Phytochemical sources and applications -
Calceolaria flavonoids have been found to be potent insecticides and fungicides phenylpropanoids mixtures and iridoids was found to be antifeedant.
Kaempferol and gallic acid showed a strong fungicidal activity against phytopathogenic strains. Naphthoquinones have anticancer activity. Solanesol mainly occurred in solanaceous crops, such tobacco, tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper plants.
Yan et al. Solanesol was widely used as an intermediate for the synthesis of ubiquinone drugs, such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2. Solanesol showed antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Solanesol derivatives can also be used to treat cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS. Soy isoflavones, such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein, are important bioactive molecules and considered as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, and free radical-scavengers.
Xu et al. Raju et al. ESI ionization with Q-TOF MS was the most useful detection system for the characterisation and quantification of the diverse isoflavonoids with molecular insights.
Edible freshwater macrophytes are traditionally used as medicines. Chai et al. A promising source of anticancer and antioxidant phytochemicals. The freshwater macrophytes-derived natural products exhibited anticancer and antioxidative bioactivities.
Herbs and spices have been used in retaining and boosting human beauty since time immemorial. Narayanaswamy and Ismail focused on the cosmetic herbs used in Southeast Asian countries Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore.
Many herbs have been evaluated for their cosmetic potentials such as anti-aging, anti-acne, melanogenic and anti-tyrosinase activities.
Labisia pumila Kacip fatimah and Ficus deltoidea Mas cotek are proposed to be clinically studied for their safety in cosmetic application aspects. The traditional herbs including Allium sativum , Aloe vera , Centella asiatica , Curcuma longa , Hibiscus rosa - sinensis , Lawsonia inermis and Tamarindus indica L.
were classified as need of special mention. Brick dark tea is a unique brick formed tea compressed from the older, coarse and rough leaves and branches of Camellia sinensis var.
sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica in China. Zheng et al. Camptothecin is a kind of terpene indole alkaloid which was firstly isolated from native Chinese happy tree Camptotheca acuminata and shows anti-tumor activity.
The camptothecin derivatives, irinotecan and topotecan, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of various cancers throughout the world. Hu et al.
The modification of different rings of camptothecin will significantly improve its pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. Among them, topotecan, irinotecan and belotecan were proved to be the three most effective camptothecin analogues in the treatment of various malignancies.
Kai et al. Biotechnological approaches such as plant cell suspension, hairy root and endophytic fungi have provided effective platforms to produce camptothecin. Transgenic hairy root culture have revolutionized the role of tissue culture of plants in the production of secondary metabolites.
Matveeva et al. Lotus seeds are currently the oldest known plant seeds, and contain many functional ingredients.
Lotus seeds show prospective application in function food area and traditional medicine research. Zhang et al. Proteins and carbohydrates are the main nutrients of lotus seeds.
Low fat content and good proportion of amino acids confer to lotus seeds unique nutritional values. The ingredients from lotus seeds exhibited antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities, and gastrointestinal regulation.
Saussurea medusa Maxim snow lotus is an important traditional herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of therapeutic efficacies. Fan et al. More than 70 phytochemicals have been isolated and identified, including apigenin, quercetin, rutin, arctigenin, saussureoside A, and saussureoside B.
Modern pharmacological studies have found that snow lotus has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-fatigue effects. This plant also benefits the uterus, cardiovascular system, intestines, tracheal smooth muscle, and immune system.
Finally yet importantly, I am thankful to Editor-in-Chief Prof. Robert Verpoorte Institute of Biology Leiden, The Netherlands for giving me a chance to prepare this special issue compilation as guest editor.
Studies have also shown, the aqueous extract of the plant can reverse fructose induced hepatic steatosis in vivo. Aloe vera is well known for its medicinal properties against hepatic steatosis and it has also been demonstrated that its extract improves this condition in rats.
