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Thanks to Susan Yiapan for help with manuscript editing. Virtual Fertilizer Research Center, Washington, DC, NW, , USA. International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL, USA.

Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Prem S. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions.

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Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency with Potassium Fertilizer Issue Download PDF. Peak uptake of K and N occurs simultaneously for corn and soybean.

Optimal soil K levels are needed for efficient N use. Introduction A balanced supply of essentials macro- and micronutrients is one of the most important factors to achieve high crop yields. The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6 , Limpens E.

Signaling in symbiosis. Nehls U. Sugar for my honey: Carbohydrate partitioning in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Phytochemistry 68 , Mastering ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: the impact of carbohydrates. Journal of Experimental Botany 59 , Pyo Y. Sprent J. What's new? What's changing? Vance C. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Acquisition.

Plant Nutrition in a World of Declining Renewable Resources. Very, A. Annual Review Plant Biology 54 , Evolution of Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasite Populations. Homeostatic Processes for Thermoregulation. Physiological Ecology Introduction. Physiological Optima and Critical Limits. Avian Egg Coloration and Visual Ecology.

Bacteria That Synthesize Nano-sized Compasses to Navigate Using Earth's Geomagnetic Field. Body Size and Temperature: Why They Matter.

The Ecology of Photosynthetic Pathways. Effects of Rising Atmospheric Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Plants. Global Treeline Position.

Environmental Context Influences the Outcomes of Predator-prey Interactions and Degree of Top-down Control. Rapid Effects of Steroid Hormones on Animal Behavior.

Allometry: The Study of Biological Scaling. Extreme Cold Hardiness in Ectotherms. Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake. Water Uptake and Transport in Vascular Plants. Plant-Soil Interactions: Nutrient Uptake By: Jennifer B. Connolly Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina © Nature Education.

Citation: Morgan, J. Nature Education Knowledge 4 8 Changes in root architecture, induction of root-based transport systems and associations with beneficial soil microorganisms allow plants to maintain optimal nutrient content in the face of changing soil environments.

Aa Aa Aa. Plant Acquisition of Nutrients: Direct Uptake from the Soil. Plant Acquisition of Nutrients: Symbioses with Soil-based Microorganisms.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are among the elements considered most limiting to plant growth and productivity because they are often present in small quantities locally or are present in a form that cannot be used by the plant. As a result, the evolution of many plant species has included the development of mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with soil-borne microorganisms.

In these relationships, both the host plant and the microorganism symbiont derive valuable resources that they need for their own productivity and survival as a result of the association.

Nitrogen Fixation. Despite the fact that nitrogen is the most abundant gaseous element in the atmosphere, plants are unable to utilize the element in this form N 2 and may experience nitrogen deficiency in some soils that have low nitrogen content.

Since nitrogen is a primary component of both proteins and nucleic acids, nitrogen deficiency imposes significant limitations to plant productivity. In an agricultural setting, nitrogen deficiency can be combated by the addition of nitrogen-rich fertilizers to increase the availability of nutrients and thereby increase crop yield.

However, this can be a dangerous practice since excess nutrients generally end up in ground water, leading to eutrophication and subsequent oxygen deprivation of connected aquatic ecosystems. Plants are able to directly acquire nitrate and ammonium from the soil.

However, when these nitrogen sources are not available, certain species of plants from the family Fabaceae legumes initiate symbiotic relationships with a group of nitrogen fixing bacteria called Rhizobia.

These interactions are relatively specific and require that the host plant and the microbe recognize each other using chemical signals. The interaction begins when the plant releases compounds called flavanoids into the soil that attract the bacteria to the root Figure 4.

In response, the bacteria release compounds called Nod Factors NF that cause local changes in the structure of the root and root hairs. Specifically, the root hair curls sharply to envelop the bacteria in a small pocket. The plant cell wall is broken down and the plant cell membrane invaginates and forms a tunnel called an infection thread that grows to the cells of the root cortex.

The bacteria become wrapped in a plant derived membrane as they differentiate into structures called bacteroids. These structures are allowed to enter the cytoplasm of cortical cells where they convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a form that can be used by the plants.

Mycorrhizal interactions with plants. In addition to symbiotic relationships with bacteria, plants can participate in symbiotic associations with fungal organisms as well. There are several classes of mycorrhiza, differing in structural morphology, the method of colonizing plant tissue, and the host plants colonized.

However, there are two main classes that are generally regarded as the most common and therefore, the most ecologically significant. The endomycorrhizae are those fungi that establish associations with host plants by penetrating the cell wall of cortical cells in the plant roots.

By contrast, ectomycorrizae develop a vast hyphae network between cortical cells but do not actually penetrate the cells. The most common endomycorrhizal interaction occurs between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF; also called Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza or VAM and a variety of species of grasses, herbs, trees and shrubs.

When phosphate is available in the soil, plants are able to acquire it directly via root phosphate transporters. However, under low phosphate conditions, plants become reliant on interactions with mycorrhizal fungi for phosphorus acquisition.

Mycorrhizal spores present in the soil are germinated by compounds released from the plant. Hyphae extend from the germinating spore and penetrate the epidermis of the plant root. Inside the root, the hyphae branch and penetrate cortical cells, where highly branched structures called arbuscules develop Figure 5.