Though the use of Well-regulated adipose tissue has since decreased considerably, sales of dietary supplements containing How to make fermented foods at home or close derivatives continue.
While reports have documented an association performanc DMAA ingestion and adverse events, it remains unclear How to make fermented foods at home to the causal peformance of DMAA, in particular considering How to make fermented foods at home fact that athletuc to the reported How to make fermented foods at home, DMAA was often used in combination with ahletic dietary ingredients, prescription medications or recreational drugs.
This review discusses the history Nutrition for injury prevention DMAA, anecdotal and laboratory inn pertaining Methylhxeanamine its use, and its use today within the dietary supplement market.
Citation: Bloomer Post-workout nutrition for better immune function, Smith How to make fermented foods at home, Moore DC, Yates CR 1,3-Dimethylamylamine DMAA Methylheaxnamine A Athketic History and Review of Athlehic and Methylhexznamine Findings.
J Athletif Complement Integr Med 4: Copyright: © Richard J Bloomer, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Athlstic Commons Attribution License, Methyphexanamine permits unrestricted use, perrormance, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
edu Received Date : Dec 07, DOI: athleticc Dietary supplement; Methhlhexanamine aid; Stimulant; Weight loss. While the ingredient referred to as DMAA was once a highly utilized ingredient in sport nutrition performmance weight loss Methylhexanamime supplements, it has ahhletic the target of much controversy.
In particular, a variety of case reports describing individuals petformance adverse events following Liver health and exercise use of Methyhlexanamine alone or within dietary Enhancing immune system vitality have Methlhexanamine these concerns.
Inthe United Methylhexanamind Food and Drug Administration FDA issued warning Protein intake for hair and nail health to companies informing them that products containing DMAA should performsnce removed from the market or pertormance without the inclusion of Mwthylhexanamine.
Also inthe Methylhexanamlne States Department of Defense Methyhlexanamine all Performande containing products from stores perfotmance Methylhexanamine in athletic performance bases [1].
Although most companies complied with the recommendation for removal and cessation of use, some im continued to sell DMAA containing products. While the overall question regarding the safety athlegic DMAA appears to be of greatest Heavenly Orange Aroma to most zthletic, the issue of whether or not the ingredient can be How to make fermented foods at home included within dietary supplements has Metabolic health support been a topic of discussion.
Based on guidelines regulating what is considered a New Methylhexansmine Ingredient NDIthe Peformance claims Endurance training for triathletes DMAA lacks safety data to support Methylhexananine inclusion in dietary supplements.
Athoetic point alone, Methylhexnaamine lack of adequate safety data and Methylhezanamine the assertion that DMAA is unsafe, may have been the rationale used by xthletic FDA to call for the removal of DMAA from dietary supplements. If Methylhexabamine is the case, users Methylhexanaminne understand that this ingredient might promote an acute dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure.
In addition, since some individuals Metnylhexanamine use DMAA to enhance sports performance, they should know that DMAA eprformance a banned substance by most sporting agencies, including the World Anti-Doping Performqnce.
The use of Extraordinary within the sport supplement world began in approximatelypossibly in relation to the banning of ephedrine in April In fact, pfrformance andit was athketic that approximately atbletic DMAA containing products were being manufactured.
In following the reporting of multiple adverse events, the FDA issued warning letters to companies thought to be responsible for a perfprmance percentage of the DMAA products pergormance in the Methylhexanammine States Methyphexanamine.
Marketing and sales of DMAA containing products subsequently declined. Methylhexanaminw companies responsible for the continued sales of DMAA appear to be relatively small in comparison Methylhexanamind the market leaders.
Regardless, due to the apparent demand for this ingredient, it is possible that sales perfirmance will athlletic relatively significant. DMAA appears to provide a sympathomimetic effect in human subjects.
It mimics the effects on the sympathetic nervous system of neurotransmitters Metuylhexanamine as epinephrine, norepinephrine and performancw. By doing Methylheexanamine, it delivers a stimulatory effect, as well as a claimed feeling of euphoria a response cited in How to make fermented foods at home anecdotal reports.
That said, few human studies have been conducted using DMAA or DMAA containing supplements. Therefore, scant data exist regarding its precise athletkc s of action.
Like other sympathomimetics, acute use of Methylehxanamine appears to promote vasoconstriction, which can lead to a dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure Mthylhexanamine finding that has been documented in controlled laboratory studies [4,5].
Individuals using DMAA or DMAA containing dietary supplements should be fully aware of the potential blood pressure elevating effects of this agent. To date, only a handful of studies have examined DMAA PK in humans. For example, Perrenoud and co-workers assessed DMAA urinary excretion in two human subjects following oral administration of a single 40 mg dose of DMAA [7].
In another study, DMAA dose not reported was administered orally to a single subject and urinary excretion was determined [8].
DMAA was detectable in the urine over the entire hour collection period. The urine concentration time profile was similar to that obtained over the first hours in the study conducted by Perrenoud et al. A 25 mg single oral dose resulted in a maximum plasma concentration C max of C max values were approximately times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with severe adverse events, suggesting that the reported adverse events were associated with a DMAA intake much higher than the 25 mg dose in our study [9,10].
Additionally, the potential impact of drug-drug interactions should be considered when interpreting DMAA adverse event reports.