Kaempferol is a bioactive compound in A. vera which exhibits hepatoprotective activity [ 46 ]. Lophenol and cycloartenol are some other A. vera phytosterols which when administered to Zucker diabetic fatty rats shows significant decrease of lipogenic gene expression and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation [ 47 ].
The mechanism of effectiveness of plant extracts in metabolic disorders is given in Table 2. Cancer involves uncontrolled cell growth which can be initiated by various factors. Chemoprevention is a treatment makes use of natural, biological or synthetic agents to suppress, prevent or reverse carcinogenesis in its initial phase or prevent the invasion of premalignant cells [ 48 ].
Carcinogenesis occurs in three steps, initiation, promotion and progression. At molecular level, chemoprevention has been distinguished by altering these three pathways [ 49 ]. FDA has recently approved ten new agents for the treatment of precancerous lesions, reducing the risk of cancer [ 50 ].
Clinically, chemoprevention has be grouped as primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary chemoprevention is for people with no cancer, as well as for those who have the risk of developing cancer in future. The secondary chemoprevention is suitable for patients with pre-malignant lesions which in future may lead to invasive cancer.
The tertiary prevention is to cure or prevent recurrence of cancer [ 49 ]. Capsaicin transmethyl-N-vanilly lnonenamide , an active and pungent alkaloid found in Capsicum [ 51 ]. It has been reported that capsaicin has been used as an anticancer, tumour suppressing, chemopreventive and radio sensitising agent in various cancer models [ 52 ].
Capsaicin exhibited its ability to reduce pain and effective against osteoarthritis when applied topically [ 53 ]. It has been used as an alternative for oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which had side effects.
Capsaicin can be used as cancer treatment due to its properties such as carcinogens activity inhibition and inducing apoptosis in several cancer cell lines in vitro and in rodents [ 54 ]. Catechins are found in various beverages such as green tea [ 55 ].
These are naturally occurring dietary phytochemical and polyphenols. Very few studies have been reported showing association of cancer with consumption of dietary phytochemicals [ 56 ]. Major components of green tea are Catechin C , epicatechin EC , epigallocatechin EGC and epigallocatechingallate EGCG [ 57 ].
It has been reported that EGCG could enhance the activity of several anticancer drugs such as retinoids [ 58 ]. A synthetic retinoid, AM80, has been clinically used for relapsed and intractable acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients. A study demonstrated the use of AM80 and EGCG in combinations, induced apoptosis and upregulated the expression of inducible gene of damaged DNA including death receptor 5 DR5 , GADD and p21waf1 in lung cancer.
Lycopene is an antioxidant and thus shows protective effect against various diseases including cancer, hypertension, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases [ 59 ]. Studies have been reported that lycopene accumulates in prostate tissue as compared to other tissues and this might be responsible for its anti-prostate cancer activity [ 60 ].
Several studies have demonstrated use of lycopene and melatonin in combination showed strong chemopreventive activity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [ 62 ].
Isoflavones are isoflavonoids present in plants of leguminosae family [ 63 ]. It is extensively found in lentil, chickpeas, beans, soy and have importance in mammals as phytoestrogens.
Isoflavones have several health benefits and are used for treating hormone-dependent medical conditions such cancer, cardiovascular disease, menopause and osteoporosis. Isoflavones extracted from soy, such as genistein, have been developed to have significant anticancer effects against as lymphoma, leukaemia, breast, prostate gastric and non-small cell lung cancer [ 64 ].
Studies have reported genistein showing anticancer effects in various cancer models such as breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [ 65 ].
Chemotherapy is an approach for cancer treatment but has several undesired side effects, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy CIPN [ 66 ].
Recent studies have reviewed the preclinical and clinical studies on the efficiency of herbal medicines in CIPN. Cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia L. Don , chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L. are some medicinal plants, and curcumin, thioctic acid and matrine are some phytochemicals which have shown effective properties in CIPN animal models.
