The concentration of other metals in lake were found uniform where calcium, magnesium, boron, iron metals were found within the desired limits. In southern ocean water, the concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, were found uniformly in entire selected stretch of Southern Ocean.

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron and iron metals were found as the dominant constituents among the sea water. Strontium was also one of the dominant alkaline earth metals in sea water. However, the concentration of strontium Selenium and chromium were the rarest metals in seawater as these were below detection limit in all samples.

The overload of the major and minor elements beyond the permissible limits causes severe health problems such as liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis of liver, diseases related to heart and central nervous system, infertility etc.

We would like to thank to management of Sharda University, Greater Noida and Shriram Institute For Industrial Research, Delhi for providing all kinds of support to publish the paper. Our thanks and gratitude are extended to the Department of Science and Technology for sanctioning of the project.

The authors are grateful to, NCAOR for providing opportunity to participate in Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica and would like to express their gratitude to leaders and all the expedition members for their continuous support and help.

Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Daisy Joseph.

Open access peer-reviewed chapter Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Major and Minor Elements in Surface, Ground and Sea Water and Correlating the Presence with Associated Problems Written By Ajay Kumar and Rakesh Kumar Singh.

DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:. Choose citation style Select style Vancouver APA Harvard IEEE MLA Chicago Copy to clipboard Get citation. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation.

IntechOpen Trace Metals in the Environment Edited by Daisy Joseph. From the Edited Volume Trace Metals in the Environment Daisy Joseph Book Details Order Print.

Chapter metrics overview 93 Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract The major and minor elements and their salts are the targeted investigation of surface water, ground water and sea water by the scientists worldwide.

Keywords surface water sea water ground water drinking water water quality water pollution. kumar9 sharda. Introduction Water is one of the natural resources which is found in an adequate amount. Table 1. Global water distribution and reserves.

Particulars Sea water River water Rain water Surface water 1. Table 2. Elemental composition of variety of water. Parameters Drinking Water WHO USEPA IS Standard 1.

Table 3. Physical and chemical characteristics of drinking water. Reference standard of Hazen units on Platinum-Cobalt scale was prepared by dissolving 1. It was made up to ml in volumetric flask. Color measurement was made by visually using different standards by diluting the stock solutions of different standards and was compared with samples.

Published by APHA Turbidity A standard turbidity solution was prepared by Hexamethylene Tetramine and hydrazine sulphate in ml distilled water. The instrument was calibrated with different turbidity standards. Water sample was passed through filter pore size of 0. The odor of water was observed after warming the water at 60°C.

It was compared with standard physical sensory observation. Published by APHA. pH value pH of the water sample was measured using pH meter indicator electrode.

For measuring the pH, first the pH electrode was calibrated by using solution of standard buffer. The electrode was then dipped in the water sample and the pH observed. An approx. It was evaporated in steam bath without bumping. The residue was then dried in an oven at temperature °C.

It was completely dried till the sample achieve constant weight. Weight of the dried residue sample was taken and TDS calculated. IS , Part 15—18 , and Chloride Cl An approx. It was titrated against standard silver nitrate to 1 reddish yellow color point. IS Part 32 , Published by APHA Metal Analysis Mn, Al, Sb, Ni, Fe, Ch, Hg etc.

Mixed metal element stock solutions was made prepared and a calibration curve method. Water sample was filtered through a 0. Water sample 10 ml was taken in 1 Ltr volumetric flask. About 50 ml dilute nitric acid was added and volume made up to water.

Analyze the instrument check standard and the calibration blank. Run condition employed for ICP-OES; RF power ; replicate 3; pump speed 11 rpm; Uptake delay 15 sec.

IS Part 2 , ; Standard Methods of Sampling and Test Physical and Chemical for Water and Waste Water Part 2 Determination of 33 Elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy ICP Sulphate Sulphate in water sample was determined by gravimetric method.