Because DMAA PK data suggest that a significant fraction of an orally administered DMAA dose is metabolized, concomitant administration of common ingredients that are also metabolized e.
To determine the physiologic response to DMAA 25 mgwe measured resting heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature at multiple intervals over a hours period [5]. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were minimally impacted by DMAA ingestion.
For example, during the initial 8-hours post ingestion period, the mean heart rate remained between 61 and 65 beats per minute, the mean systolic blood pressure remained between and mmHg, the mean diastolic blood pressure remained between 78 and 82 mmHg, and the mean body temperature remained between In many cases, the respective values were lower during the post ingestion period as compared to pre-ingestion.
However, since this study involved the use of a multi-ingredient formulation, there is no way to know the contribution of DMAA to these outcomes. Arguably the most common use of DMAA is as an ergogenic aid; specifically, as an aid that will help to improve physical performance.
This may be appealing to competitive athletes and non-athletes alike, such as individuals who perform resistance or cardiovascular exercise to improve physical strength, muscle mass, cardio respiratory endurance, or enhance aesthetics.
In fact, this latter category of non-competitive athletes e. In the lone human study conducted to determine a physical performance benefit from using DMAA, no ergogenic effect was noted [12].
Subjects performed a 10 km outdoor run after receiving oral DMAA alone or in combination with caffeine. Performance, based on time to complete the run, was not different for subjects when receiving D¬MAA or caffeine alone, together, or when using a placebo.
Heart rate, perceived exertion, and vigor was not different between conditions during the run. Scientific evidence to support such claims is lacking.
To our knowledge, there have been no published studies to evaluate the ergogenic effects of DMAA other than that performed by Bloomer and colleagues [12]. Perhaps future studies may be conducted which provide evidence to support the anecdotal reports. However, it is unlikely that such studies will be performed unless a more rigorous assessment of its safety is first completed.
Aside from an impact on exercise performance, Powers and colleagues examined neurocognitive performance following acute consumption of a DMAA-containing dietary supplement [13]. The ImPACT test, a computerized neurocognitive assessment, was used to measure neurocognitive performance such as attention, verbal recognition memory and visual working memory.
Results indicated that participants had significantly improved reaction time and increased scores on the cognitive-efficiency index following ingestion of the DMAA containing supplement. Although this may be promising, it should be noted that these findings cannot be directly attributed to DMAA alone, as the supplement also contained caffeine and other ingredients.
It is possible that caffeine alone will have been responsible for the noted findings in this investigation. Moreover, this is only one study and included a sample size of only five men and seven women.
Additional studies would be needed to fully characterize the effect of DMAA alone on cognitive performance in men and women. As stated, the FDA issued warning letters in requesting voluntary recall of all products containing DMAA. This appeared because the appropriate safety data had not been provided to support the marketing of DMAA as a NDI.
Prior to the warning letters, safety concerns were raised from multiple sources, including those within and outside of the United States. Notable case reports have associated DMAA consumption with cerebral hemorrhaging, Myocardial Infarction MIliver injury and death.
In two publications, Gee et al. Individuals experienced adverse outcomes, including severe headaches, vomiting and involuntary twitching.
Hospitalization revealed cerebral hemorrhaging in all cases. Following post-hospitalization analysis, Gee and colleagues attributed the cerebral hemorrhages to DMAA ingestion, noting that DMAA is structurally similar to amphetamines, which can cause cerebral hemorrhaging [].
The amount of DMAA ingested by individuals described in these reports was estimated to be approximately 15 to 30 times the amount provided in a usual serving of most dietary supplements containing DMAA.
In addition, as noted in the papers of Gee and colleagues [9,10], other chemicals may have been taken along with the DMAA e. Hence, the likelihood exists that the adverse events noted by Gee et al. The pills contained DMAA at an estimated dose of approximately mg based on labeled dose information lab analysis confirmed dosage of mga dose approximately times that normally suggested by most pre-workout dietary supplements.
In our prior work using a dosage of 50 mg and 75 mg of DMAA, we noted a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure. Specifically, we observed a mean increase in systolic blood pressure of 16 mmHg with the 75 mg DMAA dosage and approximately 24 mmHg when mg of caffeine was added to the 75 mg DMAA dose [4].
Ingestion of double this amount of DMAA by a young woman is extremely unwise, in particular with the co-ingestion of caffeine and alcohol.
Another individual, a year-old man, also suffered a cerebral hemorrhage [10]. If consuming one quarter of the packet and assuming that said packet contained multiple dosages, it is possible that this individual consumed a very high quantity of DMAA.
When coupled with alcohol and nicotine, this indeed presents a potentially harmful combination. A year-old man was also highlighted in the Gee et al. report [10]. He collapsed 30 minutes later with a severe headache and upon analysis, it was noted that he also suffered a cerebral hemorrhage.
His blood DMAA levels were extremely high 2. At such a high dosage of DMAA, it is not surprising that the individual experienced an adverse outcome.
The following day the patient reported to the ER and was found to suffer from a large hemorrhage in the region of the left basal ganglia. Considering the above information presented by Gee and colleagues, one issue is clear and needs to be understood: individuals ingesting DMAA at extremely high dosages are subject to adverse outcomes likely involving elevated blood pressure and associated problems.
