution on conception rates. BMJ Br. J , —, doi: Article CAS Google Scholar. Kirschner, M. Sex hormone metabolism in upper and lower body obesity. Obesity 15 , — CAS Google Scholar. Sohn, M. Visual analysis of body shape changes during pregnancy. Educ 5 , —, doi: Hughes, S. Jr Sex differences in morphological predictors of sexual behavior. Shoulder to hip and waist to hip ratios. Behav 24 , — Brooks, R. The multivariate evolution of female body shape in an artificial digital ecosystem. Behav 36 , —, doi: Björkelund, C. Reproductive history in relation to relative weight and fat distribution. Den Tonkelaar, I. Fat distribution in relation to age, degree of obesity, smoking habits, parity and estrogen use: A cross-sectional study in 11, Dutch women participating in the DOM-project. Changes in body fat distribution in relation to parity in American women: a covert form of maternal depletion. Rodrigues, M. Association of the maternal experience and changes in adiposity measured by BMI, waist: hip ratio and percentage body fat in urban Brazilian women. Ross, R. Does the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality depend on measurement protocol for waist circumference? Rev 9 , —, doi: Tchernof, A. Effects of the menopause transition on body fatness and body fat distribution. Res 6 , —, doi: Troisi, R. Relation of body fat distribution to reproductive factors in pre- and postmenopausal women. Res 3 , —, doi: Wells, J. Reproduction, aging, and body shape by three-dimensional photonic scanning in Thai men and women. Independent changes in female body shape with parity and age: a life-history approach to female adiposity. v Zheng, W. Sulfotransferase 1A1 polymorphism, endogenous estrogen exposure, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 10 , 89—94 Nenko, I. Fertility, body size, and shape: An empirical test of the covert maternal depletion hypothesis. Malina, R. Regional body composition: age, sex, and ethnic variation. In Human Body Composition eds Roche, A. Wang, J. Asians have lower body mass index BMI but higher percent body fat than do whites: Comparisons of anthropometric measurements. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Leonard, W. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Apicella, C. Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers. Nature , —, doi: Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania Vol. Woodburn, J. Egalitarian societies. Man 17 , —, doi: Sear, R. How universal are human mate choices? Size does not matter when Hadza foragers are choosing a mate. Lett 5 , —, doi: Mate preferences among Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nat 15 , —, doi: Elifuraha, I. Tanzania in The Indigenous World ed. Wessendort, K. Tomikawa, M. Family and daily life: an ethnography of the Datoga Pastoralists in Mangola 1. Butovskaya, M. Wife-battering and traditional methods of its control in contemporary Datoga pastoralists of Tanzania. Peace Res 4 , 28—44, doi: Sellen, D. Fertility, offspring quality, and wealth in Datoga pastoralists: testing evolutionary models of intersexual selection in Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective ed. Cronk, L. Sanders, T. Making children, making chiefs: gender, power and ritual legitimacy. Africa 68 , —, doi: Invisible hands and visible goods: revealed and concealed economies in millennial Tanzania. In Dealing with Uncertainty in Contemporary African Lives eds Haram, L. |
| Publication types | You might have Blood sugar crash and adrenal fatigue high WHR because Injury prevention in sports carry more weight in your abdomen. The ratii of thin znd figures were not associated with any Procesx traits ratik youthfulness. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Elgar FJ, Stewart JM. Marta Kowal Piotr Sorokowski Magdalena Nawrat Archives of Sexual Behavior Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism rs and digit ratio associates with aggression: comparison in seven ethnic groups Marina Butovskaya Victoria Rostovtseva Oleg Lazebny Journal of Physiological Anthropology Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio. |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio: Chart, Ways to Calculate, and More | About this article. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. If the difference between the two measurements exceeds 1 cm, the two measurements should be repeated. Butovskaya View author publications. Before analysis, we standardized z -scored the dependent variable WHR , the predictor the log-transformed number of children , and control variables: BMI and age in a way that all of our individual level variables had a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 see: ref. Article PubMed Google Scholar Novikova, N. Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio. |
| Waist-hip Ratio Better Than BMI For Gauging Obesity In Elderly, Study Finds | Results lrocess Waist-to-hip ratio and aging process current study also agong these Injury prevention in sports. The variables considered are: triceps, biceps, Anti-fungal treatments and iliac crest Sging WC and HC; and WHR, WHtR and BMI, with participants grouped according to sex and age. Use limited data to select advertising. Therefore, total thiol levels TTL can be regarded as an indirect serum biomarker for the antioxidant defense capacity of cells. Sign In or Create an Account. |
Waist-to-hip ratio and aging process -
Based on these data, we suggest that WHR is a reliable cue to female reproductive history, and we discuss our results in the context of previous studies indicating usefulness of WHR as an indicator of health and fertility.