About 20 g of water sample was taken in acidified water. Sulphate is precipitated as BaSO 4. It was then filtered through Whatman filter paper no Boron Br About 10 ml of water sample was taken in beaker and acidifed. It was boiled to remove carbon dioxide. It was cooled and pH adjusted to 7.

About 5 gram Mannitol was added. It was then titrated against 0. Volume of NaOH consumed was recorded and boron determined IS , Part 57, Potentio-metric Water Analysis. Total hardness as CaCO 3 EDTA method was used for determination of hardness of water.

Accurately ml of water was taken in conical flask and was buffered to pH 9. It was titrated against with EDTA using Eriochrome Black T indicator.

The color changed from red to blue end point recorded. Table 4. Methodology used for water testing. Particulars Desirable Limit Ground Water of Moradabad Badi Masjid Site I Bhojpur Site II 1.

Table 5. Major and minor elements in groundwater of Moradabad UP. Parameters Desirable Limit Antarctica Lake Epishelf Lake Pro-glacial Lake 1. Table 6. Properties of Glacial Epishelf and pro-glacial lake water. Sample Code Latitude Longitude pH Temperature C 1.

Table 7. Sea water samples collected from Southern Ocean. Sample Code Al B Ca Fe K Mg Na Zn 1. Table 8. Sample Code Cd Co Cr Cu Mn Mo Ni Se 1. Table 9. Sample Code As Ba P Sr 1. Table Parameters Field Water Ground Water Glacial lake Southern Ocean 1.

Comparative properties of water samples collected during the field study. References 1. Lehr JH, Keeley J. Water encyclopedia, oceanography; metrology and chemistry; water law and water history, art and culture. In: Water Encyclopedia. ISBN: 2.

Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Fifth Edition; John Wiley, Inc; V 26; pp. Khandal RK, Verma VK, Nair VGK. Training Manual-Water Quality Evaluation Monitorinh and Mappings.

Delhi, India: SIIR Publications; Mora A, Mahlknecht J, Rosales-Lagarde L, Hernández-Antonio A. Assessment of major ions and trace elements in groundwater supplied to the Monterrey metropolitan area, Nuevo León, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

Article number: Central ground Water Board CGWB. Ground Water Quality in Shallow Quality in Aquifers of India. Central Ground Water Board. pdf 6. Tong S, HairongLi MT, Yuan X, Yang L.

Comparison of characteristics, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in surface water and groundwater in China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.

Saba N u, Umar R. Hydrogeo-chemical assessment of Moradabad city, an important industrial town of Uttar Pradesh, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management.

Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective Importance, methods and potential data sources. Friends of Groundwater in the World Water Quality Alliance WWQA. Smrzka D, Zwicker J, Peckmann J. The behavior of trace elements in seawater, sedimentary pore water, and their incorporation into carbonate minerals: A review.

DOI: Majumdar A, Kayee JSJ, Das R. Trace metal composition of rainwater and aerosol from Kolkata, a megacity in eastern India. SN Applied Sciences. Article number California Digital Library CDL. Elements present in sea water. Chemistry of Sea Water. Floor AJ. The Chemical Composition of Sea Water.

New Zealand. Available from: www. htm Mario L, Garbe-Schönberga D, Müllerb MN. Global variability in seawater Mg: Ca and Sr: Ca ratios in the modern ocean.

To manage fresh and marine water quality, water quality objectives may be developed for specific water bodies to protect water values in that watershed.

Water quality monitoring of ambient fresh and marine waters is conducted to assess and monitor water bodies in BC. The B. Public Service acknowledges the territories of First Nations around B.

and is grateful to carry out our work on these lands. We acknowledge the rights, interests, priorities, and concerns of all Indigenous Peoples - First Nations, Métis, and Inuit - respecting and acknowledging their distinct cultures, histories, rights, laws, and governments.

Water Quality. For all other environmental testing, including testing for chemical contaminants, please consult with your local public health unit. Well water quality can change frequently. The best way to protect your drinking water is to test often.