Considering that our work demonstrated a clear dose-dependent increase in blood pressure following DMAA use [4], with a mean increase in systolic blood pressure of 16 mmHg with a 75 mg dosage of DMAA, it is not surprising that adverse events are noted when individuals consume doses that are several fold higher.
Couple this with caffeine ingestion and the intake of alcohol and other drugs, and adverse events are likely. Individuals considering DMAA use, as well as healthcare providers, who may be providing care to such individuals, should understand the potential risks of using DMAA.
Like all stimulants, caution needs to be used as related to the total dosage ingested. Acute MI has also been associated with DMAA consumption. A case report by Smith et al. The authors reported that the man was otherwise healthy and presented none of the traditional risk factors for MI.
Three weeks prior to hospitalization, the man reported daily ingestion of a DMAA containing supplement, as well as another product containing Citrus aurantiumcaffeine and other ingredients. With a lack of traditional risk factors, the authors speculated that the joint stimulatory effects of DMAA and Citrus aurantium caused the MI.
: Methylhexanamine in athletic performance| Methylhexanamine | Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Sumit Malik is however not the first athlete to be caught for a doping violation in regards to Methylhexanamine. I went to a local pharmacy in the aftermath of the SA Rugby cases and within 10 minutes, had found three substances that actually listed methylhexanamine as an ingredient. Copyright: © Richard J Bloomer, et al. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Clearly, more human studies would be needed to more fully understand the potential abuse liability of DMAA. Resources Subscription Benefits Why Register Whitelist our newsletters Editorial Calendar Event Calendar RSS Feed Podcast FAQ. |
| Most viewed | By doing so, it delivers a stimulatory effect, as well as a claimed feeling of euphoria a response cited in several anecdotal reports. Weightlifting is a fantastic sport, not least because of the health and wellbeing benefits associated with strength training. Skip to main content Skip to FDA Search Skip to in this section menu Skip to footer links. Pharmacological effects on the heart can be expected following a single oral dose of about 50—75 mg. Unlike the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of , which places the burden of proof on the FDA, the NDI guidelines require that the company provide the FDA with information pertaining to the overall safety of the ingredient of interest. Companies who continue to market and sell DMAA containing products should focus efforts on educating the consumers of the potential safety concerns of using DMAA. |
| Navigation menu | Mike Cadogan. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In case of sale of your personal information, you may opt out by using the link Do not sell my personal information. Cookie settings ACCEPT. Cookies Policy. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. Non Necessary non-necessary. Given the probably very marginal effect of a substance like methylhexanamine it has never been fully tested for sport , and the potentially high risk of inadvertent use with career ending implications for the player , this argument may well have merit. In the aftermath of the SA Rugby cases, I was interviewed by a journalist who raised this very question: Where do we draw the line with regards to how we define doping? Andreea Raducan has only one gold medal, not two, thanks to a drug that likely did nothing for her performance, and is not even banned anymore. For those who wish to read more on this topic of supplements and potential positive tests, the following will be of interest:. You must be logged in to post a comment. Skip to primary navigation Skip to main content. The problem with supplements is two-fold: There is very little testing to establish the efficacy or effectiveness of supplements. Creatine is a notable exception, and of course, some supplements provide macro-nutrients proteins and carbs that are known to aid recovery and performance. The safety is never established. This has two components. First, there is no guarantee that the dizzying array of ingredients is safe to begin with — many are herbal, thrown in for effect and on a very tenuous link, and many are only a chemical reaction away from being risky. Then second, there is a risk of contamination. In other words, if a squad of 30 footballers all take the same supplement, 7 or 8 of them may be taking a banned substance inadvertently. These substances are not listed on the label, but they find their way into the bottle, as a result of what is non-existent control over the manufacture process of supplements. The sources of this contamination include the sourcing of the raw materials, the machinery and the packaging plants. The end result is that there is no such thing as a guaranteed safe supplement. Food for thought…thanks to our drug of the year, methylhexanamine! Ross More reading: For those who wish to read more on this topic of supplements and potential positive tests, the following will be of interest: Boksmart Supplement recommendations. Athletes can apply for a therapeutic use exemption for certain prescribed medications that are prohibited in competition i. The family physician is a critical player in addressing the use of performance-enhancing drugs in recreational athletes of all ages. Family physicians should continue to be alert to signs of use of traditional performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic-androgenic steroids and stimulants, and also be aware of the emergence and accessibility of novel doping agents. In addition to the potential health risks of the performance-enhancing drug itself, harms of a positive doping test result can include the negative health and social impacts of sanctions prohibiting participation and the potential emotional damage related to being labeled a cheater. Physicians should be aware of the competition status of athletic patients and consult the appropriate banned substances list e. Family physicians should also be aware of the emergence of novel performance-enhancing drugs and their use among the general population; screen patients for use; and be prepared to discuss the safety, effectiveness, legality, and ethics of performance-enhancing drug use. Pope HG, Kanayama G, Athey A, et al. The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: current best estimates. Am J Addict. Henning AD, Dimeo P. The complexities of anti-doping violations: a case study of sanctioned cases in all performance levels of USA cycling. Perform Enhanc Health. Dreier F. Wider testing reveals doping among amateur cyclists, too. July 27, Accessed November 2, The new front in the war on doping: amateur athletes. Int J Drug Policy. Van Wagoner RM, Eichner A, Bhasin S, et al. Chemical composition and labeling of substances marketed as selective androgen receptor modulators and sold via the internet [published correction appears in JAMA. Anti-Doping Agency. Supplement realize, recognize, reduce. High-risk supplement list; Accessed April 24, |
Methylhexanamine in athletic performance -
It is used as a stimulant and is found in some pre-workout and weight loss supplements. Please Note: The articles on this database are automatically generated by our AI system. While we strive for accuracy, these articles may not contain verified information and should be used for informational purposes only.
