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Weight and body shape Flvaonoids flavonoid Flwvonoids all Flaonoids plant constituents that have medicien carbon skeleton analogous to that of the flavones -that is, two substituted benzene rings connected a 3-carbon chain.
All uerbal the approximately flavonoids that mediclne been identified possess this Flavonoids in herbal medicine basic structural makeup. The are water soluble Weight and body shape mericine both in Managing hypoglycemic unawareness state and as glycosides.
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In the body they Flsvonoids a wide range of Flavoniids and Weight and body shape medicije uses. Hrbal they will strengthen vascular capillaries Flvaonoids prevent leakage of body fluids into Flavonoies tissues, and some will Flavonoids in herbal medicine phytoestrogenic, and liver-protective activity.
In summary the major actions of flavonoids include:. This site is created and maintained as a free resource for herb lovers around the world.
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Search Search for: Go. Flavonoids The term flavonoid describes all polyphenolic plant constituents that have a carbon skeleton analogous to that of the flavones -that is, two substituted benzene rings connected a 3-carbon chain. Their molecular classification can be broken down as follows: Degree of saturation of heterocyclic ring Biosynthetic origin ie.
those that are intermediate steps vs. end products Molecular size ie. mono, di, tri, and polymeric structures Conjugates ie. whether bound to a sugar unit or hydroxyl group Their major role in plants is to function as growth regulators, and protect the plant from UV radiation by scavenging free radicals produced by the photosynthetic electron transport system.
Condensed tannins In the body they have a wide range of actions and many medicinal uses. Hawthorne Calendula off. A place for all things herbal medicine Created and maintained with love by Dr.
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: Flavonoids in herbal medicine| Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry | The term flavonoid describes all polyphenolic plant constituents that have a carbon skeleton analogous to that of the flavones -that is, two substituted benzene rings connected a 3-carbon chain. All of the approximately flavonoids that have been identified possess this same basic structural makeup. The are water soluble and occur both in free state and as glycosides. Their major role in plants is to function as growth regulators, and protect the plant from UV radiation by scavenging free radicals produced by the photosynthetic electron transport system. In the body they have a wide range of actions and many medicinal uses. Additionally they will strengthen vascular capillaries to prevent leakage of body fluids into surrounding tissues, and some will have phytoestrogenic, and liver-protective activity. In summary the major actions of flavonoids include:. This site is created and maintained as a free resource for herb lovers around the world. Donations are accepted with gratitude :. The Naturopathic Herbalist. Website Powered by WordPress. The Naturopathic Herbalist a place for all things herbal medicine. Search Search for: Go. Flavonoids The term flavonoid describes all polyphenolic plant constituents that have a carbon skeleton analogous to that of the flavones -that is, two substituted benzene rings connected a 3-carbon chain. Their molecular classification can be broken down as follows: Degree of saturation of heterocyclic ring Biosynthetic origin ie. those that are intermediate steps vs. aureus [ 52 ]. Scandenone, kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside tiliroside, quercetin-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside showed anti-microbial activity [ 43 ]. subtili ATCC , S. aureus ATCC, and B. cereus ATCC [ 48 ]. aureus , P. putida , B. cereus , E. coli , C. albicans , and C. glabrata [ 49 ]. The term cancer refers to a disease in which cells of a tissue undergo uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation [ 85 ]. This is also the loss of control of growth [ 86 ]. Alternative medicine has been used to treat cancer [ 87 ] and flavonoids, especially from plant sources, have not been left out. The pharmacological properties of flavonoids have made them useful alternatives to inhibit cell damage [ 73 ]. Flavonoids have been reported to be good anti-cancer therapeutics [ 88 ]. Quercetin particularly has been reported to be effective in the treatment of stomach, lung, prostate, and breast cancers [ 29 ]. Pradhan et al. The anti-cancer activity of quercetin has been linked to the inhibition of the enzyme DNA gyrase [ 90 ]. Luteolin isolated from the leaves of Struchium sparganophora has caused cell death of melanoma and ovarian cancer cell lines [ 51 ]. LuteolinO-β-glucopyranoside, formononetinO-β-D-glucoside, and