Learn how to collect a well water sample and submit it to a PHO laboratory by watching this video from Grey Bruce Public Health Unit. Watch now. Ensure you sample meets all criteria to be accepted for testing: Acceptance Criteria Checklist for Private Citizen Water Testing.

By submitting the water sample for testing, the submitter represents and warrants that the water sample was taken from the Location of Water Source indicated in the test requisition and that the information provided is true in all material respects at the time of submission.

The Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided, the manner in which the sample was collected or the mode by which it was transported to the laboratory. If your form is incomplete, the laboratory will not test your sample and you will need to submit another sample and form.

Write your name on the nametag that is on the plastic bag. You can choose to get your report in person or by mail. You can access your results by telephone through the Interactive Voice Response IVR at Follow these instructions to make sure your sample does not degrade before you submit it to the laboratory:.

PHO laboratory - Toronto For private citizen drinking water samples only 81 Resources Road, Etobicoke, ON Monday to Friday, a. to p. Public Health Unit Contact your local public health unit for locations and hours. You can usually get your test results two to four business days after you drop off your sample.

Report pickup is no longer available at University Avenue, Toronto. Read the Drinking Water Quality — Indicator Bacteria Fact Sheet. What it means: No significant bacterial contamination was found. What to do: Continue to test your drinking water on a regular basis to see if there are any changes in your drinking water quality.

What it means: Significant bacterial contamination was found. What to do: Your drinking water may be unsafe to drink:. What it means: Indicates bacterial contamination from animal or human feces. What it means: Heavily contaminated with bacteria often found in the environment.

coli are present. Request previous water test results. Private well owners are responsible for preventing surface water and other foreign materials from entering their systems. You can protect the long-term quality of your drinking water by protecting the water source and properly maintaining your well.

If you have had unacceptable test results in the past, take action to improve the long-term quality of your drinking water:. For more information on protecting your well and drinking water, contact your local public health unit or the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks.

This PHO Rounds will provide an overview of Listeria issues encountered in food processing environments and describe efforts to detect, identify root causes of, and control Listeria risks in Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs-regulated facilities.

customerservicecentre oahpp. Login or Register. Skip to Main Content. Health Topics. Laboratory Services. Holiday Schedule Private citizen drinking water samples will NOT be accepted on: Monday, February 19, Note: samples must be tested within 48 hours of collection in order to ensure sample integrity.

Thank you for your cooperation and have a pleasant holiday. Save Share Print. Home Laboratory Services.

Well Water Testing Private Drinking Water. Unsure about who to contact? About 1. Take a Well Water Sample 2. Fill Out the Form 3. Drop off Your Sample 4. Get and Understand Your Results 5.

What to do: Your drinking water may be unsafe to drink:. What it means: Indicates bacterial contamination from animal or human feces.

What it means: Heavily contaminated with bacteria often found in the environment. coli are present. Request previous water test results.

Private well owners are responsible for preventing surface water and other foreign materials from entering their systems. You can protect the long-term quality of your drinking water by protecting the water source and properly maintaining your well.

If you have had unacceptable test results in the past, take action to improve the long-term quality of your drinking water:. For more information on protecting your well and drinking water, contact your local public health unit or the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks.

This PHO Rounds will provide an overview of Listeria issues encountered in food processing environments and describe efforts to detect, identify root causes of, and control Listeria risks in Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs-regulated facilities.

customerservicecentre oahpp. Login or Register. Skip to Main Content. Health Topics. Laboratory Services. Holiday Schedule Private citizen drinking water samples will NOT be accepted on: Monday, February 19, Note: samples must be tested within 48 hours of collection in order to ensure sample integrity.

Thank you for your cooperation and have a pleasant holiday. Save Share Print. Home Laboratory Services. Well Water Testing Private Drinking Water. Unsure about who to contact?

About 1. Take a Well Water Sample 2. Fill Out the Form 3. Drop off Your Sample 4. Get and Understand Your Results 5.

