Energy balance strategies -
Web-based simulations for setting goals for weight loss and maintenance of reduced weight. The panel located on the top-left part of the simulator window specifies the baseline characteristics of the individual person or population average values. This example illustrates weight-related information for an kg, cm-tall, and year-old woman.
The top-middle panel specifies the goal weight 72 kg and desired time interval to achieve the goal days. The simulation displays the required changes of dietary energy intake to meet the goal and maintain the weight change. The simulated body weight trajectory is graphically displayed in the lower panel.
Users can also modify physical activity to examine how the combination of diet and exercise interventions can achieve the same goal. Table 1 Trends of average weight, prevalence of obesity, and energy intake among Korean adult men aged over 19 years from to Variable KNHANES Mean body weight kg KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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Integrating evidence-based prevention and management of obesity is essential. There is convincing evidence for a role of obesity as a causal factor for many types of cancer including colorectum, endometrium, kidney, oesophagus, postmenopausal breast, gallbladder, pancreas, gastric cardia, liver, ovary, thyroid, meningioma, multiple myeloma, and advanced prostate cancers [ 19 ].
Recent progress on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer connection suggests that obesity exerts pleomorphic effects on pathways related to tumor development and progression and, thus, there are potential opportunities for primary to tertiary prevention of obesity-related cancers.
We now know that obesity can impact well-established hallmarks of cancer such as genomic instability, angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis and immune surveillance [ 20 ]. However, obesity-associated perturbations in systemic metabolism and inflammation, and the interactions of these perturbations with cancer cell energetics, are emerging as the primary drivers of obesity-associated cancer development and progression.
In both obesity and metabolic syndrome, alterations occur in circulating levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors, sex hormones, adipokines, inflammatory factors, several chemokines, lipid mediators and vascular associated factors [ 21 — 23 ].
Most research on obesity and cancer has focused on Caucasians in HICs. While many of the identified risk factors in HICs will have the same physiologic effects in LMICs, the determinants may be different, in addition to other environmental and genetic differences across populations.
Novel risk factors or traditional diets may be identified in newly studied populations and regions. Diet is shaped by many factors such as traditions, knowledge about diet, food availability, food prices, cultural acceptance, and health conditions.
Likewise, a variety of factors will influence daily physical activity and sedentary behaviors, including dwellings, urbanization, opportunities for safe transportation by bicycle riding and walking, recreational facilities, employment constraints and health conditions.
Surveillance of current diet and health conditions and assessment of trends over time is of major importance in LMICS.
Further resources and research capacity are of highest priority. In addition to surveillance efforts, prospective studies able to document lifestyle and change of lifestyle over time are an important area of research. Several cohort studies conducted in HICs have shown an impact of healthy dietary patterns on obesity [ ] and similar studies could be conducted in LMICs to identify dietary patterns related to weight gain and obesity in a variety of settings to evaluate the major lifestyle, behavioral and policy influences in an effort to plan public health interventions appropriately.
A major challenge is to capture life course exposures and identify windows of susceptibility. Cohort studies covering the whole life course, focusing on critical windows of exposure and the time course of exposure to disease birth cohorts, adolescent cohorts, and young adult cohorts , should be considered.
Of particular interest are multi-centered cohorts and inter-generational cohorts that would create resources to enable research on the interplay between genetics, lifestyle and the environment. For example in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children ALSPAC , increasing intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods during childhood mostly free sugar was associated with obesity development.
Diets with higher energy density were associated with increased fat mass [ ]. Most relevant to LMICs is the observation that children who were stunted in infancy and are subsequently exposed to more calories, at puberty, are more likely to have higher fat mass at the same BMI compared with children who were not stunted [ 93 , 94 , ].
Poor maternal prenatal dietary intakes of energy, protein and micronutrients have been associated with increased risk of adult obesity in offspring while a high protein diet during the first 2 years of life was also associated with increased obesity later in life [ ]; conversely, exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of obesity later in childhood, although this may not persist into adulthood [ ].
