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Throw away your Allergy Meds (Easy Herbal Allergy Remedy that really Works)Herbal wound healing -
The body's healing response to a wound comes in stages: platelets in the blood clot together, and white blood cells flood to the site to fight invasive entities. Skin cells then multiply across the wound to close it, capillaries form beneath the new skin, and collagen is produced to fully close the wound as it matures.
This process can be sped up, however, by topical application of certain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant herbs. Aloe is infamously beneficial to the skin, and its active ingredients are found in the leaves.
The clear gel in the inner leaf and latex cells just beneath the skin of the leaves has considerable medicinal properties. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities mean it can be applied directly to the wound to speed healing.
It reduces swelling, relieves pain , and inhibits the activity of potentially damaging free radicals, enabling faster healing. The fragrant aroma of aloe makes it a popular choice for treating burns, cold sores, sunburn, surgical wounds, and psoriasis.
Annatto is the non-edible fruit of the achiote plant. It is cultivated for the seeds, which contain an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound called bixin. It is extracted to treat ulcers and other wounds because it inhibits inflammation , speeds up collagen maturation , and wound contraction to facilitate its closure.
Though its distinctive aroma means it may not be the first choice of wound-healing herb, garlic is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial. As such, it speeds up collagen maturation in the skin tissues and acts as an antiseptic to prevent infection.
There are recorded incidents of garlic poultices being applied for this purpose throughout history, including in Ancient Rome and during World War I.
Erythrina abyssinica Leguminoseae family is one of 11 species in the Erythrina genus that have known medicinal applications in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is used for the management of inflammation, microbial and parasitic infections, eyes infections and kidney diseases Kone et al.
quadrangularis whole aerial plant parts , A. multiflorum whole aerial plant parts and E. The plant materials were collected from Mberengwa, Midlands Province Cissus quadrangularis L. Species identification was done by qualified botanists Mapaura A.
Detailed plant use in ethnoveterinary medicine are listed in Marume et al. Extractions were based on methods used prior and had yielded phytochemicals that are known to have wide ranging biological effects Marume et al.
Fresh whole aerial plant parts samples from C. quadrangularis , whole aerial plant parts of A. multiflorum , leaf and bark samples of E. abyssinica were separately oven dried at 50°C for 48 h. The extracts were filtered under vacuum through Whatman's No.
The extracts were then concentrated under pressure using a rotary evaporator at 30°C and completely dried with a freeze drier overnight. The weights of the adult female mice used ranged between 20 and 30 g with an average weight of The animals were fed on standard mouse feed with water always available through standard water bottles.
Protocols and procedures were approved by the Ethics and Animal welfare sub-committee, Division of Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock and Veterinary Services—Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development, Zimbabwe, as well as the Faculty Higher Degrees by Research HDR Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe.
Wound healing properties of the freshly made ointments of C. quadrangularis, A. multiflorum , and E. abyssinica leaf and bark separately crude methanolic extracts were used in the assays.
The animals were grouped into six groups of six animals each. The dorsal skin area of the test animals was shaved prior to the incision. Wounds 10 × 6 mm average were cut on each mouse under sterile conditions Karodi et al. Chloroform was used for anesthesia to minimize pain and stress to the animals as a result of the wounding processes.
The respective ointments were applied once daily after cleaning with sterile water and gauzes till day 15 Karodi et al. Wound sizes, contractions and other changes were measured and noted every 3 days.
Histological evaluations of samples collected on day 15 were blindly conducted by a veterinary pathologist Dr. Ellen Mwandiringana—Preclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, MP, Mt. Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe and a histologist Josephine Tendayi Chidaushe—Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, MP, Mt.
Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. All animal tissue samples collected were preserved for future use in formalin. The crude protein content was estimated by titrimetric determination of nitrogen content following Kjeldahl digestion of the skin samples in sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 using copper Cu catalyst Lynch and Barbano, ; Magomya et al.
