Oxidative stress and sports injuries -
Kenneth Cooper , also a former marathon runner, found a disturbing trend among his fellow friends and runners. Oxidative stress is not limited to specific age groups either. For example, a study of more than 1, women ages was performed to study the changes in the body from different levels of exercise.
In detail, researchers wanted to understand the effect of exercise on Superoxide Dismutase SOD activity in the body. SOD activity is a way to measure the ability of the body to neutralize free radicals and lower the amount of harmful ROS activity.
Results showed SOD activity decreased as the women increased their level of exercise. The group that performed the most activity had the most significant drop in overall SOD activity relative to its non-vigorous counterpart [ 6 ].
In addition, another study examined oxidative stress from physical activity in independent community-living elderly individuals. The study came away with crucial takeaways after measuring different amounts of physical activity in the groups. Yet, the results also show again that exercise increases the number of oxidants compared to antioxidants.
Regardless of age or exercise, markers of inflammation are more prevalent as oxygen consumption increases. Knowing this, how can coaches and athletes use this data to improve performance? A new and more common way to apply measuring markers of inflammation is to use it as a guide to recovery.
One way to do this is to use them in conjunction but not in place of standard performance tests. By doing this, coaches can better understand the physical response exercise causes in the body of elite athletes. The journal looked at multiple studies on numerous combinations of food and nutritional supplement for improving recovery.
Ultimately, oxidative stress is a function of oxygen intake over time. The introduction of antioxidants from food and supplements can help restore this balance to improve the recovery rate for the body. First and foremost, Dr. Additionally, another step in his process is taking a daily nutritional supplement.
Importantly, we advise consulting your physician before starting a new workout regimen to determine individual needs. conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of H 2 intake on fatigue and aerobic capacity in healthy adults.
The meta-analysis included 19 studies utilising H 2 supplementation. Pooled effect sizes demonstrated a small significant effect on perceived exertion and blood lactate, but no impact on aerobic capacity VO 2max , VO 2peak was identified.
The findings provide moderate evidence that H 2 supplementation may alleviate fatigue in healthy adults but does not enhance aerobic capacity. The effects of H 2 on fatigue may be influenced by factors such as training status, intervention period, and exercise types.
These findings suggest that H 2 supplementation may be beneficial for reducing perceived exertion and fatigue during exercise in healthy individuals. However, further investigation is required to determine the dose-response and impact on injury risk over time.
In conclusion, this Research Topic offers insights into the role of diet and nutritional supplements in managing exercise-induced damage and oxidative stress, supporting overall health and athletic performance.
Pterostilbene may have protective effects for the intestinal epithelial barrier during high-intensity exercise. Combined aerobic and resistance training can improve lung function, mechanics, and immune response, benefiting overweight and obese individuals. Hydrogen gas supplementation may alleviate fatigue in healthy adults, but it does not appear to enhance aerobic capacity.
Further investigation is needed to understand the impact and mechanisms of these interventions on exercise performance and injury risk. The contributions in this Research Topic contribute to the growing body of knowledge on exercise-induced oxidative stress and its management, offering valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and researchers in the fields of Exercise Physiology and Sport and Exercise Nutrition.
We deeply thank all the authors and reviewers who have participated in this Research Topic. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Schieber M, Chandel NS. ROS Function in redox signaling and oxidative stress.
Curr Biol. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Wang F, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Effects of exercise-induced ROS on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.
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Antioxidants Basel. Tauler Riera P. In contrast, when the duration is increased, it is apparent that the Nrf2 level is increased in the skeletal muscle tissue Li et al. Another animal study showed that 6 h of running clearly elicited an increased level of Nrf2, but no change occurred for 1 h of running Li et al.
In contrast to these studies, other studies observed that even 1 h of treadmill running increased the Nrf2 level Merry and Ristow, The differences in these studies may be due to differences in the protocol intensities Done et al.
However, determining the optimal exercise dose or delivery on Nrf2 activation should be expanded on in future studies. Although direct methods in assessing ROS could be a promising approach, as we mentioned earlier, the stability of the reactive molecules is short lived and highly reactive.
Therefore, assessing these molecules in the biological system remains complicated. However, assessing the oxidative damage markers is one of the stable methods to provide more reliable results for the measurement of oxidative stress in the samples.
Some complications still need to be eradicated such as assessing these oxidative damage markers that are only reflected to a local degree of oxidative stress, while others have a direct effect on target molecules. This further questions the applicability of those markers in assessing oxidative stress in the sample.
Next, the sample collection should be processed with precaution to ensure the stability of the sample because there is a possibility for molecules to become more susceptible to be oxidatively damaging.
However, non-invasive techniques could be useful to overcome normal sample collection procedures. For example, analysis of urinary biomarkers provides better applicability to measure oxidative damage because the sample collection is easy and has a low organic and metal content Il'yasova et al.
Additionally, a urinary sample minimizes the sample oxidation during sample collection and storage Marrocco et al. Another advantage of a urinary sample is that it provides a longer period of the redox balance index when compared to blood.
