Anthocyanin benefits for diabetes and pancreatic disorders have also been unearthed in recent years, and again the efficacy is attributed to the multiple, simultaneous biological effects these pigments cause in the body, including prevention of generation of free radicals, decreased lipid peroxidation, reduced pancreatic swelling, and decreased blood sugar concentrations in urine and blood serum.

Anthocyanin bioflavonoids may provide protection from DNA damage and lipid peroxidation — plus they have anti-inflammatory effects and help boost production of cytokines that regulate the immune responses. They have also been shown to support hormonal balance by reducing estrogenic activity, help regulate enzyme production that aids nutrient absorption, and strengthen cell membranes by making them less permeable and fragile.

Research suggests that anthocyanin can decrease the risk of developing various types of cancer due to its antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects.

This has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo research trials in humans and animals. Studies show that anthocyanins have the ability to naturally fight cancer by blocking cell proliferation and inhibiting tumor formation by interfering with the process of carcinogenesis. One way anthocyanins inhibit tumorigenesis is by blocking activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

Studies have found that diets high in antioxidants like anthocyanin lead to reversal in certain age-related deficits that affect neural and behavioral parameters, including memory and motor functions. Anthocyanins have been credited with protecting memory, coordination and neural function in older populations.

One study out of Korea found that administration of isolated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato enhanced cognitive performance and inhibited lipid peroxidation in brain tissues in mice.

Antioxidants seem to improve physical performance by lowering exhaustion and the negative effects of excessive oxygen and radical accumulation during physical activities. In one double-blinded clinical trial that involved 54 female and male athletes, when one group was given milligrams of anthocyanin pills per day for six weeks, the participants in that group were found to experience a significant improvement in their VO2 max maximal oxygen consumption compared to the second group that received milligrams of placebo pills daily.

Some studies have also found that fruit juices that contain anthocyanin, such as percent tart cherry and blueberry juices, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that wind up positively influencing muscle damage following exercise and the ability to properly recover.

Anthocyanin has been shown to help enhance night vision and overall vision by protecting the eyes from free radical damage. One study found that oral intake of anthocyanosides from black currants resulted in significantly improved night vision in adults. Research suggests that enhancement of rhodopsin regeneration and protection against inflammation are at least two mechanism by which anthocyanins improve sight and protect the eyes.

In addition, some of the conditions that research suggests anthocyanins may help prevent include:. Is taking anthocyanin supplements as beneficial as eating anthocyanin foods?

As of now, experts recommend getting anthocyains from food sources rather than in isolated supplement form. That being said, one review of 10 studies involving use of anthocyanin supplements found that supplementation significantly improved LDL cholesterol among diseased individuals or those with elevated biomarkers.

However, supplementing did not significantly affect other markers of cardiovascular disease. No adverse effects of anthocyanins were reported when adults were taking up to milligrams per day. Examples of anthocyanins that can be isolated and taken as supplements include those called cyanidin and pelargonidin.

Cyanidin is an isolated glycoside, a subset of anthocyanin that can be taken in supplement form to support the immune system.

Pelargonidin is another anthocyanidin that has a characteristic orange color. These two supplements have been shown in some studies to to help fight oxidative stress and control blood glucose sugar levels.

Long before scientific studies were conducted to isolate and investigate anthocynanin, foods containing this antioxidant were used in folk medicines around the world to improve health and fight disease.

Traditional cultures have known about the healing effects of anthocyanin foods for centuries. For example, historically, red, blue, black and purple foods have been viewed as remedies for conditions like liver disfunction, hypertension, vision disorders, microbial infections, fatigue, anxiety and diarrhea.

Black foods are said to be warming and best for winter, while red foods are cooling and best for summer. Dark-colored foods also correspond with the element water and are linked to coolness and saltiness. They are said to support organs including the stomach, spleen and kidneys by improving the ability to store energy, balancing fluid metabolism and dispelling toxins.

Red foods, on the other hand, are associated with warmth, fire, summer, happiness and bitterness in TCM. Red foods are believed to support organs including the heart and small intestine.