Similar results from a cohort study conducted in Mexico show that children exclusively or predominantly breastfed for 3 months or more had lower adiposity at 4 years [ ]. Further work on birth cohorts or other prospective studies in LMICs is likely to provide insights into the developmental causes of obesity and NCDs.
Input from local research communities, health ministries and policy makers and appropriate funding or resource assignment are critical for the success of new efforts in LMICs.
There is clearly a need for capacity building and resources devoted to nutritional research in LMICs. The first step would be a comprehensive assessment of resources already in place, and the identification of gaps and priorities for moving forward.
Repeated surveillance surveys are essential in LMICs for evaluation of current and future status of the population and addressing undesirable trends with prevention and control programs.
It is recognized that few prospective studies are currently underway in LMICs and resources will be needed to pursue this important area of research.
Input from local research communities, health ministries and policy makers are critical for the success of new efforts in LMICs. The global epidemic of obesity and the double burden of malnutrition are both related to poor quality diet; therefore, improvement in diet quality can address both phenomena.
The benefits of a healthy diet on adiposity are likely mediated by effects of dietary quality on energy intake, which is the main driver of weight gain.
Energy balance is best assessed by changes in weight or in fat mass. Measures of energy intake and expenditure are not precise enough to capture small differences that are of individual and public health importance.
Dietary patterns characterized by higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts and seeds and unsaturated fat, and lower intakes of refined starch, red meat, trans and saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, consistent with a traditional Mediterranean diet and other measures of dietary quality, can contribute to long-term weight control.
Genetic factors cannot explain the global epidemic of obesity. It is possible that factors such as genetic, epigenetic and the microbiota can influence individual responses to diet and physical activity. Very few gene—diet interactions or diet-microbiota have been established in relation to obesity and effects on cancer risk.
Short-term studies have not provided clear benefit of physical activity for weight control, but meta-analysis of longer term trials indicates a modest benefit on body weight loss and maintenance.
The combination of aerobic and resistance training seems to be optimal. Long-term epidemiologic studies also support modest benefits of physical activity on body weight.
This includes benefits of walking and bicycle riding, which can be incorporated into daily life and be sustainable for the whole population. Physical activity also has important benefit on health outcomes independent of its effect on body weight. In addition, long-term epidemiologic studies show that sedentary behavior in particular TV viewing is related to increased risk of obesity, suggesting that limiting sedentary time has potential for prevention of weight gain.
The major drivers of the obesity epidemic are the food environment, marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages, urbanization, and probably reduction in physical activity. Existing evidence on the relations of diet, physical activity and socio-economic and cultural factors to body weight is largely from HICs.
There is an important lack of data on diet, physical activity and adiposity in most parts of the world and this information should to be collected in a standardized manner when possible. In most environments, 24h recalls will be the more suitable method for dietary surveillance.
Attention should be given to data in subgroups because mean values may obscure important disparities. In utero and early childhood, environment has important implications for lifetime adiposity. This offers important windows of opportunity for intervention.
Observational data on determinants of body weight and intervention trials across the life course to improve body weight are also required. To accomplish these goals, there is a need for resources to build capacity and conduct translational research.
Gaining control of the obesity epidemic will require the engagement of many sectors including education, healthcare, the media, worksites, agriculture, the food industry, urban planning, transportation, parks and recreation, and governments from local to national.
This provides the opportunity for all individuals to participate in this effort, whether at home or in establishing high-level policy.
We now have evidence that intensive multi-sector efforts can arrest and partially reverse the rise of obesity in particular among children. In conclusion, we are gaining understanding on the determinants of energy balance and obesity and some of these findings are being translated into public health policy changes.
However, further research and more action from policy makers are needed. Samuel J. Fernanda Morales-Berstein, Carine Biessy, … on behalf of the EPIC Network. Anderson AS, Key TJ, Norat T, Scoccianti C, Cecchini M, Berrino F et al.
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This change can only come from within communities and can only happen if every sector of the community engages in the effort. The good news is that if every member of each sector of the community commits to making small changes, the result can be a big change.
It will not be easy, but we have dealt with other hard social issues such as tobacco smoking, recycling, and seat belt use. It can be done, but it needs to be done quickly.