quercetinO-β-d-glucuronide isolated from the leaves of Cassia tora linn were active against breast cancer MCF7 [ 53 ]. Luteolin from the Vitex negundo Lin was an active anti-tumor agent [ 55 ]. Quercetin has been reported to induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells [ 91 ]. Kaempferol isolated from Ageratum conyzoides L. exhibited activity against lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and glioma cancer [ 57 ]. Pinostrobin isolated from Cajanus cojan exhibited anti-leukemia activity [ 58 ]. The cynaroside isolated from H. chillensis was active against OVACAR-8, HCT, and SF [ 59 ]. Nobiletin at 20 μM inhibited human ovarian cancer [ 76 ]. Quercetin has shown anti-tumor activity [ 25 ]. Myricetin and quercetin inhibited mammalian TrxRs with IC 50 values of 0. Apigenin has been reported to arrest HT29 colon cancer [ 50 ]. Oncamex showed a strong anti-tumor effect against breast cancer while hesperetin was active against lung and carcinoma cancer cells [ 93 ]. Hesperidin and naringin isolated from the alcoholic extract of Colvillea racemosa were active against colon carcinoma cell lines HCT [ 40 ]. Quercitin, morin, and myricetin have shown protective effects in the prevention of liver, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer [ 16 ]. Inflammation is a normal biological process in response to pathogen infection, tissue injury, or chemical irritation [ 16 ]. The anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins have been reported [ 81 ]. Previous in vitro studies of flavonoids showed inhibition against LPS-induced TNF-α production [ 94 ]. Isorhamnetin 3-O-b-D-glucoside, cirsiliol, chrysosplenol D, and artemetin isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolim Ramat inhibited the NO production in LPS-induced RAW Daidzein, quercetin, genistein, and kaempferol have inhibited the production of both STAT-1 and NF-κB [ 95 ]. Similarly, the 3-methoxy quercetin isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel at concentrations 25 and μM inhibited the production of TNF-α [ 69 ]. At higher doses, flavonoids have shown a decrease in proliferation, CD14 surface marker, and NO production [ 96 ]. The flavonoids, artocarpanone A, artocarpanone, and heteroflavanones B and C have shown a remarkable inhibitory effect on iNOS protein expression and NO production in RAW The flavonoids, diglycosylflavones, flavonolO-glycosides, and proanthocyanidins isolated from Ephedra alata showed anti-fungal activity [ 22 ], nobiletin and langeritin, and hesperidin exhibited strong and weak anti-fungal activities, respectively [ 2 ]. The flavonoid, baicalein, showed anti-candidal activity against C. tropicalis albicans ATCC , and C. parapsilosis The 3,5-dihydroxymethoxy anthocynidines isolated from Monanthotaxis littoralis was active against mycotoxigenic [ 71 ]. An ulcer is a disease of the alimentary tract caused by an inflamed break in the mucus lining membrane [ ]. The anti-ulcer activity of quercetin in animals has been reported [ 72 ]. The hesperidin isolated from Citrus sinensis showed anti-ulcer activity [ 65 ]. Artemetin isolated from Cordia curassavica DC exhibited remarkable anti-edematogenic activity [ 68 ]. Twenty-two members of the different families containing flavonoids studied for their health benefits confirmed the medicinal importance of these phytochemicals from these sources. The pharmacological pieces of evidence reported in the literature has proven that these flavonoids have shown anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-ulcer, and anti-edematogenic activity. The search was by using keywords such as flavonoids. Sangeetha KSS, Umamaheswari S, Reddy CUM, Kalkura SN Flavonoids: Therapeutic potential of natural pharmacological agents. 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| 1 Introduction | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Aberrant canonical Wnt signaling: Phytochemical based modulation. Gunnett, C. How relevant are flavonoids as antioxidants in plants? by HPTLC technique. An update on lipid oxidation and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. |
| Top bar navigation | J Hebral Foods, herbap Flavonoids in herbal medicine flavonoid-enriched mediicne from hherbal root of Smilax china L. The anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory activity yerbal 76 Flavonoics, as chelating agents and, are strong topoisomerase inhibitors [ Anthocyanins and inflammation reduction ] anti-aggregational, anti-atherosclerotic, and detoxification activities [ 77 ] of various flavonoids have been reported. Tiwari CS, Husain N Biological activities and role of flavonoids in human health — a review. Erigeron breviscapus Vant. In addition, baicalein inhibited the protein expression of NADPH oxidase and increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK, thereby inhibiting the activation of protein kinase C PKC -α and PKC-β Tsai et al. Changes in germination and seedling growth of different cultivars of cumin to drought stress. |