They help nourish blood, improve circulation, and reduce symptoms in people with anemia, palpitations, cold limbs, pale face, and lack of strength or energy. In Ayurvedic medicine , red, purple and blue foods can be viewed as either warming or cooling. Grapes, cherries and oranges build heat, while berries, pomegranate, cabbage and eggplant reduce warmth.

All types of berries are especially valued in Ayurveda, since they are viewed as capable of reducing internal heat, soothing swelling, treating inflamed tissues and helping cool the blood. In Ayurveda, foods also correspond with certain emotions. Red foods lift energy and fight lethargy and fatigue, while blue and black foods are calming and fight anxiety.

These have been more widely studied than anthocyanin supplements and shown to have many benefits. One study found that over 30 percent of anthocyanin dietary supplements did not contain the fruit listed on the ingredient label, did not contain any anthocyanin at all or contained contents differing from those listed on the label.

Another study found that the amount of anthocyanin in supplements can vary considerably , making it hard to know how much you are actually consuming and absorbing. The minimum amount of anthocyanin foods you want to have per week is about three servings roughly one cup per serving , but more is even better.

Popular Nutrition Posts All Time This Week {position} Detox Your Liver: A 6-Step Liver Cleanse. More Nutrition Dr.

Axe on Facebook 82 Dr. Axe on Twitter 4 Dr. The meta-analyses showed a significant effect of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention on acetic, propionic, and butanoic acid concentration Table 4 , Fig.

Of the three SCFAs, the highest impact was observed on the acetic acid SMD High heterogeneity was obtained, as indicated by I 2 values. Each short-chain fatty acid was sub-grouped based on intervention duration, anthocyanin dose, and model type.

Table 5 and Supplemental Figs. The intervention of anthocyanin at a higher dose imparted a remarkable impact on acetic acid SMD: 2. We have found a higher rise in the butanoic acid concentration for a more extended period of study duration SMD: 1.

Also, the butanoic acid concentration was significantly higher in the subjects taking a higher dose of anthocyanins SMD: 3. The study subjects showed a remarkable rise in butanoic acid concentration in the high-fat diet-induced obesity model SMD: 3.

A remarkable rise in propionic acid was observed in the studies followed for a longer period i. The study subjects showed a significant rise in propionic acid when a higher dose was supplemented SMD: 4.

The propionic acid levels were significantly increased in the subjects with high-fat diet-induced obesity SMD: 4. The data quality of the SCFA meta-analysis was also evaluated by Grade Tool Supplemental Fig.

The funnel plot for Figure S1 shows no evidence of publication bias. To depict the active collaborations in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA research, we tried to detect the network level among the authors Supplemental Fig.

We selected authors with minimum criteria of 10 articles in the chosen field and observed 14 clusters represented in the author network. Out of 46, authors, fulfilled the minimum criteria. Supplemental Fig. It indicates that Chen, and Zhang, are the leading researcher in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA-related studies, with 37 and 35 articles.

Most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies has been carried out recently, i. We also attempted to track the institution and department collaborations through visualization analysis Supplemental Fig. Out of 21, organizations, only 16 met the threshold criteria, i.

These constituted 5 clusters Supplemental Fig. This analysis shows that the microbiology laboratory at Wageningen University in the Netherlands published the most articles 18 , followed by the State key laboratory of animal nutrition at China Agricultural University in Beijing, which published 17 papers.

Both are among the top institutions working on anthocyanin and gut microbiota Supplemental Fig. On the other hand, when we performed the independent analysis of the same organizations, out of 21, fulfilled the criteria. The results reveal the same observations, even with no linkages Supplemental Fig.

On visualizing the year-wise work of organizations, it depicted that most of the collaborative studies were carried out in the — year by top working institutes, and independent research was carried out in recent years Supplemental Fig. Edible parts of plants carry several health promoting compounds like, proteins, minerals, vitamins and coloured anthocyanins 70 , 71 , Numerous studies have discovered the health-promoting properties of anthocyanin-rich foods.