I believe that our best chance of reversing the obesity epidemic is in creating a social change movement focused on small changes—in behavior and in the environment. The small changes approach allows everyone to play a role in addressing obesity. Our immediate challenge is to first stop the continued increase in the weight of the population, and over time, return obesity rates to pres levels.
I thank the many people who have worked in my laboratory over the past 25 yr. In particular, I thank Drs. John C. Peters, Holly R. Wyatt, and Paul MacLean for their friendship and collaboration and for reviewing this paper. I gratefully acknowledge support from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases over the past 25 yr.
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Obes Res 8 : — McGuire MT , Wing RR , Hill JO The prevalence of weight loss maintenance among American adults. Int J Obes 23 : — Wing RR , Hill JO Successful weight loss maintenance.
Ann Rev Nutr 21 : — McGuire MT , Wing RR , Klem ML , Seagle HM , Hill JO Long-term maintenance of weight loss: do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight?
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22 : — Shick SM , Wing RR , Klem ML , McGuire MT , Hill JO , Seagle HM Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low calorie, low fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc 98 : — Wyatt HR , Grunwald GK , Seagle HM , Klem ML , McGuire MT , Wing RR , Hill JO Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the national weight control registry.
Boutelle KN , Kirschenbaum Further support for consistent self-monitoring as a vital component of successful weight control. Obes Res 6 : — Rampersaud GC , Pereira MA , Girard BL , Adams J , Metzl JD Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight and academic performance in children and adolescents.
J Am Diet Assoc : — Schoeller DA , Shay K , Kushner RF How much physical activity is needed to minimize weight gain in previously obese women? Jakicic JM , Winters C , Lang W , Wing RR Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss and fitness in overweight women.
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Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. J Clin Invest 78 : — Leibel RL , Rosenbaum M , Hirsch J Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. Blundell JE , Gillett A Control of food intake in the obese.
Obes Res 9 Suppl 4 : S — S. Rosenbaum M , Goldsmith R , Bloomfield D , Magnano A , Weimer L , Heymsfield S , Gallagher D , Mayer L , Murphy E , Leibel RL Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. J Clin Invest : — Lewis CE , Jacobs Jr DR , Kiefe CI , Schreiner PJ , Smith DE , Williams OD Weight gain continues in the s: year trends in weight and overweight from the CARDIA Study.
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Obes Res 13 : — Blundell JE , King NA Effects of exercise on appetite control: loose coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22 Suppl 2 : S22 — S Department of Health and Human Services Small Steps Program. gov accessed July 16, Department of Health and Human Services Dietary Guidelines America On the Move.
org accessed July 16, Wyatt HR , Peters JC , Reed GW , Barry M , Hill JO A Colorado statewide survey of walking and its relation to excessive weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37 : — Wyatt HR , Peters JC , Reed GW , Grunwald GK , Barry M , Thompson H , Jones J , Hill JO Using electronic step counters to increase lifestyle physical activity: Colorado on the Move.
J Phys Act Health 1 : — Stroebele N , Stuht J , Catenacci V , Schroeder LR , Wyatt RH , de Castro JM , Hill JO , A small changes approach to reducing energy intake.
Proc Annual Scientific Meeting of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity , Boston, MA , Abstract. Google Preview. Rodearmel SJ , Wyatt HR , Barry MJ , Dong F , Pan D , Israel RG , Cho SS , McBurney MI , Hill JO A family-based approach to preventing excessive weight gain.
Obesity 14 : — Rodearmel SJ , Grotz VL , Goldsmith LA , Smith SM , Stroebele N , Ogden LF , Wyatt HR , Moran JR , Hill JO , America on the Move family study: a family based approach for preventing excessive weight gain in children. org accessed November Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Navbar Search Filter Endocrine Reviews This issue Endocrine Society Journals Clinical Medicine Endocrinology and Diabetes Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Mobile Enter search term Search.
Endocrine Society Journals. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents I. Etiology of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective. Weight Management: The Future. Journal Article.
Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective. Hill James O. Hill, Ph.