Oven dried skin samples were cleaned using scalpel blades to remove furs and then powdered. Between 0. The respective titer values, sample mases and standard acid concentration were used to calculate percentage nitrogen content. The nitrogen content was then converted to percentage protein content estimates using a factor 6.
The qualitative screening of alkaloids was done by dissolving the extracts in dilute hydrochloric acid. After filtration the filtrates we individually treated with the Wagner's reagent iodine in potassium iodide. Saponins were detected based on the froth's test, were the extracts were shaken individually in distilled water for 15 min.
Formation of 1 cm layer of foam indicated the presence of saponins. Tannins were detected based on the ferric chloride test. The extracts were treated individually with few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution and a bluish black color indicated the presence of tannins or phenolic nucleus.
The lead acetate test was used to detect flavonoids were after individually treating the extracts with a few drops of lead acetate solution; a yellow precipitate indicated the presence of flavonoids.
The infrared spectra of the clean crude extracts of A. multiflorum, C. quadrangularis and E. abyssinica leaves were done on compressed it tablets using PerkinElmer Spectrum Version The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS Version 21 was used for all data analysis.
The results for the wound healing parameters followed in the study are presented in Tables 1 — 3 as well as Figures 1 , 2. From Table 1 it is deduced that C. multiflorum ointments led to wound changes and healing similar to that of the positive control over the 15 day period.
On the same period E. abyssinica leaves and E. abyssinica bark ointments did not show notable differences from the negative control. Cissus quadrangularis and A. multiflorum treatments had significantly higher wound healing effect as compared to E. However, E. The effects of C. The regression plots Figure 1 of the wound healing area percentage change over the period of 15 days showed that all the extracts have significant percentage change of wound size as compared to the negative control.
The plots also show that the positive control had the greatest rate of wound healing properties followed by C. multiflorum, E. abyssinica leaves, and E. abyssinica barks treatments, respectively.
Protein content Figure 2 in the groups treated with C. multiflorum was found to be significantly high and comparable to that of the positive control especially the A.
multiflorum group. Erythrina abyssinica leaves had considerably high protein content and E. abyssinica bark group had somewhat higher protein content relative to that of the negative control. As shown in Table 3 , C.
quadrangularis treated group exhibited normal and complete healing; E. abyssinica ointment did not show significant healing the bark ointment especially exhibited healing effects that were weaker than the negative control.
abyssinica leaf ointment were somewhat better than the negative control. multiflorum ointment exhibited some healing properties better that the negative control.
Table 1. Wound healing properties as observations in wound changes over time as effected by ointments of three plants used in ethnoveterinary practices.
Table 2. Wound healing properties as percentage wound area changes over time on treated patches as effected by ointments of three plants used in ethnoveterinary practices. Table 3. Wound healing properties as histological observations on the wound area after 15 days of treatment as effected by ointments of three plants used in ethnoveterinary practices.
Figure 1. Wound healing properties as regression plots of the wound area percentage change over time as effected by ointments of three plants used in ethnoveterinary practices.
Figure 2. The ointments of C. The ointment of C. quadrangularis exhibited the best wound healing properties compared to the rest considering the parameters followed in this study including the positive control Figure 1.
Erythrina abyssinica leaf and bark ointments exhibited wound healing properties comparable to those of the negative control used with observations failing to distinguish them from the negative control Table 1. When analysing the wound area, it was however, observed that the ointments of E.
abyssinica leaf and bark performed better than the negative control Table 2 and Figure 1. The histological observations Table 3 highlighted the strong healing properties of C. quadrangularis ointment relative to all the other ointments.
As highlighted above, C. quadrangularis ointment exhibited better wound healing properties than the positive control with skin and appendages returning to normal by day 15 Table 3. Adenium multiflorum ointment, though exhibited good wound healing properties, it was inferior to C. quadrangularis ointment and the positive control used.
Erythrina abyssinica bark ointment exhibited very poor wound healing properties as compared to the negative control. The leaf ointment of E. abyssinica exhibited somewhat better wound healing properties relative to the negative control.