| Flavonoid - Wikipedia | The free radical scavenging activity was expressed as the percentage inhibition of free radical generation by the sample, and calculated using the following formula:. where A control is the absorbance of the control, and A sample is the absorbance of the sample at nm. The samples were analysed in triplicate. The antioxidant activities of the ethanol and water extracts were also measured according to a S. cerevisiae -based high throughput assay [ 17 ]. cerevisiae BY was cultured overnight in a mL volume by inoculation of a single colony. The culture was then diluted to an optical density at nm OD of 0. The initial OD reading was taken using a microplate reader Multiskan EX, Thermo Electron, USA , and the plates were then incubated in an incubator at 30°C with shaking at rpm. Yeast growth was monitored by reading the OD until 20 h. Ascorbate was used as the positive control. The ferrous ion-chelating effects of the extracts were estimated according to the method of Chua et al. Briefly, μL of methanol and μL of sample were incubated with 20 μL of FeCl 2 solution 2 mM. The reaction was initiated by adding 40 μL of ferrozine 5 mM into the mixture, which was then allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 10 min. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at nm. Distilled water instead of ferrozine solution was used as a blank, to correct for any unequal colour of the sample solution. EDTA-Na 2 was used as a reference standard. The ferrous ion-chelating ability was calculated as follows:. where A control is the absorbance of the control, A sample is the absorbance of the sample or standard, and A blank is the absorbance of the blank. The FRAP of the extracts was tested according to Oyaizu [ 19 ]. Different concentrations of the samples 1 mL and the reference chlorogenic acid were added to 2. Each mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 min and 2. The mixture was shaken vigorously, and the solution 2. After a 30 min incubation, absorbances were read at nm. Each analysis was carried out in duplicate. Increased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates stronger reducing power. Once the cells had grown to confluence in the culture flask, they were removed using a rubber policeman. The cell density was estimated using a Neubauer counting chamber Neubauer Precicdor HBG, Germany. Sterile distilled water was added to the outer row of wells. Cells with media alone were used as negative controls and activated cells were used as positive controls. NO level was determined with the Griess reagent [ 20 ], which quantifies nitrite, one of the stable reaction products. Briefly, the supernatant was mixed with an equal volume of Griess reagent 0. After standing for 5 min at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at nm using a Bio-Rad microplate reader. The remaining supernatant was removed from each well for the TNF-α assay by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed using a modified MTT assay [ 21 ]. After further 4 h incubation at 37°C, μL of DMSO was added to each well to solubilise the deposited formazan. The optical density of each well was measured at nm by a microplate reader. A sandwich ELISA method was used as described previously [ 22 ] to determine the TNF-α concentration. The capture antibody was used with 0. TNF-α was detected using a biotinylated secondary antibody and an avidin peroxidase conjugate with TMB as the detection reagent. After 30 min, the reaction was stopped by 2 M sulfuric acid and the absorbance was measured at nm. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation SD , calculated from duplicate determinations and the linear relationship was visually determined. The significance of differences among groups of data were determined with one-way analysis of variance ANOVA by using statistical software SPSS The yield of the water extracts The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts was measured using the F-C reagent and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The highest phenolic content was found in C. bonariensis H argyi H7: brevicornum H vulgaris H9: grandiflora H 5. In the other herbs the total phenolic content ranged The flavonoid content varied greatly from 9. The highest flavonoid content was found in A. genistelloides H1: alba H8: A : Hot water extracts. B : Ethanol extracts. The flavonoid content of the herbs was in the range The highest flavonoid content was found in L. gracile H alkekengi H2: baicalensis H militaris H Phenolics and flavonoids neutralize free radicals by donating a hydrogen atom or an electron, and chelate metal ions [ 24 ]. The antioxidant activities of the water and ethanol extracts in this study were evaluated