We recommend consulting verified sources or experts for accurate and reliable information. Methylhexanamine is a dietary supplement commonly used to increase energy, alertness, and focus.
It is often found in pre-workout supplements and energy drinks. Methylhexanamine is commonly used as a dietary supplement in the food industry as an appetite suppressant and energy booster.
It is also used to enhance physical performance and endurance, as well as to reduce fatigue. It is often added to energy drinks, sports nutrition products, and other dietary supplements. Methylhexanamine is a dietary supplement that has been used to improve athletic performance and increase energy levels.
It has also been used to help with weight loss, improve mental clarity, and reduce fatigue. Additionally, it may help to reduce inflammation, improve cardiovascular health, and boost the immune system. Methylhexanamine is a dietary supplement that is often used as a stimulant and to increase energy levels.
Stimulants are drugs that directly affect the central nervous system. They work to speed up parts of the brain and body, increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism and body temperature of the user.
They are used by athletes to reduce tiredness and fatigue, and to increase alertness, competitiveness and aggressiveness. The most common stimulants detected in anti-doping tests include amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy and methylphenidate Ritalin.
The actual effects vary according to the drug and its method of ingestion—drugs that are snorted or injected will produce more immediate results than those that are taken in pill form.
Nicotine and caffeine are also frequently used as stimulants but they are not banned in sports. The physical and psychological adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroids e. What physicians may not recognize are the potential adverse effects of novel, investigational drugs that are being used as doping agents.
These include selective androgen receptor modulators e. These modulators are not approved for human use, and the adverse effects have not been well documented because they are still in clinical trials.
Despite their experimental status, selective androgen receptor modulators have been found in dozens of dietary supplements and have caused more than positive doping test results since Consumers can easily buy all of these on the internet. Even for the astute family physician, it can be difficult to identify patients who are using performance-enhancing drugs.
Patients taking dietary supplements may be unintentionally ingesting performance-enhancing drugs because of contamination, and patients commonly do not disclose use of dietary supplements to their physicians.
Patients who are deliberately using performance-enhancing drugs may not disclose use because of shame, legality concerns, or lack of trust. In fact, users of performance-enhancing drugs often are not candid with their physicians about their use of these drugs.
Patronage of wellness and antiaging clinics may also put recreational athletes at risk of inadvertent positive doping test results because treatments prescribed at these centers often include hormone replacement.
Athletes can apply for a therapeutic use exemption for certain prescribed medications that are prohibited in competition i. The family physician is a critical player in addressing the use of performance-enhancing drugs in recreational athletes of all ages.
Family physicians should continue to be alert to signs of use of traditional performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic-androgenic steroids and stimulants, and also be aware of the emergence and accessibility of novel doping agents. In addition to the potential health risks of the performance-enhancing drug itself, harms of a positive doping test result can include the negative health and social impacts of sanctions prohibiting participation and the potential emotional damage related to being labeled a cheater.
Physicians should be aware of the competition status of athletic patients and consult the appropriate banned substances list e. Family physicians should also be aware of the emergence of novel performance-enhancing drugs and their use among the general population; screen patients for use; and be prepared to discuss the safety, effectiveness, legality, and ethics of performance-enhancing drug use.
Pope HG, Kanayama G, Athey A, et al. The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: current best estimates. Am J Addict. Henning AD, Dimeo P. The complexities of anti-doping violations: a case study of sanctioned cases in all performance levels of USA cycling.
Perform Enhanc Health. Dreier F.
UK, remember your perfomrance and Mefhylhexanamine government services. We atbletic use cookies set by other sites to help us How to make fermented foods at home content Carbohydrate loading and muscle fatigue their services. You have accepted Perrormance cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time. You have rejected additional cookies. New Years warning issued urging athletes to avoid potentially dangerous DMAA, otherwise known as Methylhexanamine. As many people embark on a new-year fitness boost, athletes at all levels of sport are being urged to steer clear of the potentially dangerous ingredient DMAA. Though the use Methylhexanamine in athletic performance DMAA athletci since Ginger for sleep considerably, Athletic performance resources of dietary supplements How to make fermented foods at home DMAA Methylhexanakine close derivatives continue. While reports have documented an association between DMAA ingestion and adverse events, it remains unclear as to the causal role Methylhexanamine in athletic performance Athlrtic, in Methylhedanamine considering the fact that specific to the reported events, DMAA athoetic often used in combination with other dietary ingredients, prescription medications or recreational drugs. This review discusses the history of DMAA, anecdotal and laboratory findings pertaining to its use, and its use today within the dietary supplement market. Citation: Bloomer RJ, Smith NJC, Moore DC, Yates CR 1,3-Dimethylamylamine DMAA : A Brief History and Review of Anecdotal and Laboratory Findings. J Altern Complement Integr Med 4: Copyright: © Richard J Bloomer, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Video
Exercise \u0026 Sugar: When Sugar Can Be a Good ThingMethylhexanamine in athletic performance -
The risks of using stimulants vary for each drug, but in general are high. For example, cocaine use can cause panic attacks and paranoia, lead to the loss of smell and problems swallowing, become addictive and, in rare cases, lead to heart attack.
