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Deep tee work for barrel depthOptimal power performance -
The algorithm also includes infeasibility handling through automatic relaxation of immediate binding constraints and comprehensive constraint ranking severity indicators for cases that exhibit convergence difficulty. The module can assist the planning engineer to solve many of the problems typically found in power systems, including:.
Software modules. Optimal power flow analysis. Power flow solutions without any optimization techniques can identify a number of abnormal conditions that may present challenges to the planning engineer to resolve. Eaton's CYME Optimal Power Flow Analysis module is for advanced system planning studies to optimize system performance, examine cost-efficient operational planning alternatives, articulate system control strategies and rationalize equipment utilization, resulting in better overall system asset management.
By carefully selecting the study parameters and constraints, the CYME Optimal Power Flow Analysis module can help to resolve abnormal conditions. Optimal power flow analysis module. The module can assist the planning engineer to solve many of the problems typically found in power systems, including: Scheduling of ancillary services for reactive power and active power Development of system reference scenarios Voltage collapse analysis Transfer capability investigation Location-based marginal cost assessment Implicit penalty function consideration.
Download brochure. Need product support? Purpose : The optimal power load is defined as the load that maximizes power output in a given exercise. This load can be determined through the use of various instruments, under different testing protocols.
The OPL is easily assessed using a simple incremental testing protocol, based on relative percentages of body mass. To date, several studies have examined the associations between the OPL and different sport-specific measures, as well as its acute and chronic effects on athletic performance. The aim of this brief review is to present and summarize the current evidence regarding the OPL, highlighting the main lines of research on this topic and discussing the potential applications of this novel approach for testing and training.
Conclusions : The validity and simplicity of OPL-based schemes provide strong support for their use as an alternative to more traditional strength—power training strategies.
The OPL method can be effectively used by coaches and sport scientists in different sports and populations, with different purposes and configurations. For example, for physical testing purposes, sprint coaches may be more interested in system power assessments and related outputs, as sprinters have to produce high levels of power against their own BM in order to achieve higher velocities.
Recently, a comprehensive study was conducted on elite athletes from 6 sport disciplines, verifying that bar-power output was constantly maximized at a narrow range of bar-velocities, regardless of individual strength—power level and training background.
The OPL can be easily and precisely determined using any device capable of measuring bar-velocity and automatically calculating bar-power. The load corresponding to the maximum power output obtained immediately before the power decrease, within the optimum power zone should be considered as the OPL Figure 1.
Polynomial lines represent the bar-power and rectilinear lines represent the bar-velocity outputs mean power and mean velocity values, collected during actual testing attempts, in the hip-thrust exercise. White symbols represent an elite track-and-field athlete and black symbols represent a rugby union player.
For both athletes, triangles represent the OPL. Irrespective of the bar power values, they achieved the OPL at similar bar velocities. Citation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, 2; Several studies have been conducted to examine the correlations between bar-power production at the OPL and different measures of athletic performance.
From a general perspective, the close associations observed between bar-power at the OPL and performance in numerous sports may be explained by theoretical and mechanical factors.
The opportunity to use a range of loads that simultaneously optimize the force and velocity applied to the barbell may better reflect the physical abilities and technical skills required in various sport tasks, where athletes are usually required to move submaximal loads at maximum speeds.
The ability to generate high levels of bar-power output at the OPL has been shown to be a sensitive discriminator between sport disciplines and athletic performance levels. In that study, athletes from 16 sports were tested and split into 8 male and female subgroups combat sports, endurance, power track and field, and team-sport players.
Besides its discriminative ability to differentiate between sport types and sexes, the bar-power output at the OPL seems to be a good indicator of performance level. Previous research comparing the physical performance of Olympic and Paralympic judokas showed that these athletes presented similar levels of maximal isometric strength, but bar-power at the OPL was superior in Olympic athletes in both ballistic and nonballistic exercises ie, jump squat, bench-press, and standing barbell row.
Accordingly, studies on elite team-sport players have shown that, across age categories, significant increases in bar-power production are not consistently seen. Together these findings highlight and limit the discriminative ability of bar-power output at the OPL and other power-related measures on sport performance, especially at the top level.
