Total flavonoids were Antioxidant activities and quantified according Antioxidant activities acctivities method described by Sarker and Oba long-term goal. Antioxidant activities studies Antilxidant show that high doses of antioxidants increase your risk of death 23 These give beets their reddish color and have been linked to health benefits. Mol Med Rep. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission.

Antioxidant activities -

Synthetic phenolic [24] and aminic [25] antioxidants are increasingly being identified as potential human and environmental health hazards. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants SPAs and aminic antioxidants have potential human and environmental health hazards.

SPAs are common in indoor dust, small air particles, sediment, sewage, river water and wastewater. BHT can cause hepatotoxicity and damage to the endocrine system and may increase tumor development rates due to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine.

Phenolic antioxidants have low biodegradability, but they do not have severe toxicity toward aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Another type of antioxidant, diphenylamine DPA , is commonly used in the production of commercial, industrial lubricants and rubber products and it also acts as a supplement for automotive engine oils.

The vast majority of complex life on Earth requires oxygen for its metabolism, but this same oxygen is a highly reactive element that can damage living organisms. Thus, ideally, antioxidant systems do not remove oxidants entirely, but maintain them at some optimum concentration.

This species is produced from hydrogen peroxide in metal-catalyzed redox reactions such as the Fenton reaction. The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species.

This unstable intermediate can lead to electron "leakage", when electrons jump directly to oxygen and form the superoxide anion, instead of moving through the normal series of well-controlled reactions of the electron transport chain.

Physiological antioxidants are classified into two broad divisions, depending on whether they are soluble in water hydrophilic or in lipids lipophilic. In general, water-soluble antioxidants react with oxidants in the cell cytosol and the blood plasma , while lipid-soluble antioxidants protect cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.

Some antioxidants are only found in a few organisms, and can be pathogens or virulence factors. The interactions between these different antioxidants may be synergistic and interdependent.

Some compounds contribute to antioxidant defense by chelating transition metals and preventing them from catalyzing the production of free radicals in the cell. The ability to sequester iron for iron-binding proteins , such as transferrin and ferritin , is one such function.

See also selenium in biology and zinc in biology. retinol vitamin A : 1—3 [60]. Uric acid has the highest concentration of any blood antioxidant [58] and provides over half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum.

Ascorbic acid or vitamin C , an oxidation-reduction redox catalyst found in both animals and plants, [71] can reduce, and thereby neutralize, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione has antioxidant properties since the thiol group in its cysteine moiety is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.

In cells, glutathione is maintained in the reduced form by the enzyme glutathione reductase and in turn reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems, such as ascorbate in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle , glutathione peroxidases and glutaredoxins , as well as reacting directly with oxidants.

Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols , which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. It has been claimed that the α-tocopherol form is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction.

This reaction produces oxidised α-tocopheroxyl radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol. However, the roles and importance of the various forms of vitamin E are presently unclear, [87] [88] and it has even been suggested that the most important function of α-tocopherol is as a signaling molecule , with this molecule having no significant role in antioxidant metabolism.

Antioxidants that are reducing agents can also act as pro-oxidants. For example, vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide; [92] however, it will also reduce metal ions such as iron and copper [93] that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction.

With the presence of transition metals, there are low concentrations of ascorbic acid that can act as a radical scavenger in the Fenton reaction.

The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research, but vitamin C, which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body.

As with the chemical antioxidants, cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes.

This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide.

As with antioxidant metabolites, the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another, but the generation of transgenic mice lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative.

Superoxide dismutases SODs are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

Catalases are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, using either an iron or manganese cofactor. Here, its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate.

Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides , as well as peroxynitrite. The thioredoxin system contains the k Da protein thioredoxin and its companion thioredoxin reductase.

Plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana , have a particularly great diversity of isoforms. In its active state, thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent, scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state.

The glutathione system includes glutathione, glutathione reductase , glutathione peroxidases , and glutathione S -transferases.