Oral health reflects the physical and social well-being of an individual. The food consumed affects the oral health as they are naturally bioactive and is composed of minerals, vitamins and antioxidants [ 67 ]. Aromatic vegetables and spices used in it are not only appetising and savoury but also has therapeutic and preservative properties.
Foods we consume have a number of benefits such as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and immunogenic properties.
The people of Asia, USA and Europe suffer from oral squamous cell carcinoma due to low antioxidant and fibre intake. Many studies have proved that antioxidants and fibres exhibit chemotherapeutic and chemo-preventive properties. In Mexico, various herbal therapies are used for the treatment of oral disorders such as mouth infection, teeth discoloration, gingivitis and periodontitis [ 70 ].
Even though, very less research has been performed demonstrating the antiplaque, antimicrobial and antibacterial effects of Mexican herbs, they can still me used for treating several periodontal diseases or as anticarcinogenic agent [ 70 ].
Wounds are injuries caused physically due to skin rupture which may lead to anatomical or functional disorders. Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process leading to reformation of tissue integrity and homeostasis [ 71 ].
The process involves inflammation, tissue formation, neovascularization, reepithelization, extracellular matrix remodelling and wound contraction. The process is coordinated by various signalling mechanism involving numerous growth factors, chemokines and cytokines.
During the process, cell proliferation is necessary for tissue repair and its regeneration [ 72 ]. The process utilises plants for disease prevention and cure. Traditional Chinese medicine system has been in use all over eastern Asia for over years and it uses numerous medicinal plants [ 73 ].
Modern science has analysed the traditional medicinal plant species to identify bioactive constituents present in it and as many as 12 medicinal plants have undergone clinical trials with regard to their wound healing property.
Plants immediately activate their defence mechanism when they are attacked. This also includes the biosynthesis of phytochemicals which occurs rapidly resulting in reduction of nutrients and amino acids. But the optimization of mass production of phytochemical is still unknown.
An efficient way for phytochemical production is creation of metabolic highways through protein complexes known as metabolons.
Three decades ago, the existence of metabolons was first proposed. Metabolons are involved in metabolic pathways, mostly primary and secondary including lignin, Krebs cycle and flavonoid pathways [ 74 ]. For the biosynthesis of toxic cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin which highly gets accumulated in sorghum, metabolons are essential Sorghum bicolor [ 75 ].
Metabolons can efficiently produce inducible phytochemicals. The biosynthesis efficiency can be increased by assembling the sequential enzymes of a pathway into a single protein complex and would also limit release of harmful or reactive intermediates.
In these protein complexes, the phytochemical intermediates are released only when the metabolon is disassembled. Th , Mucha et al. studied if a metabolon channels the biosynthesis of an essential defence metabolite in Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana , known as camalexin [ 76 ].
The biosynthesis of camalexin is an enzyme catalysed multi-step reaction and from tryptophan Trp various intermediates are generated which have been detected in knockout genotypes [ 77 ]. In vitro plant production is a solution which is favoured by biotechnologists. The in vitro technology allows to produce plants uniformly by controlled manipulation of environmental condition, growth regulators, and strategies that can enhance production as well as overall yield of phytochemicals.
The most efficient method for in vitro secondary metabolite production is plant micropropagation. This is a technique that uses clonal propagation to produce plants which are identical genetically as well as free from pathogens and contaminants, and this process requires very less space, time and supplies.
A study demonstrated in vitro culture of tansy Tanacetum vulgare from seeds collected from natural population for production of secondary metabolites such as essential oils and methanol extracts [ 79 ].
Studies have reported, the use of plant growth regulators exogenously auxin and cytokinin might hinder genetical stability leading to somaclonal variation, which is undesirable for in vitro plant production when used for isolation of secondary metabolites [ 80 ].
The non- nutritive part of the plants that is, phytochemicals have antimetabolic, anti-cancer, anti-neurological and wound healing properties. They also help in maintaining oral health.