Protect Your Well Water. Select new content section to display below. About About Well Water Testing Your well water can affect the health of everyone who consumes it.

At PHO, we test for the indicators of bacterial contamination: Coliforms: These bacteria are often found in animal waste, sewage, as well as soil and vegetation.

If they are in your drinking water, surface water may be entering your well. coli Escherichia coli. These bacteria are normally found only in the digestive systems of people and animals.

If they are in your drinking water, it usually means that animal or human waste is entering your well from a nearby source. Testing Your Well Water Well water quality can change frequently. The accuracy of you test results depends on it. Get a well water sample collection kit. Water collection kits are available from your nearest PHO laboratory , public health unit or designated pickup location in your area.

Collection kits are not available at University Avenue, Toronto. Use the sample bottle from the kit. We only accept drinking water collected directly into the bottle provided in the kit.

Be sure to check the lid of the bottle. If the seal is broken, use a new collection kit. Sample your well water when you are sure it can be delivered to the PHO laboratory in time. We will not test a sample if it is too old by the time it is received by the laboratory.

Contact your local public health unit for sample drop-off locations in your community. Confirm how soon a sample must be submitted after collection to ensure it is tested within the required 48 hour limit.

Remove any aerator, screen or other attachment from your kitchen faucet. If you cannot do this, take a sample from an inside tap with no aerator, such as the bathtub. Do not take a sample from an outside faucet or the garden hose. Turn on the cold water for two to three minutes.

This will help remove standing water from your plumbing system. Disinfect the end of the faucet spout with an alcohol swab or diluted bleach solution. Use a diluted bleach solution 1 part household bleach to 10 parts water or an alcohol prep pad to remove debris or bacteria.

Do not disinfect the spout with a flame because this can damage the faucet. Turn on the cold water again. Let the tap run for another two to three minutes. Remove the lid of the sample bottle. Do not touch the inside of the lid, put down the lid or rinse out the bottle since it contains a preservative to neutralize any chlorine that may be in the sample.

Fill the bottle to the level that is marked. If the water level is below the fill line there may not be enough volume to perform the test. If there is too much water, the sample cannot be mixed properly.

Close the lid firmly and keep it cold but not frozen until it can be delivered to the drop off location. Submitting Well Water Samples Learn how to collect a well water sample and submit it to a PHO laboratory by watching this video from Grey Bruce Public Health Unit Watch now.

Fill Out the Form By submitting the water sample for testing, the submitter represents and warrants that the water sample was taken from the Location of Water Source indicated in the test requisition and that the information provided is true in all material respects at the time of submission.

Peel the nametag off and stick it to the bottle. Do not cover the barcodes. The name on the nametag must match the name on the form or the sample will not be tested. The number on the barcode is your Personal Identification Number PIN , which is needed to get your results by telephone.

This is the fastest way to get your results. Drop off Your Sample Follow these instructions to make sure your sample does not degrade before you submit it to the laboratory: Drop off the sample as soon as possible. Keep the sample cool not frozen until you drop it off. coli has been demonstrated to be a specific indicator for the presence of fecal human or animal waste contamination.

This is a potentially dangerous situation. Immediate steps need to be taken to disinfect the water, remove the source of contamination or find an appropriate alternate source.

Water containing E. Coli bacteria must not be consumed or used in cases where the water could be a health hazard. Even brushing your teeth with this water can pose a health risk. Heterotrophic Plate Count HPC Although this test is not normally part of the standard testing for homeowners it can provide some useful information regarding the microbiological quality of your water.

The HPC bacteria enumerates both aerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria found in water. These bacteria are not normally used as an indicator of disease, and bacteria in this group are not usually directly associated with a specific illness or disease.

However, some bacteria within the HPC can cause disease, both as primary pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. The HPC is useful for measuring changes during water treatment and distribution. It is valuable for checking quality of finished water in a distribution system as an indicator of microbial regrowth and sediment build-up in slow-flow sections and dead ends.