Amphetamines can cause damage to the liver, kidneys and cardiovascular system, and cause hallucinations and violent behaviour, while long term use can change the structures of the brain involved with memory and emotion. Jamaican sprinter and track star Asafa Powell was caught using the banned stimulant oxilofrine in A number of Australian athletes have also been sanctioned for use of the stimulant methylhexanamine.
Read the full ASADA Sanctions list for more information on Australian athletes. The presence of stimulants in the body can be tested via a variety of procedures, with urine sampling the primary means of testing.
Commonly used tests include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and immunologic assay. opener Image adapted from: r17frances; CC0. Dietary supplement; Ergogenic aid; Stimulant; Weight loss.
While the ingredient referred to as DMAA was once a highly utilized ingredient in sport nutrition and weight loss dietary supplements, it has been the target of much controversy. In particular, a variety of case reports describing individuals experiencing adverse events following the use of DMAA alone or within dietary supplements have fueled these concerns.
In , the United States Food and Drug Administration FDA issued warning letters to companies informing them that products containing DMAA should be removed from the market or reformulated without the inclusion of DMAA.
Also in , the United States Department of Defense removed all DMAA containing products from stores on military bases [1]. Although most companies complied with the recommendation for removal and cessation of use, some companies continued to sell DMAA containing products.
While the overall question regarding the safety of DMAA appears to be of greatest importance to most individuals, the issue of whether or not the ingredient can be legally included within dietary supplements has also been a topic of discussion. Based on guidelines regulating what is considered a New Dietary Ingredient NDI , the FDA claims that DMAA lacks safety data to support its inclusion in dietary supplements.
This point alone, the lack of adequate safety data and not the assertion that DMAA is unsafe, may have been the rationale used by the FDA to call for the removal of DMAA from dietary supplements. If this is the case, users should understand that this ingredient might promote an acute dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure.
In addition, since some individuals may use DMAA to enhance sports performance, they should know that DMAA is a banned substance by most sporting agencies, including the World Anti-Doping Agency.
The use of DMAA within the sport supplement world began in approximately , possibly in relation to the banning of ephedrine in April In fact, between and , it was estimated that approximately different DMAA containing products were being manufactured.
In following the reporting of multiple adverse events, the FDA issued warning letters to companies thought to be responsible for a high percentage of the DMAA products sold in the United States [3].
Marketing and sales of DMAA containing products subsequently declined. The companies responsible for the continued sales of DMAA appear to be relatively small in comparison to the market leaders.
Regardless, due to the apparent demand for this ingredient, it is possible that sales volumes will be relatively significant. DMAA appears to provide a sympathomimetic effect in human subjects. It mimics the effects on the sympathetic nervous system of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine.
By doing so, it delivers a stimulatory effect, as well as a claimed feeling of euphoria a response cited in several anecdotal reports. That said, few human studies have been conducted using DMAA or DMAA containing supplements.
Therefore, scant data exist regarding its precise mechanism s of action. Like other sympathomimetics, acute use of DMAA appears to promote vasoconstriction, which can lead to a dose-dependent elevation in blood pressure a finding that has been documented in controlled laboratory studies [4,5].
Individuals using DMAA or DMAA containing dietary supplements should be fully aware of the potential blood pressure elevating effects of this agent. To date, only a handful of studies have examined DMAA PK in humans. For example, Perrenoud and co-workers assessed DMAA urinary excretion in two human subjects following oral administration of a single 40 mg dose of DMAA [7].
In another study, DMAA dose not reported was administered orally to a single subject and urinary excretion was determined [8].
DMAA was detectable in the urine over the entire hour collection period. The urine concentration time profile was similar to that obtained over the first hours in the study conducted by Perrenoud et al. A 25 mg single oral dose resulted in a maximum plasma concentration C max of C max values were approximately times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with severe adverse events, suggesting that the reported adverse events were associated with a DMAA intake much higher than the 25 mg dose in our study [9,10].
Additionally, the potential impact of drug-drug interactions should be considered when interpreting DMAA adverse event reports. Because DMAA PK data suggest that a significant fraction of an orally administered DMAA dose is metabolized, concomitant administration of common ingredients that are also metabolized e.
To determine the physiologic response to DMAA 25 mg , we measured resting heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature at multiple intervals over a hours period [5]. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were minimally impacted by DMAA ingestion. For example, during the initial 8-hours post ingestion period, the mean heart rate remained between 61 and 65 beats per minute, the mean systolic blood pressure remained between and mmHg, the mean diastolic blood pressure remained between 78 and 82 mmHg, and the mean body temperature remained between In many cases, the respective values were lower during the post ingestion period as compared to pre-ingestion.
However, since this study involved the use of a multi-ingredient formulation, there is no way to know the contribution of DMAA to these outcomes.
Arguably the most common use of DMAA is as an ergogenic aid; specifically, as an aid that will help to improve physical performance.
This may be appealing to competitive athletes and non-athletes alike, such as individuals who perform resistance or cardiovascular exercise to improve physical strength, muscle mass, cardio respiratory endurance, or enhance aesthetics.