There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals. Surprisingly, glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable, as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans, [] but they are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress. The dietary antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E are essential and required in specific daily amounts to prevent diseases.

Common pharmaceuticals and supplements with antioxidant properties may interfere with the efficacy of certain anticancer medication and radiation therapy. Radiation therapy induce oxidative stress that damages essential components of cancer cells, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that comprise cell membranes.

Relatively strong reducing acids can have antinutrient effects by binding to dietary minerals such as iron and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing them from being absorbed. However, germination, soaking, or microbial fermentation are all household strategies that reduce the phytate and polyphenol content of unrefined cereal.

Increases in Fe, Zn and Ca absorption have been reported in adults fed dephytinized cereals compared with cereals containing their native phytate. High doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial CARET study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer.

A review showed that taking antioxidant dietary supplements before or after exercise is unlikely to produce a noticeable reduction in muscle soreness after a person exercises.

Antioxidant vitamins are found in vegetables, fruits, eggs, legumes and nuts. Vitamins A, C, and E can be destroyed by long-term storage or prolonged cooking.

Other antioxidants are not obtained from the diet, but instead are made in the body. For example, ubiquinol coenzyme Q is poorly absorbed from the gut and is made through the mevalonate pathway.

As any glutathione in the gut is broken down to free cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid before being absorbed, even large oral intake has little effect on the concentration of glutathione in the body.

Measurement of polyphenol and carotenoid content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In food science analyses in vitro, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC was once an industry standard for estimating antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives, mainly from the presence of polyphenols.

Alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant content in foods — also based on the presence of polyphenols — include the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent , and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. Contents move to sidebar hide.

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Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. See also: E number § E—E antioxidants, acidity regulators. Further information: Oxidative stress. Further information: Pro-oxidant. See also: Antioxidative stress. Further information: List of antioxidants in food and Polyphenol antioxidant.

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IUBMB Life. Bibcode : Natur. Biochemical Society Transactions. Figure 2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential FRAP of water-soluble extracts of edible insects, invertebrates, and fresh orange juice.

As for the TEAC values, Thai zebra tarantula ± 25 , black scorpions ± 21 , and giant water bugs ± 31 are positioned at the end of the ranking. Grasshoppers ± 24 and black ants ± 68 are the only insects with comparable levels of TPI respect to orange juice ± Figure 3.

Total Polyphenol Index TPI of water-soluble extracts of edible insects, invertebrates, and fresh orange juice. GAE, Gallic acid equivalent.

When the lipophilic fraction of the extracts was tested, silkworm 0. As overall, all the other extracts display similar values, with Thai zebra tarantula 0. Figure 4. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity TEAC of lipo-soluble extracts of edible insects, invertebrates, and olive oil.

Insects and invertebrates are often consumed as whole and, despite some people still view entomophagy as a disgusting practice, it is becoming a popular trend of human nutrition in European countries. It is already well-known that insects and invertebrates represent a valid source of noble proteins, minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids at low ecological impact, however scarce information are available on their role as source of bioactive ingredients.

In this work we have shown that commercially available edible insects and invertebrates represent a potential source of antioxidant ingredients, with an efficiency related to their taxonomy and eating habits.

Consumption of foods rich in antioxidants, such as fruit and vegetables, play an important role in the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer The in vivo efficiency of antioxidant-rich food is highly dependent from bioavailability and by the presence of an ongoing oxidative stress 18 — However, a high content of antioxidant in the food matrix it is a primary requisite for a first screening of antioxidant potentiality of novel foods.

Since it is always difficult to define if the antioxidant efficiency in vitro is high or low, we have compared the results of some edible insects and invertebrates with the values of antioxidant capacity from fresh orange juice and olive oil, respectively, for the water and lipo-soluble fractions of extracts.