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Open in new tab Download slide. Illustration of the concept of the energy gap for weight loss maintenance. TABLE 1. Average steps per day in three surveys. of Men.
There Energy balance strategies several components to the balnace burned side Energy balance strategies the energy Eergy Energy balance strategies 1. Resting energy expenditure REE : The amount of energy the Organic vitamins and minerals uses, at rest, stragegies fuel basic cellular-level metabolic activities and to Regular physical activity the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs balznce. REE varies according to body size, body composition, age, gender, and genetic differences. In people who are not very active, REE represents about two-thirds of their total daily energy expenditure; in people who have very active jobs, REE may represent only half of their daily energy expenditure. Thermic effect of food: It takes energy to digest, absorb, and store the nutrients from foodabout 10 percent of a persons total daily energy expenditure. Fat, carbohydrate, and protein each require different amounts of energy to be processed. Protein has the highest thermic effect, and fat has the lowest. James Balannce. The Emergy of balancs paper is to address the stfategies epidemic, which is a term used to describe the sudden Energy balance strategies strategjes increase coffee bean extract supplements obesity rates that Energy balance strategies in the s Energy balance strategies continues unabated today. Sincethe entire balanec, regardless Ztrategies starting weight, is gradually gaining weight. This has led to escalating obesity rates and to obesity being considered one of the most serious public health challenges facing the world. At one level, the obesity epidemic is a classic gene-environment interaction where the human genotype is susceptible to environmental influences that affect energy intake and energy expenditure. It is also a problem of energy balance. Understanding the etiology of obesity requires the study of how behavioral and environmental factors have interacted to produce positive energy balance and weight gain.
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The Energy Balance in NutritionEnergy balance strategies -
Therefore, you need to work out how many calories your body requires so that it can operate at an optimal level, and how much energy you are getting from your food consumption. Energy is measured in calories, and your total daily energy expenditure TDEE is the number of calories that you burn each day.
A calorie is defined as a unit of energy that your body can obtain through eating food. In nutrition, calories are usually displayed in units of thousands. An amount of 1, calories equals 1 kcal kilocalorie. Today, most nutritionists prefer to use joules as the measurement of energy: 1 calorie equals approximately 4.
The energy values of food labels are generally displayed as both kJ and kcal. As most people prefer to talk in terms of calories kcal , this term will continue to be used in this article. The amount of energy that any food contains per gram is known as its energy density, so you can describe fat as more energy dense than protein or carbohydrate.
Choosing foods that are less calorie dense, meaning you get a larger portion size with a fewer number of calories, can help you to lose weight and control your hunger.
Energy is provided by the carbohydrate, protein and fat in your food and drink. Different foods and drinks provide different amounts of energy. You can find this information on all food labels. The number of kcal that is required daily will vary from person to person, depending on such imponderables as body size, sex, body composition, genetics and activity levels.
Furthermore, no one's energy expenditure is exactly the same every day. Therefore, to get the most out of an energy expenditure calculator, use it merely as a guideline for your daily calorie intake.
You can adjust the numbers as needed, based on changes in your activity level, or changes in your weight. The recommended daily amounts shown in the table above are merely guidelines regarding the average requirements for the 'average' healthy individual of average weight and activity levels.
The so-called 'average adult' refers to a healthy individual between the ages of 19 and 60 years. The assumption is that the person, male or female, is of average weight and activity levels.
This excludes pregnant and lactating females as well as any individual suffering from any serious illness. It also excludes individuals who are extremely active. Now to get back to energy balance. And here you will need to reach and maintain a healthy weight for your overall health and wellbeing.
This will involve learning how to balance energy coming in with energy going out. As a result of this equation body weight, or more accurately your body fat reserves, remain the same. If you consume more energy than you expend then the extra energy will be stored as fat and body weight will increase.
Always bear in mind that your weight fluctuates constantly depending on several factors, including your hydration status. Using a mathematical model that reflects dynamic energy balance, it is possible to make personalized calorie and physical activity plans to reach a goal weight within a specific time period and to maintain it afterward.
By modifying the initial conditions of the model to represent an individual person, the simulator can be used for personalized goal setting and behavioral intervention planning.