Wounds are common in both humans and animals as a result of physical, chemical or thermal injuries Barreto et al. The tissue damages if not managed often lead to chronic inflammation and secondary infections, further damaging surrounding tissues.
With production animals untreated wounds may lead to significant losses due to reduced productivity as well as death. Extracts of plants such as C. abyssinica have been used to manage different types of wounds. Their uses over time have thus proven efficacy and safety.
Damages associated with injury may involve the epidermis, local vasculature, dermis and possibly other underlying tissues and this usually kick starts various wound healing processes Daunton et al.
The ideal wound healing process usually follows the sequence: restoration of barrier functions of the skin e. The sequences described fits in the four phases of wound healing i. Some authors however have compressed the phases of wound healing in three phases inflammatory including clotting , proliferative and remodeling Wild et al.
Herbal extracts often contain numerous molecules that are important in or as signaling molecules, lubrication, aids to proliferative process, wound contraction, cofactors, antioxidants, radical scavenging, anti-infectives, and nutrients Raina et al.
Extracts of C. quadrangularis were found to contain a range of molecules Chanda et al. see Table 4 known to have significant biological effects which include antioxidants, radical scavenging, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects Mohanambal et al.
It also contains several elements e. key aspects in wound healing Sen and Dash, ; Marume et al. Adenium multiflorum like other members of the genus contains phytoconstituents that have toxic effects as well as key pharmacological properties in wound healing like antimicrobial, radical scavenging and anti-oxidant properties.
These compounds include alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids as well as essential trace elements Sharma et al. Erythrina abyssinica leaf and bark methanolic extract was also shown to contain flavonoids and total phenolic compounds as well as several trace elements although in relatively lower amounts relative to C.
quadrangularis Marume et al. This may explain the weak wound healing effects observed and justify possible future evaluations of ointments of E.
abyssinica extracts. Table 4. Qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts of Cissus quadrangularis CQ , Erythrina abyssinica leaves EAl and barks EAb , and Adenium multiflorum AM. The presence of all phytoconstituents known to be biologically active in the extract of C.
quadrangularis could help explain its efficacy. Marume et al. quadrangularis extracts relative to the other plants studied. In the same study Adenium multiflorum extract's profile followed that of C. abyssinica exhibited the weakest which may also explain the weakest wound healing properties it exhibited in this present study.
Figures 3 — 5 are infrared spectra of the clean crude extracts of A. abyssinica leaves done using PerkinElmer Spectrum Version Of all the plant extract ointments, Cissus quadrangularis ointment exhibited the best wound healing properties followed by Adenium multiflorum ointment.
Erythrina abyssinica leaf and bark ointments exhibited wound healing properties similar to the negative control though the leaf ointment exhibited slightly better healing properties. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
AM conceptualized the ideas and planned the research. TM, SKh, AN, and GM supervised the work. SK, IM, and TM-T assisted with data collection and execution of research. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Authors' special thanks go to Ellen Mwandiringana Pre-clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Josephine Tendayi Chidaushe Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences for help in conducting the histological evaluations.
Authors also want to acknowledge support from Rommel Ndabaezinengi Siziba, Tavonashe E. Musingarimi, Munyaradzi Malvin Munoda, and Pride Marume for help in plant material collection, identification and preliminary evaluations.
Isaiah Mjakwi and Highson Madzivanyika are also acknowledged for their significant technical support during the conduction of the experiments. National Research Foundation South Africa, Pretoria is acknowledged for the mobility of ARN to project sites.
Ayyanar, M. Herbal medicines for wound healing among tribal people in Southern India: ethnobotanical and scientific evidences. Google Scholar. Barreto, R. A systematic review of the wound-healing effects of monoterpenes and iridoid derivatives. Molecules 19, — doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
Chanda, S. Spectral analysis of methanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis L. stem and its fractions.
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