Anthocyanins have anti-obesity properties, as they help to maintain energy balance and satiety while inhibiting the accumulation of body fat and the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation 73 , A diet of anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables substantially influences the gut flora 13 , After being consumed, anthocyanins have limited bioavailability in the body due to their resistance to complete absorption.

Five percent to ten percent of total polyphenol consumption is absorbed in the small intestine. More importantly, most dietary anthocyanins arrive intact in the colon, where they may interact with the microbiota and undergo biotransformation before being absorbed via the intestinal mucosa This finding was supported by studies carried out after cut off time limit of this studies 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , Several studies have shown that obesity is associated with the gut microbiome, which differs between obese and lean animals.

The impact was more pronounced when the anthocyanin-rich diet was followed for a more extended period and at larger dosages. Our data analysis from rodent models will also help future investigators with the utility of rodent research in understanding the effect of anthocyanins on human models and planning such clinical trials.

Gut health biomarker SCFAs also have significant relevance in human gut microbiota composition. The healthy gut microbiota metabolizes indigestible dietary components to SCFAs 82 , The present meta-analysis of laboratory studies on rodents found that anthocyanin-rich diet interventions efficiently improved the gut's SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid profiles.

Here also, the longer duration of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention was more efficient in enhancing the levels of all three main SCFAs. Similarly, the higher dosage of the anthocyanin-rich food intervention was more effective. Aside from that, anthocyanins had more significant impacts on the concentrations of all SCFAs in high-fat diet-induced obesity models than in other disease models.

During meta-analysis, it was observed that a few studies with wider cumulative interval values had more influence on the overall results than a large number of normal studies. Therefore, additional analysis was carried out after removing such studies. Thus, all the analyses were carried out without such studies, and we recommend the same.

This improved the outcomes of the meta-analysis. We also noticed substantial methodological and experimental variances in the research.

Animal care procedures, oral dosing, and water purification protocols are some examples of unbiased observed variables that must be recorded. Since these factors significantly affect therapy outcomes 9. Publication bias is an important parameter in meta-analysis.

It includes time lag, duplication, outcome reporting, linguistics, etc. Many electronic databases are examined to eliminate the likelihood of publication bias.

To eliminate data supply bias, we employ individual searches and extractions. Participant differences, as well as the intervention's intensity and duration, all contributed to variability. The individuals' health, other therapies they were receiving simultaneously, supplement doses and contents, follow-up durations, treatment modalities, and so on all differed significantly among the trials.

These variations may have had a significant role in the funnel plot's original asymmetry. The appearance of an asymmetrical funnel plot is purely coincidental 84 , The Trim-Fill correction method made minor changes to all studies, and associated funnel plots revealed a symmetrical distribution of SE and SMD with p -values greater than 0.

The funnel plot indicated that the studies chosen for our research are not biased. It has also been observed that the discrepancy displayed by the GRADE tool is significant only when it affects confidence in the results concerning a specific decision.

Even if the inconsistency is significant, it may still maintain confidence in the conclusion of a particular decision The variability is significant, but the disparities between small and large treatment effects could be the source of the substantial heterogeneity.

Bibliographic coupling analysis of leading researchers and institutes indicated that most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies had recently been carried out in animal models, i.

It is envisaged that several such human studies will be published in the near future to validate that current finding. However, some important qualifiers to this study should be mentioned. As a limitation, PROSPERO, a central international database platform that helps to eliminate data duplication and reduces the chance for reporting bias by permitting comparison of the finished review with what was planned in the protocol, was not notified that this study was being conducted.

Furthermore, the substantial amount of missing data for published studies and the exclusion of studies with incomplete data diminish the statistical power of our meta-analysis. The data we used can be found in the references listed and also given in the attached supplementary files.

All the figures represented in this manuscript have been produced by authors itself. Gutiérrez-Del-Río, I. et al. Terpenoids and polyphenols as natural antioxidant agents in food preservation.

