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Some AAlternate-day have suggested that ADF may be more rfsearch for preserving muscle Alternated-ay than other types of calorie restriction. However, results from a recent, high-quality study suggest that ADF is no more effective for preserving muscle mass than traditional calorie restriction 681625 Losing weight and restricting calories is usually an effective way to improve or reverse many symptoms of type 2 diabetes Similarly to continuous calorie restriction, ADF seems to cause mild reductions in risk factors for type 2 diabetes among people with overweight or obesity 3031 ADF may also help reduce fasting insulin levels, with some studies suggesting that it may be more effective than daily calorie restriction.
However, not all studies agree that ADF is superior to daily calorie restriction 63334 Having high insulin levels, or hyperinsulinemia, has been linked to obesity and chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer 36 A reduction in insulin levels and insulin resistance should lead to a significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, especially when combined with weight loss.
Alternate-day fasting may reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes. It can reduce fasting insulin levels in people with prediabetes. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and responsible for about one in four deaths 3839 Many studies have shown that ADF is a good option to help individuals with overweight or obesity lose weight and reduce heart disease risk factors 148 The most common health benefits include 1813144243 :.
Alternate-day fasting may reduce waist circumference and decrease blood pressure, LDL bad cholesterol, and triglycerides. Autophagy is a process in which old parts of cells are degraded and recycled. It plays a key role in preventing diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, heart disease, and infections 44 Animal studies have consistently shown that long- and short-term fasting increase autophagy and are linked to delayed aging and a reduced risk of tumors 464748 Furthermore, fasting has been shown to increase lifespan in rodents, flies, yeasts, and worms Moreover, cell studies have shown that fasting stimulates autophagy, resulting in effects that may help keep you healthy and live longer 5152 This has been supported by human studies showing that ADF diets reduce oxidative damage and promote changes that may be linked to longevity 91552 The findings look promising, but the effects of ADF on autophagy and longevity need to be studied more extensively.
Alternate-day fasting stimulates autophagy in animal and cell studies. This process may slow aging and help prevent diseases like cancer and heart disease. Nearly all weight loss methods cause a slight drop in resting metabolic rate 55 This effect is often referred to as starvation modebut the technical term is adaptive thermogenesis.
When you severely restrict your calories, your body starts conserving energy by reducing the number of calories it burns. It can make you stop losing weight and feel miserable Meanwhile, the ADF participants experienced only a 1. Alternate-day fasting may not decrease metabolic rate in the same way as continuous calorie restriction.
A 3-week study analyzed individuals with average weight following a strict ADF diet with zero calories on fasting days. It showed that following an ADF diet for 12 weeks reduced fat mass and produced favorable changes in risk factors for heart disease 8.
That said, ADF generally provides much fewer calories than you need to maintain weight, which is the reason you ultimately lose weight. Alternate-day fasting increases fat burning and reduces risk factors for heart disease in people with average weight.
These will make you feel full without many calories. Soups may also be a good option on fasting days, as they tend to make you feel fuller than if you ate the ingredients on their own 57 There are no strict guidelines regarding what to eat and drink on fasting days.
Some think that ADF increases your risk of binge eatingbut studies have found that it may help reduce binge eating behavior and decrease depressive symptoms. It may also improve restrictive eating and body image perception among people with obesity. However, more research on the effectiveness and safety of ADF in people with disordered eating tendencies is needed These include children, pregnant and lactating women, people who are underweight, and those with certain medical conditions that may be exacerbated by fasting like Gilbert Syndrome Although some research suggests that ADF may be helpful for reducing symptoms of binge eating, this dietary pattern is likely not appropriate for people with eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa or bulimia.
Be sure to consult a healthcare provider before trying this eating pattern if you have a medical condition or are currently taking any medications. Alternate-day fasting is safe for most people.
Consult a healthcare provider to learn if alternate-day fasting is right for you. Alternate-day fasting is a very effective way to lose weight for most people. It is not recommended for children, people with eating disorders, or those who are pregnant, lactating, or living with rare disorders like Gilbert Syndrome.
