Effect of a simulated active phyaical to school on physicsl stress reactivity. Carbohydrates, fats and protein all contain a high energy count. Stress, emotional eating behaviour and dietary patterns in children.

Energy balance and physical performance -

Bouten CV, Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Westerterp KR. Body mass index and daily physical activity in anorexia nervosa. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Camps SG, Verhoef SP, Westerterp KR. Weight loss-induced reduction in physical activity recovers during weight maintenance.

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Correspondence to Klaas R. Reprints and permissions. Westerterp, K. Physical activity and energy balance. Eur J Clin Nutr 73 , — Download citation.

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Buy or subscribe. Change institution. Learn more. References Westerterp KR. Google Scholar Westerterp KR. Article Google Scholar Bryant DM, Westerterp KR. Google Scholar Plasqui G, Bonomi AG, Westerterp KR. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Westerterp KR.

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Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rosenkilde M, Morville T, Andersen PR, Kjaer K, Rasmusen H, Holst JJ, et al. Article Google Scholar Westerterp KR. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Download references. Author information Authors and Affiliations NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands Klaas R.

Westerterp Authors Klaas R. Westerterp View author publications. Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article. Cite this article Westerterp, K. After written consent on behalf of their children was obtained from the parents, an individual appointment was arranged.

Participants received a gift voucher of CHF 50 to compensate for their time. Of the 30 NW children who opted to participate, 4 did not participate in the experiment due to illness or forgetting the appointment. The clinical trial clinicaltrials. Individual appointments took place between 4 pm and 7 pm at the University Hospital Lausanne see Figure 1 for an overview of the study.

Given the length of the experiment, parents were advised that their children should have a fruit snack at 3 pm. They subsequently did not eat anything until the end of the experiment when they could eat freely from a buffet see below.

On arrival, a physical exam was performed and parents then completed questionnaires in a separate room and left the children alone with the research team for the rest of the study.

Children completed self-report questionnaires, when necessary with the help of the investigating psychologist. Study design of the afternoon including the children-specific metabolic equivalents METs for all activities.

In the acute moderate physical activity arm, children engaged in playful exercises with a basketball that included coordination, balance and speed with a physical education PE specialist.

This was followed by a running exercise, involving a slalom using the ball and a basketball net, a short running competition against the PE specialist, and going up and down the stairs.

Children assigned to the control arm sedentary activity chose between playing calm board games, reading books, or drawing in the presence of the PE specialist. During the same time period, parents completed three questionnaires see below. Following this, the Trier Social Test for Children TSST-C was conducted for all children in both arms.

The test has been developed to induce psychosocial stress and has been shown to elicit a strong and reliable stress response [ 30 ].

This standardized procedure consists of a 3-min preparation period, followed by a 5-min speech task and a 5-min mental arithmetic task adapted to the age and performance of the child. The speech and arithmetic tasks were filmed and performed in front of an audience of two experts.

They had comic books, games, and coloring material at their disposal. At the end of the experiment, participants were debriefed.

Body weight was measured in light clothes and without shoes to the nearest 0. Standing height was assessed without shoes to the nearest 0.

Waist circumference was measured by a flexible tape midway between the iliac crest and the lowest border of the rib cage. Energy balance kcal was the primary outcome measure and was calculated for each child for the total duration of the experiment by subtracting energy expenditure from total food intake see below.

Food was presented in 12 plastic cups, which were each filled to the top Table 1. Salty and sweet food choices were provided in order to cover all food categories.

The foods were weighed to the nearest 0. Based on this information, the total number of calories total food intake and macronutrient in grams consumed was calculated for each child according to the Swiss Society of Nutrition guidelines [ 31 ].

The children in the sedentary activity group spent min in sitting activities corresponding to 1. Children in the physical activity group spent minutes in sitting activities 1. Excellent psychometric properties have been reported [ 32 ]. Eating behavior was assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire DEBQ [ 34 ].

A stable factor structure, satisfying internal consistency and good test-retest reliability, has been reported and the DEBQ has been translated and validated for French Laguage use [ 35 ].

Parents completed a brief demographic questionnaire including their place of birth, educational level, and actual work. Parental migrant status assigned if at least one parent was born outside of Switzerland [ 36 ] was assessed because migrant children are at a higher risk of obesity than their native counterparts [ 37 ].

This questionnaire consists of 10 items and has adequate psychometric properties [ 39 ]. Parenting practices were assessed using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire APQ [ 40 ].

Adequate psychometric properties have been reported [ 29 ]. An official French version has been published Essau et al. All analyses were performed using STATA version Due to the lack of previous studies in this area, power analysis was based on a study that measured the h energy intake of OB adolescents with and without undergoing acute physical activity [ 27 ].

Differences between randomization arms acute physical vs. sedentary activity or weight categories NW vs. Differences between randomization arms or weight categories in energy balance, food intake, and food choices in the setting of acute stress exposure were calculated using mixed linear regression models, adjusting for potential confounders related to childhood obesity, energy balance, or food intake, such as age, gender, parental socio-economic status, migrant status and for weight category or randomization arm, as applicable, as covariates.