Article CAS Google Scholar. Vauzour, D. Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients 2 , — Mattioli, R. Anthocyanins: A comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

Molecules 25 17 , Pavlos, S. Medicinal plants against obesity: A met-analysis of literature. Article Google Scholar. Roy, S. Anthocyanin food colorant and its application in pH-responsive color change indicator films. Food Sci. Li, D. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.

Naseri, R. Anthocyanins in the management of metabolic syndrome: A pharmacological and biopharmaceutical review. Front Pharmacol. Jayarathne, S. Protective effects of anthocyanins in obesity-associated inflammation and changes in gut microbiome.

Food Res. Bisanz, J. Meta-analysis reveals reproducible gut microbiome alterations in response to a high-fat diet. Cell Host Microbe 26 2 , — Jandhyala, S.

Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J. Bibbò, S. The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. Google Scholar. Anhê, F. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice.

Gut 64 , — Jamar, G. Contribution of anthocyanin-rich foods in obesity control through gut microbiota interactions. BioFactors 43 4 , — Bravo, J.

Communication between gastrointestinal bacteria and the nervous system. Carding, S. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Health Dis. Young, V. The role of the microbiome in human health and disease: An introduction for clinicians.

BMJ , j j Armougom, F. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients.

PLoS ONE 4 9 , e Article ADS CAS Google Scholar. Ley, R. Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature , — Ghosh, S. Enterobacter hormaechei bac from the gut of flathead grey mullet as probable aquaculture probiont. Chambers, E. Role of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Hamer, H. Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans. Nut 28 1 , 88— Hidalgo, M. Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth.

Food Chem. Peng, Y. Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins from the fruits of Lyciumruthenicum Murray in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice.

Free Radic. Tian, B. Lyciumruthenicum anthocyanins attenuate high-fat diet-induced colonic barrier dysfunction and inflammation in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Faria, A. Interplay between anthocyanins and gut microbiota. Kim, K.

Short chain fatty acids and fecal microbiota abundance in humans with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11 10 , Ma, G.

Polyphenol supplementation benefits human health via gut microbiota: A systematic review via meta-analysis. Foods 66 , Fallah, A. Effect of dietary anthocyanins on biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Foods 68 , Yang, L. Effects of anthocyanins on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Page, M. The PRISMA statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.

n71 du Sert, N. The arrive guidelines 2. PLoS Biol. Pérez, J. Tena, N. State of the art of anthocyanins: Antioxidant activity, sources, bioavailability, and therapeutic effect in human health.

Antioxidants 9 5 , Lin, L. Evaluation of various estimators for standardized mean difference in meta-analysis. Lortie, C. Doing meta-analysis with R: A hands-on guide. b02 von Hippel, P. The heterogeneity statistic I 2 can be biased in small meta-analyses.

BMC Med. VanderWeele, T. Interpretation of subgroup analyses in randomized trials: Heterogeneity versus secondary interventions. Review Manager RevMan Computer program. Version 5. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre.

The Cochrane Collaboration. RStudio Team. RStudio Inc. Zhang, Y. Using systematic reviews in guideline development: The GRADE approach. Methods 10 3 , — Egger, M.

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test measures of funnel plot asymmetry. BMJ , — Begg, C. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias.

Biometrics — Diez-Echave, P. The prebiotic properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract contribute to the beneficial effects in diet-induced obesity in mice.

Han, X. Grape extract activates brown adipose tissue through pathway involving the regulation of gut microbiota and bile acid. Marques, C. Gut microbiota modulation accounts for the neuroprotective properties of anthocyanins. Zhong, H. Probiotic-fermented blueberry juice prevents obesity and hyperglycemia in high fat diet-fed mice in association with modulating the gut microbiota.

Food Funct. Heyman-Lindén, L. Lingonberries alter the gut microbiota and prevent low-grade inflammation in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Nutr. Rodríguez-Daza, M. Wild blueberry proanthocyanidins shape distinct gut microbiota profile and influence glucose homeostasis and intestinal phenotypes in high-fat high-sucrose fed mice.

Lin, Y. Purple-leaf tea [Camellia sinensis L. BMC Complem. Nakano, H. Bilberry anthocyanins ameliorate NAFLD by improving dyslipidemia and gut microbiome dysbiosis.