The antimicrobial nature of phytochemicals has led to its increased demand. To meet the requirements of modern medicine, plants and their extracts are cultured in vitro. The use of huge bioreactors and mass propagation has led to the establishment of inexpensive and efficient method for phytochemical production.
The regulation of in-vitro conditions to multiplication can be a promising technique for medicine. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Hany El-Shemy. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Medicinal Properties of Phytochemicals and Their Production Written By Aanchal Bansal and Chinmayee Priyadarsini.
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Impact of this chapter. Abstract Phytochemicals are produced by plants as a defence mechanism against pathogens. Keywords plants health phytochemicals antimicrobial metabolic in-vitro. Introduction In the modern era of medicine, plants are still used as traditional mode of healthcare against certain disorders [ 1 ].
Effect Microbial species Plant extract References Antibacterial Helicobacter pylori Daucus carota carrot seed oil Bergonzelli et al. Table 1. Antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals.
Metabolic disorder Medicinal plant Mode of action References Diabetes mellitus Tarchonanthus camphoratus , Strychnos henningsii , Elaeodendron transvaalense , Euclea undulata , Hypoxis argentae , Schkuria pinnata and Cissampelo campensis Increase glucose uptake Oyedemi et al.
argentae and Carica papaya regeneration of pancreatic β-cells Akinrinde et al. frutescens Modifies lipid metabolism in 3 T3 adipocytes MacKenzie et al. Table 2. Mode of action of plant extracts against metabolic disorders.
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Dikhoba PM, Mongalo NI, Elgorashi EE, Makhafola TJ. Polyphenols include phytoestrogens top and middle. Anthocyanins are a class of polyphenol that contributes to the color of many plants.
Tannic acids are one example of many complex polyphenolic structures produced by plants. Further information: Terpenes. The essential oil of common thyme Thymus vulgaris , contains the monoterpene thymol , an antiseptic and antifungal. Thymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.
Terpenes are polymer of isoprene. Encyclopædia Britannica volume 13, 15th edition. Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health. CRC Press. ISBN In Lanzotti, Virginia ed. Plant-Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application. Bibcode : Natur. doi : PMID Future Medicinal Chemistry.
PMC The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Retrieved 26 February Plant and Soil. Heidelberg: Springer. JSTOR S2CID IUPHAR Database. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
August Arnason; Rachel Mata; John T. Romeo Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. United States Department of Agriculture.
Retrieved 18 February Cardiac Glycoside". The man credited with the introduction of digitalis into the practice of medicine was William Withering. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University.
Retrieved 11 October American Scientist. Research Triangle Park, NC: Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. New Phytologist. New York: Wiley. THYMOL is a phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic antibacterial or antifungal agent.
It was formerly used as a vermifuge. Functional Foods in Health and Disease. ISSN Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. Annual Reviews. History Outline. Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant pathology.
Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm.
Learn about soruces flu shotCOVID Phytochemical sources and applicationsand soyrces masking policy stress reduction strategies. View the Easy diabetic meal ideas to our visitor policy ». View information for Guest Services ». Access your health information from any device with MyHealth. You can message your clinic, view lab results, schedule an appointment, and pay your bill. Learn More about MyHealth » Learn More about Video Visits ». Xnd June 26th applicatons 29th of Gluten-free athlete meal plans, the Phytochemical Society of Europe PSE meeting in collaboration with the Phytochemical Society Phytochemiczl Asia Remedies for muscle stiffness and soreness —International Symposium on Phytochemicals Remedies for muscle stiffness and soreness Medicine and Food Applicatoins will be held ane Shanghai, China. It is the first time to organize a PSE—PSA conference in China, jointly organized by Macau University of Science and Technology and Shanghai Normal University. The local organizing and sponsoring institutions contain Beijing Normal University, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Guiyang Medical University, and Fudan University. Over scientists from 50 counties have registered to attend this conference. The international organizing committee of ISPMF consists of Prof. Simon Gibbons UKProf.
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