It may have benefits over traditional calorie-restricted diets in some cases. Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular diets these days. This article tells you everything you need to know about the effects of intermittent…. The keto diet and intermittent fasting are two of the hottest current health trends.
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Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based Alternate-Day Fasting: A Comprehensive Beginner's Guide. Medically reviewed by Grant Tinsley, Ph.
Basics Weight loss Hunger Body composition Health benefits Starvation mode For people with average weight Fasting diet options Is ADF safe? Bottom line Alternate-day fasting is one way to do intermittent fasting.
How to do alternate-day fasting. Alternate-day fasting and weight loss. Alternate-day fasting and hunger. Alternate-day fasting and body composition. Health benefits of alternate-day fasting.
Does alternate-day fasting induce starvation mode? Is it also good for people who are within a normal weight range? What to eat and drink on fasting days. Is alternate-day fasting safe? The bottom line.
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: Alternate-day fasting research| Safety of alternate day fasting and effect on disordered eating behaviors | I want to get healthier. To this end, we measured fatty acid translocase CD36 , fatty acids transport protein 4 FATP4 , and plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein FABPpm which are important players in the transport of fatty acids across the plasma membrane. Reprints and permissions. Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E: Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Nutrition Journal ISSN: Moreover, cell studies have shown that fasting stimulates autophagy, resulting in effects that may help keep you healthy and live longer 51 , 52 , |
| Health Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | I preach sensible intake of real foods as part of a lifelong approach to health. Proteins involved in glucose transport GLUT4 and glycolysis hexokinase and pyruvate kinase and glycogen storage glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were similar between the two groups and did not change with ADF. The Danish Council for Independent Research grant no: B , Nordea Foundation grant to the Center for Healthy Aging. However, the researchers found that BDNF levels did not correlate with body weight changes in this particular study and suggested that these findings be interpreted with caution Physical training may enhance beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Weight regain from months 6 to 12 —0. |
| Eat only every other day and lose weight? | To ensure that the people in the ADF group did not take in any calories during fast days, they underwent continuous glucose monitoring. They were also asked to fill in diaries documenting their fasting days. Periodically, the participants had to go to a research facility, where they were instructed on whether to follow ADF or their usual diet, but other than that they lived their normal, everyday lives. Additionally, the researchers studied a group of 30 people who had already practiced more than six months of strict ADF previous to the study enrollment. They compared them to normal, healthy controls who had no fasting experience. For this ADF cohort, the main focus was to examine the long-term safety of the intervention. Amino acid restriction has been shown to cause lifespan extension in rodents. The investigators point to other benefits that ADF may have, compared with continuous calorie restriction. Previous studies have suggested calorie-restrictive diets can result in malnutrition and a decrease in immune function. In contrast, even after six months of ADF, the immune function in the participants appeared to be stable. It might also be that continuous low-calorie intake hinders the induction of the age-protective autophagy program, which is switched on during fasting breaks. Despite the benefits, the researchers say they do not recommend ADF as a general nutrition scheme for everybody. Additionally, we advise people not to fast if they have a viral infection, because the immune system probably requires immediate energy to fight viruses. Hence, it is important to consult a doctor before any harsh dietary regime is undertaken. In the future, the researchers plan to study the effects of strict ADF in different groups of people including people with obesity and diabetes. They also plan to compare ADF to other dietary interventions and to further explore the molecular mechanisms in animal models. Materials provided by Cell Press. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Science News. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email. FULL STORY. They had continuous upregulation of ketone bodies, even on nonfasting days. This has been shown to promote health in various contexts. They had reduced levels of sICAM-1, a marker linked to age-associated disease and inflammation. They had lowered levels of triiodothyronine without impaired thyroid gland function. Previously, lowered levels of this hormone have been linked to longevity in humans. They had lowered levels of cholesterol. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Anderson DA, Williamson DA, Duchmann EG, Gleaves DH, Barbin JM. Development and validation of a multifactorial treatment outcome measure for eating disorders. Cooper PJ, Taylor MJ, Cooper Z, Fairburn CG. The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Int J Eat Disord. Article Google Scholar. Cuevas A, Cordero MJ, Olivos C, Ghiardo D, Alvarez V. Revista medica de Chile. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Lin WY, Wu CH, Chu NF, Chang CJ. Efficacy and safety of very-low-calorie diet in Taiwanese: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Williamson DA, Martin CK, Anton SD, York-Crowe E, Han H, Redman L, et al. Is caloric restriction associated with development of eating-disorder symptoms? Results from the CALERIE trial. Health Psychol. Download references. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, West Taylor Street, Room F, Chicago, IL, , USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Krista A Varady. The co-authors declare that they have no competing interests. KKH designed the experiment, ran the clinical trial, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. CMK, JFT, AB, and SB assisted with the conduction of the clinical trial and performed the laboratory analyses. KAV assisted with the data analyses and the preparation of the manuscript. Sources of funding for all authors: Departmental funding, Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Hoddy, K. et al. Safety of alternate day fasting and effect on disordered eating behaviors. Nutr J 14 , 44 Download citation. Received : 27 November Accepted : 15 April Published : 06 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Interestingly, in this study, over time people in the fasting group ate more on fasting days and less on feasting days. So basically by the end of the study they were eating similarly to the calorie restriction group. The authors note more limitations. The control group did not receive food, counseling, or the same attention from the study personnel, potential factors that could affect their results, besides how they ate. And this study can't tell us about the potential benefits for people who have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes because the study didn't include individuals with those conditions. Usually at this point we say something like "more studies of this approach are needed," but I won't. There's already plenty of evidence supporting a common-sense lifestyle approach to weight loss: ample intake of fruits and veggies, healthy fats, lean proteins, and plenty of exercise. From apples to zucchini, there are over a hundred "real" foods you can eat endlessly, enjoy, and yes, still lose weight. I would advise against spending any more money on fad diet books. Or processed carbs, for that matter. Rather, hit the fresh or frozen produce aisle, or farmer's market, and go crazy. Then go exercise. Do that, say, for the rest of your life, and you will be fine. No one got fat eating broccoli, folks. That said, if you tend to binge or stress-eat sugary or starchy foods, and you feel like you can't control your habit, talk to your doctor, because that is a separate issue to be addressed. Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, Published online May 1, Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, January As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. |
Alternate-day fasting research -
Meanwhile, the differences between each RCT were bridged through discussion among authors. All reviewers independently assessed whether the study was suitable or not according to the criteria. The following information was collected: a the general data in the test; b name of the first author; c time of publication; d the design of study and size of the sample e.
Meanwhile, our team cross-checked references and data of each included study to ensure there is no overlapping data. The data were carried out using the RevMan version 5.
The changes in the weight, BMI, TC, LDL, TG, HDL, FBS, fat mass, lean mass, SBP, DBP, total calorie intake, and HOMA-IR were analyzed concerning the differences of each RCT between the entry and endpoint. We utilized the I 2 statistic to analyze inconsistent results, reflecting the proportion of heterogeneity across trials.
In this meta-analysis, it is unnecessary to have ethical approval and patient consent because all of the data were acquired from articles that have already been published. Meanwhile, a subgroup analysis was conducted according to the lengths of intervention time ADF 8W and ADF 12W in patients Table 2.
One hundred and thirty-two articles were discovered by retrieval in each database. After scrutinizing their abstracts and titles, studies were discontinued. Twenty-four studies were ruled out for a lack of useful data. Finally, seven articles containing seven RCTs 9 , 19 , 33 — 37 that analyzed the effect of ADF on the metabolism of the human body were included in our analysis.
A detailed flowchart showing the selection process is shown in Figure 2. Table 3 shows the baseline characteristics of the studies. Figure 2. Flowchart of the study selection process. RCT, randomized controlled trials.
All of the seven studies included in the meta-analysis were RCT. Figure 1 presents a graphical summary of the risk bias. Besides, all of the studies described the randomization process.