For each Level, be sure to sample the water before any treatment devices. Table 2. Sample and record water quality test results at least twice per year. The parameters recommended are those where problems were detected from the Level C Diagnostic Suite. On-site turbidity and dissolved oxygen are beneficial if possible.

It is very useful in determining initial water quality problems, and designing water treatment systems appropriate water analysis will subsequently pay future dividends because treatment success will be more likely. and Ground Water Under Direct Influence of Surface Water: GWUDI : N. If GWUDI is tested, other parameters may be necessary for example: arsenic Table 5.

Sample and record water quality test results at least twice per year depending on type of water source. It is very useful in determining initial water quality problems, and designing water treatment systems effective treatment will subsequently pay future dividends because treatment success will be more likely.

Rationale for Testing After Treatment Most water supplies will require some degree of treatment. Testing the water quality of untreated water sources helps people understand what water quality problems exist, and what measures can be taken to treat the water and manage the water supply.

It is equally important to test water quality after the water treatment system. This type of monitoring is necessary to ensure the treatment system is performing as designed, and to ensure the safety of the drinking water supplied in a rural or remote location. The treated water tests should be done at the same time as the untreated water quality tests.

Problems should be addressed immediately. Records should be kept. Should a water quality concern exist affecting health, consult a local public health inspector or doctor for more information on how it may have affected you if the water was consumed.

Table 8 - Treated Water Suite, targeted parameters. This suite is a focused suite to track source water quality problems and manage water treatment. It is beneficial to periodically test the Treated Water for the full Diagnostic Suite say once every 3 or 4 years.

This is a measure of safeguarding health and verifies treatment effectiveness. Privately owned water systems for individuals are not regulated by either the provincial or federal governments.

It is the responsibility of the individual owner to ensure their water is of good quality. Provincial agencies along with the local health department can provide information, advice, treatment options and interpretation of water quality analyses, but ultimately the final selection and cost associated with either bottled water or water treatment devices, including maintenance and follow-up sampling, are the responsibility of the individual owner.

Individuals accessing or purchasing water from a source other than their own private supply, such as from a pipeline or tankloader, should understand the quality of the water and their agreement with the supplier.

Once again, it is the responsibility of the individual to ensure that the proper water treatment and safety measures are in place, unless the water supplier is guaranteeing potable drinking water. Table of contents Farm water quality testing Common water quality terms Understanding water test results Getting my water tested Testing farm drinking water Agricultural water.

Rural water quality information tool Online tool to assess quality and suitability of raw water sources for privately owned and operated supplies. Bicarbonate Calcium Carbonate Tannin and lignin Hydroxide Magnesium cyanide orthophosphate bromate Conductivity Sulfide — as hydrogen sulfide radon Boron Total Alkalinity Chloride trihalomethanes Turbidity Ammonia, as nitrogen Potassium Sulfate reducing bacteria Aluminum Arsenic Barium Heterotrophic Plate Count Cadmium Chromium Copper E.

Coli Dissolved organic carbon Lead Selenium cyanobacteria Zinc Uranium Total phosphorous Faecal Coliform True Colour pesticides Dissolved oxygen within 2 minutes of collection Iron bacteria. Parameter Significance Total Coliform Identifies potential microbial contamination.

If any Total Coliform are detected, then water should be re-tested and additionally tested for Faecal Coliform and E.

Coli Nitrate Identifies potential contamination from nitrates, septic systems, corrals, etc. Track and determine the reason for changes, and ensure the treatment process is not impaired by the change.

Turbidity Turbidity testing at the time sampled within 2 minutes of collection should be similar; if Values differ, this may be an indicator the groundwater is under the influence of surface water, flooding, etc.

Parameters identified as problems from Level C Diagnostic Ground Water Suite Regularly re-test any parameters that exceeded guidelines, as determined by the Level C Diagnostic Testing for example: arsenic, iron, manganese, hardness, sulphate, sodium, etc.