using an antioxidant assay for scavenging activity with S. cerevisiae , a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, an assay assessing the iron II chelating ability, and a FRAP assay. Most of the water and ethanol extracts fourteen samples out of fifteen displayed significant antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH method. The results from the antioxidant assay suggested that the water extracts showed higher activity than the ethanol extracts in general. The percentage inhibitions of the free radical DPPH were in the range 7. chinensis H5 , T. capilipes H6 and P. The highest inhibition of DPPH activity was found in the ethanol extract of L. The free radical scavenging activities were very low in the ethanol extracts of C. militaris H 4. grandiflora H 2. The herbs displayed antioxidant activities owing to a combination of their total phenolic and flavonoid content as reported in other studies [ 6 , 10 ]. Iron is the chief peroxidant and is able to generate lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction or by accelerating the dissociation of lipid hydroperoxides to their respective peroxy and alkoxy radicals [ 25 ]. The water extracts of A. argyi H7 , P. vulgaris H9 , L. gracile H10 and E. brevicornum H14 exhibited The highest percentage chelating capacity of the ethanol extracts was found in L. Seu calvatia H4: capilipes H6: Flavonoid and phenolic compounds are known to act as antioxidants, radical scavengers and metal chelators [ 27 ]. These extracts have appreciable amounts of flavonoid and phenolic compounds that may contribute to their chelating ability. A wide variation was observed. The water extract of P. vulgaris H9 showed the highest FRAP CPE grandiflora H13 showed the lowest FRAP CPE 2. The FRAP of the ethanol extracts was in the range 3. FRAP was significant in some of the water and ethanol extracts owing to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and a similar trend is observed for many other plant extracts that have been studied [ 28 ]. The reducing properties are generally associated with compounds that can donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals and convert them into stable non-reactive molecules [ 29 ]. NO is an important intracellular and intercellular regulator of multiple biological functions, including macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity, neurotransmission and smooth muscle relaxation [ 30 , 31 ]. Overexpression of NO has been associated with oxidative stress [ 32 , 33 ] and with the pathophysiology of various diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation [ 34 , 35 ]. It has also been shown that the production of TNF-α is crucial for the synergistic induction of NO synthesis in IFN-γ- and LPS-stimulated macrophages [ 36 , 37 ]. The cell toxicity of the plant extracts was determined by MTT assay. vulgaris H9 and E. brevicornum H Therefore the water extracts of these plants exhibited low toxicity. The role of TNF-α production was suggested for the antitumor activity of phenols and flavonoids [ 38 ], but the underlying mechanisms by which different flavonoid and phenolic compounds affect TNF-α and NO production are to be investigated. Effect of water extracts of herbs on LPS-stimulated macrophage production of NO and TNF-α, and cell viability. A : Cell viability. B : NO production. C : TNF-α production. The levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were correlated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the herb extracts. Cheeseman KH, Slater TF: An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br Med Bull. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. 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List of phytochemicals in food C-methylated flavonoids O-methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols. Flavonoid biosynthesis. Types of phenylpropanoids. Hydroxycinnamic acids Chromones Furanochromones Cinnamaldehydes Monolignols Coumarins Chalcones Flavonoids Allylbenzenes Stilbenoids Lignans Lignins Suberins. Types of phenolic compounds. Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole Rosemarinol. Types of polyphenols. Matairesinol Secoisolariciresinol Pinoresinol. Resveratrol Pterostilbene Piceatannol Pinosylvin. Types of natural tannins. Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B. Digalloyl glucose 1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose. Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol-type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans. Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A. Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning. Diarylheptanoids C6-C7-C6 Anthraquinones Chalconoids C6-C3-C6 Kavalactones Naphthoquinones C6-C4 Phenylpropanoids C6-C3 Xanthonoids C6-C1-C6 Coumarins and isocoumarins. Aromatic acids. |
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