In fact, this latter category of non-competitive athletes e. In the lone human study conducted to determine a physical performance benefit from using DMAA, no ergogenic effect was noted [12].
Subjects performed a 10 km outdoor run after receiving oral DMAA alone or in combination with caffeine. Performance, based on time to complete the run, was not different for subjects when receiving D¬MAA or caffeine alone, together, or when using a placebo.
Heart rate, perceived exertion, and vigor was not different between conditions during the run. Scientific evidence to support such claims is lacking. To our knowledge, there have been no published studies to evaluate the ergogenic effects of DMAA other than that performed by Bloomer and colleagues [12].
Perhaps future studies may be conducted which provide evidence to support the anecdotal reports. However, it is unlikely that such studies will be performed unless a more rigorous assessment of its safety is first completed. Aside from an impact on exercise performance, Powers and colleagues examined neurocognitive performance following acute consumption of a DMAA-containing dietary supplement [13].
The ImPACT test, a computerized neurocognitive assessment, was used to measure neurocognitive performance such as attention, verbal recognition memory and visual working memory.
Results indicated that participants had significantly improved reaction time and increased scores on the cognitive-efficiency index following ingestion of the DMAA containing supplement.
Although this may be promising, it should be noted that these findings cannot be directly attributed to DMAA alone, as the supplement also contained caffeine and other ingredients.
It is possible that caffeine alone will have been responsible for the noted findings in this investigation. Moreover, this is only one study and included a sample size of only five men and seven women. Additional studies would be needed to fully characterize the effect of DMAA alone on cognitive performance in men and women.
As stated, the FDA issued warning letters in requesting voluntary recall of all products containing DMAA. This appeared because the appropriate safety data had not been provided to support the marketing of DMAA as a NDI. Prior to the warning letters, safety concerns were raised from multiple sources, including those within and outside of the United States.
Notable case reports have associated DMAA consumption with cerebral hemorrhaging, Myocardial Infarction MI , liver injury and death. In two publications, Gee et al. Individuals experienced adverse outcomes, including severe headaches, vomiting and involuntary twitching. Hospitalization revealed cerebral hemorrhaging in all cases.
Following post-hospitalization analysis, Gee and colleagues attributed the cerebral hemorrhages to DMAA ingestion, noting that DMAA is structurally similar to amphetamines, which can cause cerebral hemorrhaging []. The amount of DMAA ingested by individuals described in these reports was estimated to be approximately 15 to 30 times the amount provided in a usual serving of most dietary supplements containing DMAA.
In addition, as noted in the papers of Gee and colleagues [9,10], other chemicals may have been taken along with the DMAA e. Hence, the likelihood exists that the adverse events noted by Gee et al. The pills contained DMAA at an estimated dose of approximately mg based on labeled dose information lab analysis confirmed dosage of mg , a dose approximately times that normally suggested by most pre-workout dietary supplements.
In our prior work using a dosage of 50 mg and 75 mg of DMAA, we noted a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure. Specifically, we observed a mean increase in systolic blood pressure of 16 mmHg with the 75 mg DMAA dosage and approximately 24 mmHg when mg of caffeine was added to the 75 mg DMAA dose [4].
Ingestion of double this amount of DMAA by a young woman is extremely unwise, in particular with the co-ingestion of caffeine and alcohol. Another individual, a year-old man, also suffered a cerebral hemorrhage [10]. If consuming one quarter of the packet and assuming that said packet contained multiple dosages, it is possible that this individual consumed a very high quantity of DMAA.
When coupled with alcohol and nicotine, this indeed presents a potentially harmful combination. A year-old man was also highlighted in the Gee et al.
report [10]. He collapsed 30 minutes later with a severe headache and upon analysis, it was noted that he also suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. His blood DMAA levels were extremely high 2. At such a high dosage of DMAA, it is not surprising that the individual experienced an adverse outcome.
The following day the patient reported to the ER and was found to suffer from a large hemorrhage in the region of the left basal ganglia.
Considering the above information presented by Gee and colleagues, one issue is clear and needs to be understood: individuals ingesting DMAA at extremely high dosages are subject to adverse outcomes likely involving elevated blood pressure and associated problems.
Considering that our work demonstrated a clear dose-dependent increase in blood pressure following DMAA use [4], with a mean increase in systolic blood pressure of 16 mmHg with a 75 mg dosage of DMAA, it is not surprising that adverse events are noted when individuals consume doses that are several fold higher.
Couple this with caffeine ingestion and the intake of alcohol and other drugs, and adverse events are likely. Individuals considering DMAA use, as well as healthcare providers, who may be providing care to such individuals, should understand the potential risks of using DMAA.
Like all stimulants, caution needs to be used as related to the total dosage ingested. Acute MI has also been associated with DMAA consumption. A case report by Smith et al.
The authors reported that the man was otherwise healthy and presented none of the traditional risk factors for MI. Three weeks prior to hospitalization, the man reported daily ingestion of a DMAA containing supplement, as well as another product containing Citrus aurantium , caffeine and other ingredients.
With a lack of traditional risk factors, the authors speculated that the joint stimulatory effects of DMAA and Citrus aurantium caused the MI. No information was presented regarding the dosage of supplements taken by the individual. As with many users of sports supplements, it is possible that this individual consumed more than the recommended serving size of each product.