This parameter reflects the relative distribution of fat in the upper and lower body 1 , 4 , 5. The role of WHR in female attractiveness is shown by, e. Also cross-cultural research conducted among indigenous populations 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 suggest importance of WHR in overall attractiveness.
Although the results of these studies are often inconclusive 12 , 13 , most data rather indicate that when BMI and average WHR in a given population are controlled, relatively low WHR values are preferred 8 , 10 , It has been suggested that the preference for low WHRs emerged due to certain selective pressures.
Singh originally hypothesized that males had an evolved preference for low female WHR, because low WHR provided a cue to female reproductive status and health, and therefore to her reproductive value 1 , 5.
Indeed, studies conducted before and after this hypothesis indicate that WHR as a marker of fat distribution predicts several health disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, adult-onset diabetes, elevated plasma lipids, hypertension, cancer endometrial, ovarian and breast , gall bladder disease, depression, high stress level, and overall mortality 1 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , It needs to be noted, however, that many of these health problems heart diseases, diabetes were probably not evolutionarily relevant 2 , 3 , Another selective pressure might result from a strong association between WHR and sex hormones.
Women with higher WHRs have higher levels of free testosterone 14 , 22 and lower levels of progesterone 17 , Further, estrogens appear to decrease WHRs directly 24 and indirectly 25 , leading to sex differences in this parameter Additionally, women with a relatively low WHR have significantly more ovulatory cycles 27 , as well as more regular cycles 28 than do women with higher WHRs.
Based on this evidence, a lower WHR among women may indicate a higher likelihood of conception WHR seems also to be a cue to pregnancy, because pregnant women have much higher WHRs than do non-pregnant women Hence, individual differences in WHRs can broadly indicate current reproductive status, pregnancy and the probability of childbirth Taken together, it might be inferred that the preference for low WHR results from usefulness of WHR as an indicator of health and fertility.
However, there is an additional non-mutually exclusive reason that men evolved to use a WHR as a cue to female reproductive value.
As parity has an independent effect on WHR 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , waist-to-hip ratio of a sexually mature woman might be a cue to the number of offspring she has had.
The fat that adolescent females deposit on the hips and thighs is less metabolically active than is central fat and it is resistant to weight loss, except during late pregnancy and lactation Some authors suggested that this fat, rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids LPUFAs , is particularly necessary for infant brain growth, and is indeed preferentially mobilized for fetal brain development 21; but see: ref.
Importantly, the level of this fat decreases with each pregnancy 36 ; with each live birth, hip and thigh circumference decreases by 0. Consequently, a lower WHR might indicate that a woman has had relatively fewer children. There exist some studies investigating the associations among fat distribution, reproduction and aging 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior study investigated this issue in traditional societies.
Thus, it has yet to be documented across cultures that WHR increases with parity in natural fertility, indigenous, more energy constrained populations facing greater trade-offs in energy allocation than do modern societies. Another important reason for considering such populations is that they better approximate reproductive and infectious disease conditions under which the adaptations in question arose.