Differences between weight categories in impulsivity-hyperactivity, habitual eating behavior and parenting style were calculated using mixed linear regression models, adjusting for the same covariates including the randomization arm.

In a last analysis, the adjusted impact of impulsivity-hyperactivity, habitual eating behavior, and parenting style on food intake and food choices in response to acute stress exposure was analyzed using mixed linear regression adjusting for the same covariates, including weight category and randomization arm.

All participants who entered the trial participated until the end. Energy expenditure was obviously higher in the physical activity group. However, there was no compensatory increase in food intake in this group.

They scored higher on impulsive behavior, restrained eating and parental corporal punishment, but these psychological factors were not related to stress-induced food intake or choice.

In contrast, positive parenting tended to be related to lower intake of sweet high density food. There was no compensatory increase in food intake in the physical activity group following stress exposure. In contrast, physical activity led to a non-significant decrease in food intake compared to the sedentary group.

These findings provide some novel evidence that acute physical activity might have an adaptive role in modulating stress-induced food intake and energy balance.

In the absence of stress, acute physical activity does not necessarily lead to an increase in food intake or appetite or appetite hormones despite an increase in energy expenditure; it can even reduce short-term food intake [ 41 , 42 ].

So far, one study investigated the influence of acute physical activity on stress-induced chocolate intake in healthy NW adults who regularly eat chocolate and showed comparable results [ 15 ].

However, we only demonstrated these effects within a short time span one afternoon and it is possible that they may be reversed beyond the hours immediately following the experimental manipulation.

For example, parents and other educators should encourage children to walk or bike to school, which might be especially important the morning of a presentation or an oral exam.

Acute physical activity also changed food choice following acute social stress exposure. Thus, the observed reduction in the intake of salty food in our study might be explained by a possible decrease in stress reactivity due to physical activity [ 44 ].

Previous research had demonstrated a higher consumption of high density sweet foods [ 25 ]. Our findings also demonstrate that fatty food by itself without a sweet component can act as a reward to compensate for stress in children.

However, these psychological risk factors were not related to stress-induced food intake or choice. Only one parenting technique, i. Positive parenting is characterized by warmth, fostering the development of self-regulation including clear rules and consequences.

This is intuitively linked with self-regulation of food intake and there is a lower risk of responsiveness to external food cues, e. The finding that restrained eating was not associated with stress-induced eating is in contrast to other studies [ 18 , 25 , 45 , 46 ].

However, previous research [ 18 , 45 , 46 ] involved older children or adults and offered only unhealthy comfort food options. Parenting techniques have so far not been investigated in this setting.

Our finding of an association between positive parenting and stress-induced food choice suggest that positive parenting can act as a protective factor preventing stress-induced eating of HD, more energetic comfort food and thus the development of childhood obesity.

This has clear implications for parenting interventions for families of obese children [ 47 ]. This study has some limitations. Whether parents provided their children with a fruit snack prior to attending the appointment was not verified systematically. No manipulation check regarding the TSST-C was carried out in this study, although the standard and widely published protocol was adhered to.

Whether children had entered the stage of puberty was not assessed. However, those measurements were always done in the presence of another member of staff, thus reducing the risk of a bias.

Power calculations showed that the sample size was sufficient to detect main effects, but not interactions. It is possible that parents whose NW children were particularly interested in sports responded to the advertisement, thus attenuating the group differences.

The level of regular exercise as a potential confounder was not measured. Furthermore, psychological risk factors were only measured by questionnaires, relying on self-report and parent-report.

The findings of this study have important clinical implications. They suggest that acute moderate physical activity may be a helpful intervention to address food intake after exposure to social stress or in anticipation of social stress, particularly in obese children.

These children are likely to be frequently exposed to stressful situations and may therefore be more likely to choose unhealthy food to cope with stress.

In addition, as we and others have shown, they are especially vulnerable to eat comfort food in response to stress. Future research should aim to replicate findings and to investigate the amount and frequency of acute physical activity needed in order to achieve a significant beneficial effect.

It would also be important to test the effect of physical activity on eating behaviors in children during repeated acute stress situations. This randomized study showed for the first time that in a context of acute social stress exposure, moderate physical activity can decrease overall energy balance and unhealthy eating after stress in prepubertal children.

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Thank you for visiting nature. Fat-burning vitamins are using a browser Ensrgy Pharmaceutical-affiliated ingredient partnerships limited physicak for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we performxnce you use a more Energy balance and physical performance to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. During the MSc project of my study biology, I was introduced to the interaction between energy expenditure and body weight regulation, and this continued to be my main focus in research. BMC Balaance volume 15Perflrmance number: 12 Cite this article. Metrics details. Psychological stress negatively influences Probiotics for diarrhea intake Pharmaceutical-affiliated ingredient partnerships bqlance choices, thereby Energy balance and physical performance to the development of childhood obesity. Physical activity can also moderate eating behavior and influence calorie intake. However, it is unknown if acute physical activity influences food intake and overall energy balance after acute stress exposure in children. Afterwards, all children were exposed to an acute social stressor.