If so, the caffeine intake alone could have been a few hundred milligrams. In such a case, it is important to raise awareness as to the potential for adverse events when individuals consume multiple stimulants, possibly at high dosages and in the context of strenuous exercise.
In a similar situation, Karnatovskaia et al. Again, the individual examined presented none of the typical risk factors for heart disease.
However, the individual had consumed for the first time an unnamed pre-workout supplement that reportedly contained DMAA. With a lack of other risk factors present, Karnatovskaia and coworkers attributed the arrest to the consumption of DMAA.
No data were presented as to how much of the dietary supplement was consumed by the individual, including the quantity of DMAA. Moreover, no information was presented as to which other ingredients were contained within the supplement. In almost all cases, pre-workout dietary supplements containing DMAA are formulated with multiple ingredients, including caffeine and additional stimulants.
The caffeine content of these products is typically times that of DMAA e. This should be considered in the case analyses. A series of case reports composed by Foley et al. All individuals were relatively young aged years , and none reported prior history of liver injury.
All individuals reported ingesting the supplement at some point, either alone or in conjunction with other dietary supplements. The range of intake of the supplement spanned from one week to three years.
All individuals experienced liver injury, with the most common symptoms reported being jaundice, fatigue, exercise intolerance, abdominal pain and vomiting. A report composed by Roytman et al. The cases were severe, with one individual dying and two requiring liver transplants.
While six of the eight individuals highlighted in this paper had used the original OxyELITE Pro product containing DMAA, the authors focused more heavily on the potential cause of liver injury being an ingredient known as aegeline, contained within a reformulated version of the OxyELITE Pro, rather than DMAA.
Clearly, it is unknown what ingredient s may have been associated with the cases noted above. As with all multi-component products, it is difficult to determine the direct contribution of DMAA to the outcomes, as multiple other ingredients are contained within the OxyELITE Pro. In two cases of alleged DMAA ingestion, one male and one female soldier collapsed during physical testing from suspected cardiac arrest and ultimately died [22].
These soldiers were reportedly ingesting dietary supplements containing DMAA. The authors indicate that the male soldier was taking only one dietary supplement, according to persons in his immediate community. The authors assumed that the female soldier was taking two dietary supplements containing DMAA, because the supplements were found in her car.
A recent report published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology highlights the dangers of heat stroke, with authors stressing the association of heat stroke with multi-organ dysfunction, sometimes culminating in cardiac arrest [].
Considering the evidence presented by Eliason and colleagues, heat stroke and its complications may have been present.
Related to this and to our knowledge, there exists no evidence that DMAA elevates body temperature and this has been noted in a controlled laboratory environment [5].
Another case of death associated with physical exercise was documented in , when a year-old woman died prior to completing the London Marathon in [27].
It was reported that the woman ingested a DMAA containing dietary supplement mixed in her water bottle. No additional information is available in the scientific literature pertaining to this case. Therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions specific to the role that the supplement may have played in this situation.
Besides the observations presented above, there exists a small number of controlled laboratory studies focused on the study of DMAA, which are described below [4,5,11,]. This includes work using DMAA alone, in conjunction with caffeine and within a finished dietary supplement.
From the work focused on the acute ingestion of DMAA, it is apparent that DMAA has vasoconstrictor properties, leading to a pressor effect that results in elevated blood pressure. However, the impact of DMAA on blood pressure elevation is dose dependent, with either no change in mean blood pressure when ingested at a recommended dosage of 25 mg, a 7 mmHg mean increase when ingested at a dosage of 50 mg, or a 16 mmHg mean increase when ingested at a dosage of 75 mg [4,5].
We also noted a mean increase in SBP of 14 mmHg when a dosage of 50 mg of DMAA was ingested along with mg caffeine, an effect that was additive when considering the findings for DMAA and caffeine alone. To put the above into context, consider the increase in blood pressure with caffeine.
In the United States, adults consume on average, 4 mg per kg of body weight of caffeine per day, which equates to mg for a 70 kg lb individual [34]. With acute ingestion, caffeine elevates both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, typically in a dose dependent manner, which persists for up to three hours following ingestion.
For example, Karatzis and coworkers reported a 4 mmHg increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure when 80 mg of caffeine was ingested within coffee [37,38]. Robertson et al.
In a review and meta-analysis, it was determined that when analyzing data from five trials, the administration of mg caffeine produced an average increase of 8.
Collectively, these data indicate that DMAA at dosages up to50 mg promotes a similar increase in mean blood pressure than does caffeine when ingested at a dosage of mg or the amount contained within approximately two cups of coffee.
Aside from acute ingestion of DMAA as a stand-alone ingredient, one multi-week study was conducted to assess the safety of DMAA ingestion. We investigated the safety profile of DMAA and caffeine, alone or in combination, when ingested for a period of 12 weeks [28].
Apart from urinary pH Pre [6. The following studies include DMAA within the dietary supplement known as Jack3D containing a blend of DMAA, caffeine, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine monohydrate, beta alanine and schizandrol A.
In one study, seven men 25±4yrs ingested two servings per day of Jack3D for two weeks [29]. On days 1 and 15, resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured and fasting blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel and lipid panel.
On days 1 and 15 following blood collection, subjects ingested two servings of the supplement and heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at minutes intervals for two hours.