Finally, as distribution of fat might greatly vary between populations 45 , 46 , these data from indigenous populations enable testing the universality of results obtained by Lassek and Gaulin or Wells and colleagues 21 , 36 , 41 , Hence, in the present study we investigated the relationship between WHRs and number of children in traditional populations of women from around the world.
The study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and consent procedure received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board IRB of the University of Wroclaw Wroclaw, Poland and Moscow State University Moscow, Russia.
Our methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. All subjects gave their informed written consent prior to participation. This was done in a form of their signature if they were able to write, or as a print of their finger.
It was deemed appropriate given the low literacy rates among traditional societies and this procedure was specifically approved by the Ethical Boards. The age was mostly self-reported and when the participants did not know it, the researchers helped them estimate it based on various events from the past.
The data on age of the Tsimane were taken from TAPS database 47 , Below, we present a short description of each society. The Hadza are a hunter-gatherer society living in Tanzania, Africa. They number approximately — individuals and live in mobile camps, each comprising 30 people on average.
This society has been extensively described in the literature see e. Women typically marry between the ages of 17 and 18 years, whereas men marry around the age of Marriages are typically not arranged, and women typically choose their partners.
Because divorce is common, serial monogamy is the best way to characterize the mating system They are concentrated mainly in the Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, and Shinyanga regions.
The population is estimated to be about 87, The Datoga are semi-nomadic pastoralists 55 , polygynous and patrilocal. Eighty five percent of women are in polygynous marriages 56 , Marriage is traditionally arranged by parents, but men frequently arrange their second and later marriages according to personal preferences Isanzu Ihanzu are traditional Buntu-speaking agro-pastoralists, living in the Singida region of North-Central Tanzania.
Their population size is about 30, The Isanzu are settled in 18 villages in the Mkalama District 58 , The Isanzu are divided into 12 exogamous non-localized matri-clans.
They are traditionally polygynous. Gender relations are asymmetrical, with women being dependent on men for resources throughout their lives, and usually without social power outside of the household Their population of around 8, is distributed throughout approximately villages, most of which are located in the area of Beni in northern Bolivia.
This tribe has been extensively described in the literature e. Traditionally, marriage is arranged by parents The Ob-Ugric people Khanty and Mansi are settled on the territory of Russia in Western Siberia and occupy the basins of the Ob and the Irtysh rivers, including their tributaries.
According to a census conducted in , the Ob-Ugric people number just over 43 thousand Khanty—31, and Mansi—12, Many of them are still practicing traditional occupations, such as fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding, and gathering Despite the fact that currently most of the Ob-Ugric people live in villages, they still practice nomadic reindeer herding.
They are patrilineal; marriages are patrilocal and basically monogamous Divorces are mainly initiated by women The Minahasans are inhabitants of Sulawesi. They are a group with the oldest democracy and federal nation among the other Indonesian and Asian tribes due to their old tribal united government Ancient Minahasa society was both competitive and egalitarian.
Minahasa culture does not show any particular discrimination against women Social status is mainly dependent on personal achievements and the expression of personal virtues The Minahasans and Sangirese people of Northern Sulawesi are mainly monogamous.
They practice agriculture and are known for matri-focal social organization and widespread practice of child adoption and transfer between households The studies among the Hadza and Datoga were conducted in the Lake Eyasi region of Tanzania, Africa, between and , and data on the Isanzu were collected in in the Mkalama District of the Singida Region, North-Central Tanzania.
Data on the Ob Ugric people were collected in in Khanty-Mansiisk and in the villages of Berezovsky and the Belojarsky Regions of the Khanty-Mansijsky Autonomous District in Russia. Data from the Minahasans and Sangirese were collected in on the Sulawesi and Sangir Islands in Indonesia.
In all other populations, waist circumference was measured with measuring tape horizontally at the narrowest part of the abdominal region. If the narrowest part of the abdominal region was not clearly distinguishable, the waist was measured still horizontally midway between the 10th rib and the crest of the pelvic bone All people were measured in light clothes, like a clothing called kanga in the case of African groups.