All articles had an appropriate number of participants to analyze. The funnel plot displayed the conclusion of a qualitative estimation of publication bias Figure 3.
Figure 3. Funnel plot of the studies included in our meta-analysis. MD, mean difference; SE, standard error. Seven RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on weight in the ADF group and in the control group. It proved that compared with the control group Figure 4 , the ADF group showed statistically significant reductions in weight.
Figure 4. Forest plots showing changes between two groups in A weight, B body mass index BMI , C total calorie intake; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.
Four RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on BMI 82 in the ADF group and 54 in the control group. The result proved that the ADF group showed statistical differences in BMI compared with the control group Figure 4.
Four RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on total calorie intake 72 in the ADF group and 66 in the control group. It demonstrated that the ADF group showed statistically significant reductions in total calorie intake compared with the control group Figure 4.
Five RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on TC in the ADF group and 71 in the control group. We found significant differences between the ADF group and the control group in the TC Figure 5.
Figure 5. Forest plots showing changes between two groups in A total cholesterol TC , B triglycerides TG , C low-density lipoprotein LDL , D high-density lipoprotein HDL , E fasting blood sugar FBS , F homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance HOMA-IR ; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.
Five RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on TG in the ADF group and 90 in the control group. The result proved that the ADF group showed significant differences in TG compared with the control group Figure 5. Four RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on LDL 90 in the ADF group and 61 in the control group.
The result proved that the ADF group showed significant differences in LDL compared with the control group Figure 5. Five RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on HDL in the ADF group and 71 in the control group.
The result showed that it was no statistical difference in terms of HDL between the two groups Figure 5. Four RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on FBS 88 in the ADF group and 56 in the control group.
The model showed no marked differences between the ADF group and the control group in the change of FBS Figure 5. Three RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on HOMA-IR 55 in the ADF group and 46 in the control group. Compared with the control group, the ADF group showed no meaningful difference in HOMA-IR Figure 5.
Six RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on fat mass in the ADF group and in the control group. In terms of lean mass, five RCTs had an appropriate sample size of patients 89 in the ADF group and 73 in the control group. Figure 6. Forest plots showing changes between two groups in A fat mass, B lean mass, C systolic blood pressure SBP , D diastolic blood pressure DBP ; total calorie intake; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.
Four RCTs involving participants contained meaningful data on SBP and DBP 90 in the ADF group and 85 in the control group. A random-effects model was chosen to estimate changes between the two groups.
Recently, the most commonly used diet strategy for weight loss is calorie restriction. In many parts of the world, ADF is an age-old way that includes many forms. For example, Ramadan is a form of ADF and abided by Muslims all around the world If someone wants to lose weight, it is generally recommended to restrict diets and exercises in clinical practice guidelines 39 , The traditional methods of losing weight such as the daily calorie restriction , although the effect is affirmative, the control and compliance are poor Based on this foundation, intermittent fasting regimens, especially ADF protocols, are being proposed in many pieces of literature 9 , 19 , 33 — The important unsolved issue is whether the effects of ADF can play a role for people who want to lose weight.
This quantitative meta-analysis summarized the evidence from RCTs. We performed this meta-analysis from seven studies, including participants, to evaluate the effect of ADF on weight loss for at least 1 month. In this case, we selected some meaningful indexes of many diverse indicators to illustrate this difference between the two groups.
Based on our results, ADF was the positive influential method on the physiology, body composition, and parameters for obesity or a normal human.
For the first time, this meta-analysis suggested that ADF is a potentially superior alternative to daily calorie restriction in normal-weight and overweight subjects. Just the way we assumed, the ADF strategy was effectively reduced body-related biomarkers, such as weight, BMI, and so on.
Compared with the complete calorie restriction method, ADF had a lower capacity for weight management. In animal experiments, weight loss can redistribute fat in the ADF group without losing lean mass New research showed that exercise plus ADF would experience the largest reductions in cardiometabolic risk factors, with the least decrease in lean mass compared with ADF alone Also, it could be suggested as an alternative option for daily calorie restriction CR in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease On the one hand, the decrease of liver enzymes might be explained by an improvement in visceral fat or steatosis of the liver in animal and human experiments.