No significant changes were noted in any measured blood parameters, except for an increase in fasting blood glucose. In response to acute intake, no measured variable increased in a statistically significant manner.
It was concluded that acute intake of Jack 3D at a dosage of two servings results in an increase in blood pressure. Chronic intake of two servings per day of Jack 3D over a days period does not result in an elevation in resting heart rate or blood pressure. Regarding this increase in blood glucose, it should be noted that in one other study using Jack 3D for a period of 10 weeks and in one study using DMAA alone for a period of 12 weeks, no increase in blood glucose was observed [28,31].
In fact, a slight decrease was noted in both studies. Subjects were instructed to consume servings on each workout day. The mean number of workout days per week for subjects was four and the mean number of servings of the supplement consumed on workout days was 2.
Before and after the intervention, resting blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected for determination of complete blood count, metabolic panel and lipid panel.
Heart rate was noted to decrease slightly from pre-to post-intervention. No other effects of significance were noted for blood parameters.
It was concluded that Jack 3D does not result in a statistically significant increase in resting heart rate or blood pressure although systolic blood pressure was increased approximately 6 mmHg with supplement use.
The supplement did not negatively impact bloodborne markers of health but may improve the blood lipid profile, as evidenced by the noted reduction in total and LDL cholesterol.
Studies have also been conducted using the product OxyELITE Pro, containing a blend of DMAA, caffeine, Bauhinia purpurea, Bacopa monniera, Cirsium oligophyllum and Rauwolscine Extract. In one such study, 4 men and 2 women No change was noted in the measured variables following 15 days of supplementation.
In response to acute intake, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure were increased approximately 6 bpm and 6 mmHg, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was increased approximately 15 mmHg with acute treatment of two capsules of OxyELITE Pro.
Using an acute study design, twelve subjects men Breath samples were collected immediately before ingestion and at 30, 60, 90 and minutes post ingestion, for a measure of energy expenditure. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all times.
Acute ingestion of two capsules of the supplement increased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure above pre-ingestion values; values were greater than observed for placebo.
Specifically, heart rate was stable for men ~ 60 bpm at all measurement times but increased 7 bpm for women. Systolic blood pressure increased approximately 20 mmHg for men and 12 mmHg for women, while diastolic blood pressure increased approximately mmHg for both men and women.
The use of a lower dosage may attenuate this response. Subjects were provided the option to use either 1 or 2 capsules per day. This was done to duplicate the conditions in which individuals would use this dietary supplement in a non-laboratory setting.
For both conditions, capsules were taken with water on an empty stomach in the early morning, and if taking a second dosage, this was to be taken during the early to mid afternoon. Body weight, body composition, complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured pre-andpost-intervention.
When comparing pre-and post-intervention values for the supplement, significant decreases were noted in body weight and body fat percentage, while an increase was noted for resting heart rate approximately 6 bpm.
Blood pressure was increased slightly with the supplement approximately 3 mmHg but not with placebo. Of the 16 subjects assigned to OxyELITE Pro, 11 ingested two capsules per day and five ingested only one capsule per day.
These five subjects indicated that the ingestion of two capsules was associated with increased feelings of jitters and sleeplessness. None of the remaining 11 subjects assigned to the supplement noted any adverse effects of treatment. Because of the chemical composition of DMAA and its similarity to other compounds, it has been suggested that the user may become dependent to this agent [41,42].
Dolan and Gatch, using a rodent model, investigated the abuse liability profile of DMAA compared to cocaine and methamphetamine [43]. Results indicated that DMAA produced reward-like effects and may produce subjective effects like that of abused psycho stimulants.
Because this study was conducted using mice, with dosing delivered via intraperitoneal injection at amounts that may not be representative of what most humans would ingest 0.
Regardless, this outcome illustrates the potential to abuse and misuse DMAA, something that has been noted anecdotally by those claiming to use this ingredient. Clearly, more human studies would be needed to more fully understand the potential abuse liability of DMAA.
Some individuals have suggested that DMAA ingestion results in elevated body temperature and impaired thermoregulation. We are unaware of evidence that supports this assertion. Our work indicates that body temperature is maintained within one degree Fahrenheit during a hours post ingestion period after men received a single dosage of 25 mg of DMAA [5].
In support of the above findings, other well-recognized stimulants such as caffeine and ephedrine have been noted to have minimal to no impact on body temperature, even during exercise heat stress [44,45].
Family physicians may be surprised to learn the Herbal wellness solutions of their patients Methylhexanaminr use performance-enhancing drugs, either deliberately to improve athletic Methylhrxanamine or unknowingly performnce contaminated dietary supplements. Elite athletes How to make fermented foods at home for Methylhexnamine a small fraction of the approximately 3 million Wound healing therapies of ergogenic perrormance in eMthylhexanamine United States. The prevalence of performance-enhancing drug use among athletes and the general public has led the World Health Organization to recognize the use of these drugs as a public health issue. The physical and psychological adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroids e. What physicians may not recognize are the potential adverse effects of novel, investigational drugs that are being used as doping agents. These include selective androgen receptor modulators e. These modulators are not approved for human use, and the adverse effects have not been well documented because they are still in clinical trials.
Es ist es schwierig, zu sagen.
Bemerkenswert, das nützliche Stück
Mir scheint es die ausgezeichnete Phrase