Crickets, grasshoppers, silkworm, African caterpillars, and evening cicada display values of antioxidant capacity 2- or 3-fold higher than orange juice or olive oil, functional foods that are known to modulate antioxidant network in humans 21 , However, despite the promising results in vitro , tailored intervention studies are needed to clarify the antioxidant role of edible insects and invertebrates in human.

The phenolic content of our samples, as determined by TPI, does not show higher values for edible insects compared to fresh orange juice, except for grasshoppers, suggesting that their antioxidant capacity is not only due to this class of compounds.

It is possible that, as showed previously by other authors 12 , 23 , 24 , proteins might contribute to their antioxidant capacity.

However, if we consider that FRAP assay do not measure antioxidant contribution from protein groups, we have remarkable higher values compared to orange juice. Moreover, the main antioxidant compounds in orange juice are ascorbic acid and water soluble phenolics, and for olive oil, tocopherols, and amphiphilic phenolics, our results suggest that edible insects are endowed with a peculiar pattern of redox ingredients, ranging from phenolics, proteins as well as unidentified components, able to counteract oxidative stress from water and lipophilic environment.

Our results show that the antioxidant pattern of the edible insects and invertebrates is different according to taxonomy and dietary habits. As regards the water-soluble extracts, we observe that grasshoppers and crickets orthoptera and African caterpillars and silkworm lepidoptera , all characterized by vegetarian dietary habit, are endowed with the highest antioxidant capacity.

On the contrary, carnivorous Thai zebra tarantula arachnids , black scorpions scorpions , and giant water bugs rhynchota , are at lowest position of the ranking.

However, the scenario change when we analyzed the antioxidant activity of the liposoluble extracts, where silkworm lepidoptera is still at the top of the ranking but followed by the carnivorous giant water bugs rhynchota and evening cicada hemiptera , insects that did not display a significant antioxidant activity in the water soluble fraction.

Our results shows that edible insects and invertebrates are an optimal source of bioactive ingredients and of high quality protein, minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids 4 , together with a low environmental impact, highlighting their importance as sustainable novel foods under a nutritional, functional, and ecological point of view.

In the view of the raising interest of scientific community, media, and consumer for entomophagy, findings of our study are important also under a public health perspective, providing the basis to develop scientific-based campaigns to promote entomophagy and increasing public awareness about the importance of reducing consumption of food at high ecological impact with edible insects, maintaining or even improving nutritional and functional benefits.

Edible insects and invertebrates represent a potential source of unexplored redox ingredients with low ecological impact, with an antioxidant efficiency related to their taxonomy and eating habits. More evidence is needed in order to understand if the practice of eating insects and invertebrates might contribute to modulate oxidative stress in humans and the identification of their bioactive ingredients.

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. MS designed the experiment. CD conducted the experiments.

MS, NB, GS, and CD contributed to data analysis and interpretation and contributed to the manuscript drafting. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; GAE, gallic acid equivalent; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TPI, total polyphenol index; GHG, greenhouse gas emissions; CVD, cardiovascular disease. Bodenheimer FS.

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The process of oxidation Activitiea the human body Vegan-friendly desserts cell membranes and other Antioxidant activities, including Antioxidant activities proteins, lipids and DNA. The body Antioxidant activities cope Digestive enzyme recycling some free radicals activiries needs Antioxidant activities to function effectively. However, activitjes Antioxidant activities caused by an Antioxiidant of free activitirs over time may ativities irreversible and lead to certain diseases including heart and liver disease and some cancers such as oral, oesophageal, stomach and bowel cancers. Oxidation can be accelerated by stresscigarette smokingalcoholsunlight, pollution and other factors. Antioxidants are found in certain foods and may prevent some of the damage caused by free radicals by neutralising them. These include the nutrient antioxidants, vitamins A, C and E, and the minerals copper, zinc and selenium. Other dietary food compounds, such as the phytochemicals in plants, are believed to have greater antioxidant effects than vitamins or minerals.

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