When a participant wore heavy clothes e. BMI was measured in a standard way, as weight measured with scales divided by height measured with an anthropometer squared. All women who declared being pregnant at the time of investigation were excluded from participation.
Similar to previous research 73 , the number of children was self-reported. We measured body-mass index BMI , waist-to-hip ratio WHR and number of children among women in each study population.
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics and intercorrelations between all variables in the total sample. Table 2 presents means and standard deviations of the estimated WHR in each population depending on the number of children. For the robustness check, all analyses presented below were also performed with a raw number of children as a predictor.
To test whether direction and strength of the effect were similar across populations, we analyzed this relationship with the use of multilevel regressions. As a subsample of Indonesians from Sulawesi was quite small in comparison with other populations, in this study we repeated our multilevel regression analyses without and with Indonesians.
As the pattern of results was almost exactly the same, we decided to focus on estimates obtained on the entire sample including Indonesians. Before analysis, we standardized z -scored the dependent variable WHR , the predictor the log-transformed number of children , and control variables: BMI and age in a way that all of our individual level variables had a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 see: ref.
We tested three models: 1 a random intercept model, allowing for differences in the intercept, but assuming the same slope across populations, 2 a random slope model, allowing for different slopes, but assuming the same intercept across populations, and 3 a random intercept and random slope model, allowing both intercepts and slopes to vary among populations.
Hence, we focused on the more parsimonious, random intercept model see Table 3. Importantly, neither the variance of the intercept, nor the slope was significant, indicating that the effect of the number of children on WHR was culturally stable.
More specifically, these results showed that the intercept of the WHR was similar across populations, but even more importantly — that slopes in these populations did not differ significantly. This allows us to conclude that this effect is stable across the studied populations.
In terms of incremental change of the WHR related to each child, the estimated WHR of females with no children controlling in the ANOVA for age, BMI and ethnicity was 0. Even if weak in terms of the effect size, this relationship was statistically significant and linear Fig.
The Relationship between the Number of Children and the WHR BMI, age and ethnicity are partialled-out. To perform a robustness check of our results, we provided a two-step procedure.
First, we repeated our analyses on a restricted sample, first excluding from the analyses all females who were potentially postmenopausal, i. All relationships we have previously observed were replicated. The observed effect was statistically significant while controlling BMIs and WHRs that differed across participating societies and generally increased with age in each study population.
Our findings indicate that the positive WHR-parity relationship is strongly culturally stable - we observed this association in populations from different continents Africa, Eurasia and South America , and among nomadic hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and farmers alike.
In summary, in line with previous studies conducted among developed societies 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , we argue that the positive association between WHR and number of children may be general for humans.
In order to explore the observed WHR-parity association further, we investigated it among women in reproductive age that had at least one child. WHRs of nulliparous and older women may differ from regular WHRs for reasons other than number of births, and this might influence the effect of number of births on WHR.
For example, much of the high WHR of 50—70 year old women may be due to factors other than number of offspring, like obesity or health problems, and yet they would have the most offspring and age, and hence bias the results of the analysis.
The populations participating in our research differed from one another. However, even when the population factor was included in the analysis, the number of children remained a significant predictor of WHR for the total sample while controlling for the age and BMI of women. Below, we propose several explanations as to why number of births, associated with lower WHR, can be important for female mate value.
First, as discussed in the Introduction, fewer children mean higher level of LPUFAs that support fetal brain development Second, following 2 , 3 , 75 , limited reproductive potential, and limited windows of female fertile ovulatory cycles in natural fertility populations mean that each child born is probably 1 of 7 or less children a man can sire with the woman in total if he mates with her long-term.
Hence, it can be predicted that the preference for a low WHR results from male preference for women at peak residual reproductive value, just prior to first probably fertile ovulatory cycle and with no previous children.
This phenomenon seems to operate in modern human societies, wherein suspected nonpaternity is one of the most common reasons of refusals to pay child support among American men Although there are certain adaptations men have for differential parental solicitude e.