The phenomenon showed that ADF could promote hepatocyte restorative process when transient autophagy occurred to liver cells However, the exact molecular mechanisms that underlie fasting and liver autophagy need to be further studied and established The research suggested that ADF had effects on cardiovascular improvements.
As is known to all, alterations in cholesterol metabolism were known to be powerful predictors of developing cardiovascular events, even in the early stages of atherosclerosis For instance, abnormal cholesterol metabolism, including low intestinal cholesterol absorption and elevated cholesterol biosynthesis, played an important role in metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes This diet strategy may also have cardioprotective effects in participants by reducing triacylglycerol and increasing LDL particle size and adiponectin concentration.
To our knowledge, the Mediterranean and certain low carbohydrate diets help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risks of coronary heart disease.
If ADF were combined with a Mediterranean diet or a low-carbohydrate diet, it would be meaningful to observe how it affects weight loss and cardiovascular outcomes in future studies 48 , To improve lipid, the combination of diet and exercise is more effective than diet or exercise alone Previous research has already demonstrated that glucose and insulin have been associated with obesity.
Thus, it is important to manage and control glucose levels and insulin resistance At the same time, the significant decrease in fasting insulin may potentially be attributed in part to the decline in body weight and the reduction in total body fat We found a significant reduction in lean mass in the ADF group.
This serves as a caution for patient populations at risk for sarcopenia because ADF could exacerbate muscle loss. Some studies indicated that ADF is the most beneficial diet strategy for lowering fasting insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR.
However, there was no significant difference in insulin resistance between the two groups. It suggested that ADF plus exercise might reduce insulin resistance, which needs to be further elucidated Meanwhile, ADF did not result in a decline in bone mineral density or white blood cell count.
It might even have a trend to increase bone mineral density values for a long period 54 — In a recent study we founded, ADF likely makes little differences compared with continuous energy restriction, but ADF probably slightly reduces body weight and fat mass.
In additional analyses, no important differences were detected when comparing different types of ADF vs. nonconsecutive days Randomized control trials suggested that ADF is effective for weight loss, weight maintenance, and improving certain metabolic disease risk factors such as LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting insulin after 6 months ADF had some physiological benefits with similar daily calorie restriction ADF might lead to fat redistribution from visceral to subcutaneous depots in female mice Evidence suggested that plasma adiponectin was inversely proportional to visceral fat accumulation 65 , Thus, the redistribution in body fat by ADF may be linked to increases in plasma adiponectin observed.
All in all, ADF may improve body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin; conversely, the diet strategy may take precautions against the development of obesity-related diseases whether these effects can be reproduced in clinical trials.
Several adverse events were reported in the study. Its incidences were significantly low and slight. A small number of participants experienced mild headaches or light-headedness in the early days of the trial. Others reported constipation during weeks 1 and 2 of the trial This phenomenon may or may not be linked with dietary therapy.
The participants were proposed to be consuming more fruits and vegetables on feed days. Those clinical manifestations would gradually disappear in the course of the experiment.
This meta-analysis included seven RCTs and concentrating on the efficacy of ADF in participants. Compared with previous studies, our study had some advantages; the data were derived from randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. However, this study also has some limitations, which reflect the common limitations of other systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
First of all, this article did not include numerous RCTs such as unpublished studies, which limit evidence to affect study quality. Second, RCTs had low methodological rigor and short intervention; more appropriate high-quality trials are needed to improve the accuracy of results.
In summary, this meta-analysis suggests that ADF is a viable diet strategy for weight loss, and it has a substantial improvement in risk indicators for diseases in obese or normal people. Therefore, adults, whether healthy or not, should perform ADF with recommendations of clinical physicians to prevent adverse effects.
YL: literature search. ZG: study design and data collection. TC: data interpretation. JW and YZ: writing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China nos.
tsqn , Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Ascent Plan, code: DFL, and Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support, code: ZYLX The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
ADF, alternate day fasting; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; TC, total cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; FBS, fasting blood sugar; MD, mean difference; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; CR, calorie restriction.