Nutrients 12 , 1— Wang, H. Song, H. Black current anthocyanins improve lipid metabolism and modulate gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

Liu, X. Biostimulating gut microbiome with bilberry anthocyanin combo to enhance antiPD-l1 efficiency against murine colon cancer. Microorganisms 8 2 , Chen, K. Effects of acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins extracts on gut metabolites and microbiota in diabetic Zucker rats: A metabolomic and metagenomic study.

Liu, P. The main anthocyanin monomer from Lycium ruthenicum murray fruit mediates obesity via modulating the gut microbiota and improving the intestinal barrier. Cremonini, E. Anthocyanins protect the gastrointestinal tract from high fat diet-induced alterations in redox signaling, barrier integrity and dysbiosis.

Liu, J. Xu, J. Jamun Eugenia jambolana Lam. fruit extract prevents obesity by modulating the gut microbiome in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Liu, D. Purple sweet potato anthocyanin extract regulates redox state related to gut microbiota homeostasis in obese mice. Kapoor, P. Anthocyanin biofortified colored wheat modifies gut microbiota in mice.

Cereal Sci. Morissette, A. Blueberry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins improve metabolic health through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism in diet-induced obese mice.

Hu, T. Protective effect of mulberry Morus atropurpurea fruit against diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota.

Kaur, A. Montmorency tart cherry supplementation improved markers of glucose homeostasis but has modest effects on indicators of gut health in mice fed a Western diet.

Wu, T. Raspberry anthocyanin consumption prevents diet-induced obesity by alleviating oxidative stress and modulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Su, H. Pelargonidin O-glucoside derived from wild raspberry exerts antihyperglycemic effect by inducing autophagy and modulating gut microbiota.

da Silva-Maia, J. Aqueous extract of berry Plinia jaboticaba byproduct modulates gut microbiota and maintains the balance on antioxidant defense system in rats. J Food Biochem. Aqueous Extract of Brazilian Berry Myrciaria jaboticaba Peel Improves Inflammatory Parameters and Modulates Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in Rats with Induced-Colitis.

Nutrients 11 , Lee, S. Blueberry supplementation influences the gut microbiota, inflammation, and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed rats. J Nutr. Effects of long-term intake of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray on the organism health and gut microbiota in vivo.

Food Res Int. Garg, M. Variations in seed storage protein triticin among diploid Triticum and Aegilops species. Biotechnology 6 3 , — Genetic control of high protein content and its association with bread-making quality in wheat.

Plant Nutr. Sharma, N. Anthocyanin biofortified black, blue and purple wheat exhibited lower amino acid cooking losses than white wheat. LWT , Sivamaruthi, B.

The influence of supplementation of anthocyanins on obesity-associated comorbidities: A concise review. Foods 9 6 , Sharma, S. Anthocyanin-biofortified colored wheat prevents high fat diet-induced alterations in mice: Nutrigenomics studies.

Gonçalves, A. Dietary effects of anthocyanins in human health: A comprehensive review. Pharmaceuticals 14 7 , Chen, J. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota modulatory effects of different kinds of berries.

Antioxidants 11 5 , Anthocyanins from opuntia ficus-indica modulate gut microbiota composition and improve short-chain fatty acid production. Biology 11 10 , Mo, J.

Of the total studies, 14 investigated the impact of the intervention of anthocyanins from various berry fruits. The remaining studies included interventions from other sources like cereals and pulses Table 1.

Seventeen studies were conducted on males, one was conducted on female mice models, and two were performed on male rats. Study characteristics examining the effect of anthocyanins on SCFA profile acetic, propionic, and butyric acid were mentioned in Table 2. Ten studies were conducted on male mice, one on female mice, and three on male rats.

Twelve studies that looked at the effect of the anthocyanins-rich diet intervention on the concentration of SCFAs in the cecal matter of the different subjects looked at the effect of berries, and one study each looked at the effect of black rice and purple sweet potatoes.