Low relative WHR is one of them. The clear association between female age and WHR that we observed in our research might be also very important in the male mate choice.
In almost all participating societies, the youngest women had the lowest WHR Table 1. Human mate selection has been widely investigated over the past several decades e. Thus, men may need to be sensitive to certain indirect cues to potential reproductive value, like female age.
Our findings might suggest that preferences for women with lower WHRs can be beneficial in small-scales societies also because WHR may be a cue to younger age across such populations Table 1. On the other hand, it is important to note that the mean WHR within an age cohort can vary significantly across human populations Thus, age-WHR associations may be reliable mainly at the within-population level.
Overall, the WHR-related issues discussed above WHR as a marker of fertility, parity history, health, etc. suggest that preferences for certain values of this body parameter should be culturally universal. Indeed, most studies show preferences for relatively low WHR within respective populations 7—12; but see: refs 13 , It needs to be noted that the current study has some limitations.
First, our design was cross-sectional while it would be more accurate to assess the effect each childbirth has on WHR in a longitudinal study. Second, we compared the data collected by several researchers in a few cultures.
Nevertheless, our research comprise data collected among hundreds of women from several traditional societies, which has an undeniable value; collecting such data would be almost impossible in more a complex, longitudinal design involving only one researcher.
Finally, the participating societies differed in sample size and number of nulliparous women. For example, large size of nulliparous Ob Ugric women and their low WHR could potentially affect our results.
However, as presented in the results section, even after exclusion of all females without children from all analyses the number of children remains a significant predictor of WHR in the whole sample. In summary, we demonstrated a culturally stable, significant relationship between number of children and WHR among women, controlling for BMI and age.
Along with selection of younger and healthier women, preferences for low WHRs may enable men to mate with women of highest possible reproductive potential. These findings increase our understanding of sexual preferences in traditional, small-scale societies that approximate reproductive and infectious disease conditions under which the evolutionary adaptations arose.
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How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. What Is the Waist-to-Hip Ratio? Medically reviewed by Angela M. Bell, MD, FACP — By Stephanie Watson and Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA — Updated on February 2, Calculate Advantages of WHR Disadvantages of WHR Takeaway The waist-to-hip ratio WHR calculation is one way your doctor can see if excess weight is putting your health at risk.
Health risk Women Men low 0. Ways to calculate your waist-to-hip ratio. What are the advantages of using this method? What are the disadvantages of using this method? Materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Science News. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email. FULL STORY. Teresa Seeman and Arun S. Karlamangla, both also of UCLA, were co-authors on the study.
The National Institute on Aging funded this research. RELATED TERMS Obesity Rofecoxib Body mass index Premature birth COX-2 inhibitor Anti-obesity drug Physical exercise Personalized medicine.
Story Source: Materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago University of California - Los Angeles. ScienceDaily, 2 September University of California - Los Angeles. Waist-hip Ratio Better Than BMI For Gauging Obesity In Elderly, Study Finds.
Retrieved February 14, from www. htm accessed February 14, Explore More. The More the Merrier: Research Shows Online Interventions With Social Support Help Middle-Aged Adults With Obesity Lose Weight.
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Elisa Rönnecke Waist-to-gip, Mandy VogelSarah BusslerNico PtocessAnne JurkutatMindful eating techniques SchlingmannAntje KoernerWieland Waist-to-hip ratio and aging process Age- rayio Sex-Related Percentiles annd Injury prevention in sports Thickness, Waist and Hip Circumference, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Procesd Ratio: Results from a Population-Based Pediatric Cohort in Germany LIFE Child. Obes Facts 15 March ; 12 1 : 25— Background: Skinfold thickness STwaist circumference WC and hip circumference HC measurements are simple methods for assessing fat tissue at defined body parts. We examined these parameters in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents in Leipzig. Our study provides current percentile curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest ST, plus WC, HC, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Methods: 6, visits were recorded involving 2, individuals from 3 to 16 years in age.
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