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Second, the control group was imperfect, in that they received no food, no counseling, and less attention from study personnel, relative to the intervention groups, which may have confounded our findings. We also failed to include the control group in our initial power calculation.
The higher dropout rate in the alternate-day fasting group may have also introduced a possible selection bias between groups. The alternate-day fasting diet was not superior to the daily calorie restriction diet with regard to adherence, weight loss, weight maintenance, or improvement in risk indicators for cardiovascular disease.
Corresponding Author: Krista A. Varady, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, W Taylor St, Room , Chicago, IL varady uic. Published Online: May 1, Author Contributions: Dr Varady had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Drs Trepanowski and Kroeger contributed equally to this work and should be considered co—first authors. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Administrative, technical, or material support: Kroeger, Barnosky, Bhutani, Hoddy, Gabel, Rood, Varady. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Varady reported receiving an advance for the book The Every-Other-Day Diet: The Diet That Lets You Eat All You Want Half the Time and Keep the Weight Off , published by Hachette Book Group.
No other disclosures were reported. full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Top of Article Key Points Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Article Information References. Figure 1. Participant Flow Through the Trial. View Large Download. Figure 2. Prescribed vs Actual Energy Intake in the Alternate-Day Fasting and Daily Calorie Restriction Groups.
Figure 3. Weight Loss by Diet Group Relative to Baseline. Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors of the Study Participants a. Table 2. Pairwise Effects Estimates of Diet on Mean Changes From Baseline in Body Weight and Risk Indicators for Cardiovascular Disease a.
Supplement 1. Trial Protocol. Supplement 2. eFigure 1. Experimental Design eFigure 2. Mean Energy Restriction by Diet Group at Month 6 Measured by Doubly Labeled Water eTable 1.
Dietary Intake by Diet Group and Time Point eTable 2. Physical activity by Diet Group and Time Point. PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. Moreira EA, Most M, Howard J, Ravussin E. Dietary adherence to long-term controlled feeding in a calorie-restriction study in overweight men and women.
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This Issue. Views , Citations View Metrics. X Facebook More LinkedIn. Cite This Citation Trepanowski JF , Kroeger CM , Barnosky A, et al. Original Investigation. July John F. Trepanowski, PhD 1 ; Cynthia M.
Kroeger, PhD 1,2 ; Adrienne Barnosky, MD 1 ; et al Monica C. Klempel, PhD 1 ; Surabhi Bhutani, PhD 1 ; Kristin K. Hoddy, PhD, RD 1 ; Kelsey Gabel, MS, RD 1 ; Sally Freels, PhD 3 ; Joseph Rigdon, PhD 4 ; Jennifer Rood, PhD 5 ; Eric Ravussin, PhD 5 ; Krista A. Varady, PhD 1. Author Affiliations Article Information 1 Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago.
visual abstract icon Visual Abstract. Key Points Question Is alternate-day fasting more effective for weight loss and weight maintenance compared with daily calorie restriction? Randomization and Intervention Groups.
Weight-Loss Phase. Weight-Maintenance Phase. Control Group Protocol. Outcome Measures. Statistical Analysis. Participant Characteristics and Attrition. Prescribed vs Actual Energy Intake Determined via Food Records.
In recent years there has been a surge in studies looking Alternate-day fasting research lAternate-day biologic Sports nutrition supplements of fastting kinds of Mineral-rich alternatives diets in both animal models and humans. Alternate-day fasting research diets include continuous reseatch restriction, intermittent fasting, and alternate-day fasting ADF. Now the largest study of its kind to look at the effects of strict ADF in healthy people has shown a number of health benefits. The participants alternated 36 hours of zero-calorie intake with 12 hours of unlimited eating. The findings are reported August 27 in the journal Cell Metabolism. If ADF and other dietary interventions differ in their physiological and molecular effects, complex studies are needed in humans that compare different diets.
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