In reality, however, outpatient weight-loss interventions typically result in maximum weight loss after 6 to 8 months, followed by gradual weight regain over subsequent years. A common explanation for the weight loss plateau at 6 to 8 months is that energy expenditure decreases to match energy intake, pausing further weight loss metabolic compensation.
Weight regain occurs as individuals gradually weaken compliance with the diet that has resulted in weight loss behavioral compensation. Hall et al. Energy intake gradually increased and returned to the original weight-maintenance level in the first year and was maintained there for the remaining 3-year simulation.
The simulated TEE showed that negative energy balance was achieved for less than 8 months, after which positive energy balance and weight regain occurred. This predicted pattern of energy intake means that weight loss continues for several months at the same time that average energy intake slowly increases.
The dieter may then misconstrue that maintenance of lifestyle change is not essential for continuing weight loss when weight regain has already begun.
Even if the original lifestyle is resumed within the first year, the weight gain will gradually recur over many years because weight change occurs slowly. As mentioned earlier, energy intake and expenditure are tightly coupled over prolonged time intervals in adults living independently.
This is equivalent to an average increase of energy stored in body fat and lean tissue divided by the time needed to store the energy. As these changes have persisted for the last three decades, the obesity epidemic has become a global problem.
The maintenance energy gap estimates the increased energy intake needed to maintain higher average weights following the obesity epidemic.
Table 1 shows data from the — Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys KNHANES. Swinburn et al. Applying this result to the KNHANES data, the energy maintenance gap of kcal since would be predicted to result in a weight gain of 4.
In reality, the average weight gain of men was only 2. This is a substantial change and shows that the reversal of obesity would require substantially large changes in terms of energy balance.
However, population weight has been accumulating for decades in most countries, and higher weights require greater energy intake to maintain. Thus, the difference between the energy required to stop weight gain and that required to reduce a specified amount of excess weight—the much larger maintenance energy gap—should be addressed.
Thus, obesity prevention should be given priority, considering the limited effects of behavioral and pharmacological measures to lose weight.
The U. Healthy People objectives include reducing obesity prevalence among adults aged 20 years and older from A simulation study suggested that an 8. However, the same researchers concluded that no single population-level intervention would achieve the Healthy People objective if implemented alone.
For example, community-based moderate- to high-intensity exercise programs with dietary counseling could only reduce the energy intake by 1. Recently, the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare announced its national comprehensive measures for obesity management and proposed to continue curbing the growth of the obesity rate to maintain the figure at the level of It must be verified if this goal is feasible with the current available interventions.
Young children are the top priority for obesity prevention; they have the smallest energy gaps to change and could be the first population to show evidence in reversing the epidemic.
In particular, two interventions have attracted attention for cost-savings within a year period in the United States: an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages and elimination of the tax subsidy for TV advertising directed at children for nutritionally poor foods and beverages.
Excise and sales taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are already in place in over 20 countries, and the effects are under investigation. Dynamic energy balance can effectively explain body weight change following negative energy balance.
A change in energy intake influences energy expenditure. Whether diet-induced or exercise-driven, weight loss leads to a decrease in TEE, REE, and non-REE. Changes in body composition occur differently with elapsed time after the negative energy balance is achieved.
During the first several weeks of calorie restriction, rapid weight loss occurs due to the combined effects of glycogen, protein, and fluid loss. With ongoing negative energy balance, fat mass decreases slowly due to the slower rates.
Using a mathematical model can help clinicians provide individuals advice about diet control. It is important to emphasize steady efforts to maintain reduced weight over efforts to lose weight. This is a substantial change and reveals that reversal of obesity requires large changes in terms of energy balance.
Because obesity is difficult to reverse, obesity prevention must be prioritized, along with implementation of obesity prevention strategies with high feasibility, broad population reach, and relatively low cost for young children, who have the smallest energy gaps to change.
It is difficult to reduce the rapidly increasing obese population with only one strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a complex approach to prevent obesity by paying attention to the results of practical application of several strategies shown to be successful through cost-effectiveness analysis.