Postactivation performance enhancement PAPE refers to a short-term improvement in athletic tasks, such as jumping, sprinting, and throwing, induced by a previous conditioning activity CA. This finding is not surprising as the OPL is accurately determined from individual load—power relationships and mechanical profiles.
Altogether, the cumulative neuromuscular, mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual responses related to heavy loading conditions likely induce greater peripheral 58 and central 61 fatigue, whereby optimal PAPE effects are hindered. Indeed, using relatively lighter loads may avoid inducing excessive fatigue for some and under potentiate for others, with a greater likelihood of optimal individualized PAPE effects.
Second, the effectiveness of the OPL approach as a successful strategy to individualize the intensity variable of PAPE protocols can be supplemented with two other concurrent approaches, individualizing the volume and rest interval variables, respectively.
Specifically, Dello Iacono et al 24 observed that elite basketball players jumped higher after self-selecting the number of repetitions to complete in a PAPE protocol compared to a fixed number of repetitions, with both conditions implementing the same CA consisting of jump squats loaded with OPL.
The same authors also found that an OPL-based PAPE protocol designed as a cluster-set configuration 3 sets of 6 repetitions with s rest every 2 repetitions led the same cohort of elite athletes to jump consistently higher compared with a traditional-set configuration 3 sets of 6 repetitions without rest between repetitions across all post-PAPE time points.
Despite the limited number of studies, 15 , 16 , 24 , 53 , 62 their findings align with the same evidence showing that fatigue can be minimized, power outputs maintained, and potentiation optimized, by using OPL training configurations, with mediating benefits for acute PAPE effects that seem clear and meaningful.
The prescription of resistance training is usually based on different percentages of maximum dynamic strength assessments such as the 1RM test.
In this regard, more recently, the practical and time-efficient velocity-based training VBT method has been proposed as an alternative strategy to prescribe and monitor resistance training intensity.
Indeed, previous research with 61 elite athletes 15 Olympians from 4 different sports ie, track and field, rugby sevens, bobsled, and soccer confirmed that the bar-power outputs at the OPL assessed in both half- and jump-squat exercises were more strongly associated with sprint speed and vertical jump performance than 1RM.
Subsequently, Ribeiro et al 21 found that, compared to unloaded plyometrics, 7 weeks of combined squats and hip thrusts at the OPL led to greater gains in change-of-direction COD speed and linear sprint velocity.
Accordingly, short- 1 wk and medium-term 7 wk investigations with Olympic boxers demonstrated the efficiency of training schemes based on the OPL, not only to enhance power-related capacities eg, jump-squat and bench-press power , but also to increase punching impact.
Other studies have reported comparable performance improvements between training regimes based on the OPL and different strength—power training methods.
Across 7 weeks, the progressive VBT group trained at velocity ranges of 0. Overall, both training programs were equally effective for improving strength and power parameters, although a greater increase in deadlift 1RM strength was noticed in the OPL group.
The authors observed that the 2 training schemes induced moderate-to-large strength gains in both half-squat and hip-thrust exercises, with distinct but nonmeaningful improvements in COD, linear speed, and jump performances.
Different exercises performed at the optimum power zone can potentially lead to different training adaptations.
For instance, after testing the effects of training using the jump-squat or Olympic push—press exercises at the OPL over 6 weeks, Loturco et al 71 concluded that the jump squat was superior for improving speed- and power-related abilities ie, 5-, , and m speed, COD speed, loaded and unloaded jumps in elite young soccer players.
Likewise, half- or jump-squat training under optimum loading conditions were able to partly counteract the speed and power decreases that commonly occur during short and congested preseasons in professional soccer players.
Combinations of strength—power exercises executed at the OPL with other training strategies might also be used to induce more generalized performance adaptations. For example, mixed training approaches comprising jump- and half-squat exercises at the OPL and unloaded plyometrics or resisted sprints produced meaningful increases over different phases of sprint running ie, acceleration and top-speed phases in professional soccer players.
Furthermore, the variation within these specific loading zones may be important to elicit progressive adaptation, as constant use of the same loading strategy could adversely affect performance gains across the competitive season.