This can allow the urine sample to be more sensitive to predicting oxidative stress for longer periods. However, only a few markers have been validated in animals and humans, like F2-isoprostanes, 8-oxodG, and the MDA level detected by HPLC.
Furthermore, some aspects like stability of the markers, particularly MDA and F2-isoprostanes variations, can produce esterifies lipids in the urine causing uncertainties in the applicability of these markers as effective methods for oxidative stress measurement.
However, some promising markers like acrolein-lysine and dityrosine are understudied which could reflect the oxidative stress. This will diversify the current parameters in measuring oxidative stress in humans in the near future.
As stated above, some inflammatory markers could be useful to measure the oxidative damage, but its specificity on local oxidative damage and target molecules is questionable because different physiological and pathological conditions induce different inflammatory cascades Chen et al.
Therefore, it cannot be recommended to measure oxidative damage as oxidative stress biomarkers. Regarding antioxidant status, everyone during exercise or before exercise have different antioxidant statuses to oxidative responses, which could provide conflicting results during antioxidant status measurement.
For instance, some studies reported that exercise running increased the antioxidants Mastaloudis et al. This could be due to an adaptive response that nullifies the ROS toxicities.
To overcome these problems, it is suggested that determining total antioxidant status could be a useful parameter among runners. Further, there is no specific biomarkers recommended for the measurement of oxidative stress for runners.
However, it should be done based on assessing the training status of the individual. Therefore, an integrative approach is required for the measurement of oxidative stress before and after the exercise. Finally, to the best our knowledge, there is no specific biomarkers or methodologies for the measurement of oxidative stress.
More research to provide better and more reliable approaches to earlier prediction of oxidative stress in different types of exercise is therefore required. Further, before selecting an appropriate method to determine oxidative stress, a deep and critical analysis must be carried out according to the aim and design of the study, from the available literature, to select suitable biomarkers.
This study potentially observed that different running programs at different intensities and durations induced oxidative damage, but better adaptive mechanisms in runners decreased the oxidative damage, suggesting that different modalities of running exercises have stronger effects on inducing oxidative damage, following adaptive mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress.
However, this outcome is dependent on specific oxidative damage markers that are analyzed during the running program. Because some studies used direct methods to assess the oxidative stress, while other studies used oxidative damage markers as oxidative stress indicators, results to measure the exact status of the oxidative damage in the runners were conflicting.
Furthermore, exercises like running can increase the level of antioxidants which reverse the oxidative damage. However, it should be noted that the selected studies had some methodological flaws and a high risk of bias justifying the effect of oxidative damage markers as an efficient method to assess the oxidative damage and running-induced adaptive response.
AT, YH, and YM conceived the presented idea, developed the framework, and wrote the manuscript. AT, RP, UU, and YG provided critical feedback and contributed to the final version. All authors were involved in the final direction of the paper and contributed to the final version of the manuscript.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Kishore Kumar who helped in editing the manuscript. Alessio, H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress before and after vitamin C supplementation. Sport Nutr. doi: CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
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Michailidis, Y. Sampling time is crucial for measurement of aerobic exercise-induced oxidative stress. Mrakic-Sposta, S. Effects of mountain ultra-marathon running on ROS production and oxidative damage by micro-invasive analytic techniques.
PLoS ONE e Acute effects of triathlon race on oxidative stress biomarkers. Nieman, D. Immune and oxidative changes during and following the Western States Endurance Run. Niemelä, M.
Coconut Oil for Massage oxidztive to view affiliation. Background : Identifying strategies that reduce the risk of illness and injury is an objective of sports Rejuvenates metabolism and ssports teams. No studies have Coconut Oil for Massage inuries relationship between oxidative stress OS and illness oxidativ injury in international athletes undergoing periods of intensified training and competition. Purpose : The authors aimed to identify relationships between illness, injury, and OS. Following a recovery day and a hour fast, hydroperoxides free oxygen radicals test and total antioxidant capacity free oxygen radicals defense were measured in venous blood, with the ratio calculated as the oxidative stress index OSI. At all study time points, athletes were independently dichotomized as ill or not ill, injured or not injured. Ahd on the Research Topic Exercise-induced oxidative stress and pxidative role of antioxidants in sport and exercise. Oxidative sporta in oxidatove human body results Coconut Oil for Massage an imbalance between the injuies system Guarana Capsules for Memory Enhancement DIY skincare recipes generation ane reactive oxygen ROS and nitrogen species RNS 1. The consequence of high disturbances of redox homeostasis is impaired intra- and intercellular signalling pathways controlled by redox processes, as well as damage to molecules induced by the overproduction of ROS and RNS 2. These oxidative stress markers are generated in muscle fibres during rest, and their production is increased during muscle contraction. Exercise-induced oxidative stress could be detrimental to health and is associated with oxidant damage to macromolecular structures and accelerated muscular fatigue 23.
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