This work was supported by a grant from the research year of Inje University grant No. Trends of average weight, prevalence of obesity, and energy intake among Korean adult men aged over 19 years from to Room , Renaissance Tower Bldg.
org Powered by INFOrang Co. eISSN pISSN Search All Subject Title Author Keyword Abstract. Previous Article LIST Next Article. kr Received : August 21, ; Reviewed : October 3, ; Accepted : October 5, Keywords : Energy metabolism, Body composition, Prevention, Obesity.
Static versus dynamic energy balance Reducing energy intake for weight control causes a negative energy balance, which means that energy intake is less than energy expenditure.
Dynamic energy balance compensates for long-term weight gain Individuals with normal weight maintain their energy balance over a period of time in a remarkably accurate way.
Short-term adaptation after weight loss According to dynamic energy balance, weight loss results from a negative energy balance and changes in body composition Fig. Changes of body composition and energy expenditure after rapid, dramatic weight loss It is possible to obtain important information about changes in body composition and energy expenditure after dramatic weight loss from the results of an American competition reality show.
Estimation for obesity treatment at the individual level Using a mathematical model that reflects dynamic energy balance, it is possible to make personalized calorie and physical activity plans to reach a goal weight within a specific time period and to maintain it afterward. The author declares no conflict of interest.
Overview of metabolic adaptation of the typical outpatient weight loss and regain trajectory. During the first few days to weeks of caloric restriction, metabolic adaptation occurs in the resting energy expenditure REE.
In this period, weight decreases rapidly in the fat-free mass FFM due to the combined effects of glycogen, protein, and fluid loss. On the other hand, fat mass FM slowly decreases during the period of subsequent caloric restriction. Behavioral and metabolic adaptation of dieters contributes to the typical outpatient weight plateau and regain trajectory.
Adaptive thermogenesis is characterized by an adaptation of the REE, which is maintained throughout further weight loss and during successful maintenance of reduced body weight.
Metabolic adaptation persists over several years after weight loss. Web-based simulations for setting goals for weight loss and maintenance of reduced weight. The panel located on the top-left part of the simulator window specifies the baseline characteristics of the individual person or population average values.
This example illustrates weight-related information for an kg, cm-tall, and year-old woman. The top-middle panel specifies the goal weight 72 kg and desired time interval to achieve the goal days.
The simulation displays the required changes of dietary energy intake to meet the goal and maintain the weight change. The simulated body weight trajectory is graphically displayed in the lower panel. Users can also modify physical activity to examine how the combination of diet and exercise interventions can achieve the same goal.
Table 1 Trends of average weight, prevalence of obesity, and energy intake among Korean adult men aged over 19 years from to Variable KNHANES Mean body weight kg KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Costs are in U. dollars; § Cost per unit BMI reduction. BMI, body mass index. Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, and Estep K et al, GBD Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med ; NCD Risk Factor Collaboration NCD-RisC.
Trends in adult body-mass index in countries from to a pooled analysis of population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants.
Lancet ; a School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India E-mail: naresh. bal kiitbiotech. b Institute of Life Science, DBT ILS Bioincubator, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
The prevalence of obesity along with its related metabolic diseases has increased globally in recent decades. Obesity originates from a heterogeneous physiological state, which is further complicated by the influence of factors such as genetic, behavioural, and environmental.
Lifestyle interventions including exercise and diet have limited success, necessitating the development of pharmacological approaches.
Mechanistically, strategies target either reducing energy intake or increasing consumption through metabolism boosting. Current drugs lower energy intake via inducing satiety or inhibiting substrate absorption, while targeting mitochondria or cytosolic energy sensors has shown limited success due to toxicity.
Nonshivering thermogenesis NST has provided hope for activating these processes selectively without significant side effects. The internet-based marketing of plant-based formulations for enhancing metabolism has surged. This review compiles scientific articles, magazines, newspapers, and online resources on anti-obesity drug development.
Combination therapy of metabolic boosters and established anti-obesity compounds appears to be a promising future approach that requires further research.
Pati, S. Sendh, B. Sahu, S. Pani, N. Jena and N. Bal, RSC Med. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.
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