It should be emphasized, however, that the load that maximizes power output changes over time and, thus, coaches are encouraged to frequently assess and adjust the OPL whenever possible and necessary eg, on a weekly basis.
In general, the OPL approach leads to similar or slightly greater strength, speed, and power adaptations compared to more complex traditional resistance training methods, but with lower amounts of total weight lifted and lower levels of neuromuscular fatigue. Apart from inducing strength, speed, and power adaptations, another common goal of resistance training programs is to enhance body composition ie, promoting muscle mass gains or fat-mass loss.
In this regard, recent evidence has investigated the effects of OPL training on body composition. More recently, different studies by the same research group assessed the effects of OPL training 2 sessions per week and including the hip thrust, squat, and lunge exercises on cyclists.
Thus, although evidence is still scarce and mainly derived from studies in cyclists, OPL training appears as an effective intervention for improving body composition, being at least as effective as other traditional training regimes. Nonetheless, in this case, the study was shorter 6 wk , which might limit the comparison between the reported results.
Given the potentially detrimental effects of increases in muscle mass and overall BM on endurance performance—particularly during uphill running or cycling—some concerns exist among endurance athletes about including resistance training.
Therefore, the current results do not allow us to discern whether OPL training can provide additional benefits in endurance-related outcomes to those induced by endurance training alone.
Overall, bar-power output at the OPL is strongly associated with athletic performance and is able to discriminate between athletes from different sport disciplines and performance levels. Coaches may implement OPL configurations to induce meaningful PAPE effects via distinct exercises eg, hip thrust or loaded jump squats and protocols eg, cluster- or traditional-set conditions.
Moreover, OPL training strategies can be used to increase strength, speed, and power performance in different athletic populations, with the possible advantage of generating lower levels of neuromuscular fatigue and perceived exertion when compared with more traditional resistance training programs.
Finally, practitioners from different sports may potentially employ OPL-based methods to improve endurance-related outcomes eg, power output attained during a time-trial test and body composition parameters.
It should be acknowledged that there is a lack of long-term interventions based on the OPL, which is, in fact, a common limitation in studies that evaluate the effects of different resistance training strategies in top-level athletes.
We also recognize that the occurrence of an acute mechanical phenomenon ie, maximum power output at a given exercise does not necessarily result in increased training responses—which is not the case here, since we are only synthetizing the evidence concerning OPL studies, while discussing their results and possible implications.
Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of training at the optimum power zone, as well as to compare the physiological and metabolic adaptations of OPL-based programs versus other strength training regimes. The OPL-based schemes can be very useful for coaches and sport scientists interested in implementing simple and effective testing and training approaches.
The OPL method can be effectively used in different sports and populations, with different purposes and configurations Figure 2.
COD indicates change of direction; OPL, optimum power load; VJ, vertical jump; MS, maximum strength; BP, bench press; JS, jump squat. Cormie P , McGuigan MR , Newton RU. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: part 2—training considerations for improving maximal power production.
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Reliability and concurrent validity of seven commercially available devices for the assessment of movement velocity at different intensities during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res. Pérez-Castilla A , Boullosa D , García-Ramos A. Sensitivity of the iLOAD ® application for monitoring changes in barbell velocity following power- and strength-oriented resistance training programs.
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Effects of resisted sprint training on sprinting ability and change of direction speed in professional soccer players. Gil-Cabrera J , Valenzuela PL , Alejo LB , et al. Traditional versus optimum power load training in professional cyclists: a randomized controlled trial.
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Similar strength and power adaptations between two different velocity-based training regimens in collegiate female volleyball players.
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Jump squat is more related to sprinting and jumping abilities than Olympic push press. Loturco I , Artioli GG , Kobal R , Gil S , Franchini E. Predicting punching acceleration from selected strength and power variables in elite karate athletes: a multiple regression analysis.
Loturco I , Nakamura FY , Artioli GG , et al. Strength and power qualities are highly associated with punching impact in elite amateur boxers. Loturco I , Barbosa AC , Nocentini RK , et al. A correlational analysis of tethered swimming, swim sprint performance and dry-land power assessments.
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