Antioxidant effects on aging -
The extrinsic stimuli include excessive exposure to solar radiation and pollution. It leads to oxidative stress and accelerates premature skin aging. Oxidation, i. The intensity of change depends on the degree of sun exposure and the amount of melanin in the body.
The exposure to sun rays also leads to the formation of free radicals that impact the skin cells and disturb the balance between antioxidant systems and the free radicals. This phenomenon is the cause of many skin disorders, including chronic and acute inflammatory processes, dermatitis, and skin cancer.
It also accelerates skin aging marked by wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, loss of skin tone, rough skin, solar elastosis, dryness, and melanoma. Oxidative damage tends to affect the proteins, DNA, and lipids the most. This damage can interrupt the normal function of these components and cause many issues like inflammation and cancer.
Amino acids — the building blocks of proteins — such as, histidine, proline, arginine, and cysteine, are vulnerable to oxidative damage. The oxidation of amino acid residues can cause fragmentation of protein. Such changes in the structure of protein do not go through repair mechanisms.
They require the creation of new proteins to replace the existing ones. When free radicals attack enzymes that are made of proteins , their functions inactivate.
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit or reduce oxidative damage. They are found naturally as well as in supplements. The human body also produces these molecules to prevent cell damage. These molecules are of various types, i.
Water-soluble antioxidants perform their activity in both intracellular and extracellular fluid while the fat-soluble molecules do their job in cell membranes. Vitamin C: It is the major water-soluble antioxidant.
It defends the body against free radicals in plasma and whole blood. Moreover, it inhibits lipid peroxidation—the oxidative damage to lipids. It also regenerates vitamin E, another antioxidant, in membranes and lipoproteins. Many studies indicate that it can also slow down the aging process because of its inhibition against lipid peroxidation.
Vitamin E: It is a lipid fat -soluble antioxidant present in circulating lipoproteins and cell membranes. It also binds directly with several oxygen radicals and protects the cells against oxidative damage.
It is regenerated by vitamin C to ensure protection against free radicals. It also plays a role in atherosclerosis—hardening of arteries—by inhibiting the oxidative changes of a type of fat, low-density lipoproteins LDLs.
Carotenoids: These are also lipid-soluble antioxidants, which prevent many oxidation-related issues. They deal with inflammation, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and are inversely associated with mortality.
These antioxidants also improve physical performance. Studies show that a guided intake of carotenoids supplements improves the antioxidant status in a person and reduces lipid peroxidation.
The most known carotenoid is β-carotene that neutralizes the oxidation rapidly. One study found a link between a higher risk of mortality and low serum levels of β-carotene. Catechins: These flavonoid derivatives influence the taste of tea, i. They also offer many health benefits and prevent diseases because of their antioxidant properties.
Catechins work as antioxidants when ingested and help prevent lipid peroxidation. These reactive oxygen species scavengers induce antioxidant enzymes and inhibit pro-oxidant enzymes.
Hence, they can play a role in slowing down aging and the resulting conditions like cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and diabetes. Antioxidants neutralize the activity of free radicals by binding with them—thus preventing them from binding with other vital molecules.
They have an anti-inflammatory effect because of which they have the potential to prevent cancer and brain disorders. Moreover, they can also lower blood pressure. Aside from that, antioxidants can also prevent extrinsic aging. Antioxidants quench the reactive molecules free radicals and protect the cells from intrinsic and extrinsic stressors.
They prolong the life and vitality of the skin cells. Normally, the skin utilizes many enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidants to neutralize the damage from free radicals.
The extrinsic stressors tend to deplete the naturally present antioxidants along with chronological aging. Hence, the skin needs proper antioxidant protection to prevent the free radical activity going unchecked.
The intake of adequate antioxidants can overturn the disturbed balance of free radical activity and antioxidants present in the skin.
The intake of antioxidants like vitamin C can also help alleviate the impact of UV rays. The microbiome is the genetic material of the microbes living in and on the human body. Microbiome does play a significant role in anti-oxidation, especially gut microbiota Read this article to learn more beneficial functions by microbiome.
That is why gut health is crucial for protection against inflammatory and infectious conditions as well as for maintaining overall health. The digestive tract constantly interacts with microbial agents and the allergic incidences via food intake. The gut mucosa inner lining of the digestive tract contains a microbiome that prevents proliferation and colonization of undesirable toxins and microbes in the gastrointestinal tract.
This key antioxidant is found in every cell, and its deficiency can promote oxidative stress. By regulating this antioxidant, the microbiome plays an important role in preventing free radical activity.
A microbiome imbalance in the gut can disturb the balance between the reactive oxygen species ROS and antioxidants. Also, studies have shown that consumption of probiotics gut bacteria in food or alone can promote antioxidant activity. They exhibit their own enzymatic systems. One of the important enzymes exuded by probiotics is Superoxide Dismutase SOD.
It catalyzes the breakdown of Superoxide, one of the most common ROS formed in the cell membrane. The probiotics also produce several metabolites capable of antioxidant activity like folate. These metabolites promote DNA replication and repair.
Aging is a natural process and cannot be prevented or stopped completely. However, the aging mechanism accelerates and appears earlier than it should be because of unnatural causes like pollution and UV exposure, It can be slowed down and its signs alleviated by multiple ways, one of which is antioxidants.
Stem cell transplantation is a well-known therapy for alleviating the signs of or slowing down skin aging. It can improve skin quality and contribute to the regeneration of skin cells during the aging process.
This therapy is known to be effective, as it forms a protective, complex shield against the eroding effects of free radicals. The stem cells combine with the anti-aging genes to absorb the aging shock. Moreover, they maintain the balance of anti-aging genes and thus delay the aging process while promoting longevity.
Retinoids, chemically similar to vitamin A, are known as a very effective skin solution. The topical application of retinoid inhibits the degradation of collagen—an important protein that is responsible for the strength and elasticity of skin, and its degradation leads to wrinkles.
Along with treating the symptoms of menopause, hormone replacement therapy HRT can slow down the skin aging mechanisms too. It improves skin thickness, elasticity, and collagen content while enhancing hydration.
However, a few studies associate it with an increased risk of breast cancer. The telomere is a compound structure present at the end of the chromosome.
It gets shorter whenever the cell replicates itself while leaving the DNA intact. Over time, these structures become too short to do their function. The cells start to age, and their functions become disrupted. Telomeres are like the aging clock in every cell. Some cells are capable of reversing the telomere shortening by releasing telomerase—an enzyme that can extend the said structures.
Telomerase activation can reverse skin aging, as it can elongate the telomeres in the chromosomes and slow down aging. Inducing telomerase activation mechanisms in the skin can bring out the desired results. However, it is associated with high risks of skin cancer.
Some proteins and lipids glycate form bonds with sugar when exposed to sugar. These Advanced Glycation End Products AGEs are one of the major causes of aging and several degenerative diseases. It is not feasible to reverse the glycation of proteins.
So, the strategy is to prevent these proteins from glycation. Grilled, fried, and roasted food contain a high amount of AGEs, while items that have been boiled and steamed contain very low AGEs content.
Hence, consuming low-sugar and low AGEs food items can help slow down the aging process. According to some researchers, many culinary herbs and spices like cloves, cinnamon, oregano, and allspice can inhibit glycation caused by the sugar, fructose. Compounds like ginger, carnitine, garlic, zinc, manganese, and green-tea catechins also help inhibit AGEs formation.
So, restricting the diet to specific food items can help slow down aging. This inflammation traces back to external factors like pollution and UV rays. Hence, treatment of the cell line by inducing mycosporine-like amino acids—UV-absorbing compound.
The anti-inflammaging process tends to neutralize the effect of inflammaging. There exist many natural anti-inflammaging compounds like vitamin A, C, D, and E as well as green tea.
Antioxidants can relieve the skin aging, as they neutralize the ROS. These agents are produced naturally in the human body and include enzymes as well. ROS are harmful to skin and accelerate aging. Antioxidants can slow down aging while alleviating the aging signs as well, as they scavenge the main culprit of premature aging, i.
The authors concluded that there was no evidence that antioxidants prevented ageing and in fact, some may increase mortality. Overall, Analysis of individual supplements found that vitamin A Relative Risk RR 1.
There were no differences in the effect of the antioxidants between study participants who were healthy or those who had various diseases. Treatment duration had no significant effect on the results but dose was significant. The other antioxidants included in the study were vitamin C and selenium.
There was no evidence that vitamin C increased longevity and a lack of evidence for selenium, although neither supplement increased mortality.
More research is needed to establish the benefit or harm of these antioxidants. All rights reserved. Follow us on facebook. Decision support for health professionals ». South Island general practice support ».
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