The meta-analysis result also obtained sufficient heterogeneity, as indicated by I 2 values. Regarding the contribution of individual studies, some showed non-significant results, and others had a relatively higher influence on overall value than others. Four studies, including Diez-Echave et al.

Heterogeneity was quantified by I 2 , inverse variance and standardised mean difference [SMD]. Similar meta-analyses, i. Forest plots in Supplemental Figs. The meta-analyses results indicated that intervention duration of the more extended period, i.

There was no effect of the type of study model. Finalized data quality was evaluated by Grade Tool Supplemental Fig. Forest plot of studies investigating the effect of anthocyanin supplementation on the SCFA profile, sub-grouped by short chain fatty acid type.

Pooled effect estimates are shown by diamonds after removing highly influencing studies. The meta-analyses showed a significant effect of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention on acetic, propionic, and butanoic acid concentration Table 4 , Fig.

Of the three SCFAs, the highest impact was observed on the acetic acid SMD High heterogeneity was obtained, as indicated by I 2 values. Each short-chain fatty acid was sub-grouped based on intervention duration, anthocyanin dose, and model type. Table 5 and Supplemental Figs. The intervention of anthocyanin at a higher dose imparted a remarkable impact on acetic acid SMD: 2.

We have found a higher rise in the butanoic acid concentration for a more extended period of study duration SMD: 1. Also, the butanoic acid concentration was significantly higher in the subjects taking a higher dose of anthocyanins SMD: 3. The study subjects showed a remarkable rise in butanoic acid concentration in the high-fat diet-induced obesity model SMD: 3.

A remarkable rise in propionic acid was observed in the studies followed for a longer period i. The study subjects showed a significant rise in propionic acid when a higher dose was supplemented SMD: 4. The propionic acid levels were significantly increased in the subjects with high-fat diet-induced obesity SMD: 4.

The data quality of the SCFA meta-analysis was also evaluated by Grade Tool Supplemental Fig. The funnel plot for Figure S1 shows no evidence of publication bias.

To depict the active collaborations in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA research, we tried to detect the network level among the authors Supplemental Fig. We selected authors with minimum criteria of 10 articles in the chosen field and observed 14 clusters represented in the author network.

Out of 46, authors, fulfilled the minimum criteria. Supplemental Fig. It indicates that Chen, and Zhang, are the leading researcher in anthocyanin, gut microbiota, and SCFA-related studies, with 37 and 35 articles. Most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies has been carried out recently, i.

We also attempted to track the institution and department collaborations through visualization analysis Supplemental Fig. Out of 21, organizations, only 16 met the threshold criteria, i. These constituted 5 clusters Supplemental Fig.

This analysis shows that the microbiology laboratory at Wageningen University in the Netherlands published the most articles 18 , followed by the State key laboratory of animal nutrition at China Agricultural University in Beijing, which published 17 papers.

Both are among the top institutions working on anthocyanin and gut microbiota Supplemental Fig. On the other hand, when we performed the independent analysis of the same organizations, out of 21, fulfilled the criteria.

The results reveal the same observations, even with no linkages Supplemental Fig. On visualizing the year-wise work of organizations, it depicted that most of the collaborative studies were carried out in the — year by top working institutes, and independent research was carried out in recent years Supplemental Fig.

Edible parts of plants carry several health promoting compounds like, proteins, minerals, vitamins and coloured anthocyanins 70 , 71 , Numerous studies have discovered the health-promoting properties of anthocyanin-rich foods. Anthocyanins have anti-obesity properties, as they help to maintain energy balance and satiety while inhibiting the accumulation of body fat and the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and inflammation 73 , A diet of anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables substantially influences the gut flora 13 , After being consumed, anthocyanins have limited bioavailability in the body due to their resistance to complete absorption.

Five percent to ten percent of total polyphenol consumption is absorbed in the small intestine. More importantly, most dietary anthocyanins arrive intact in the colon, where they may interact with the microbiota and undergo biotransformation before being absorbed via the intestinal mucosa This finding was supported by studies carried out after cut off time limit of this studies 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , Several studies have shown that obesity is associated with the gut microbiome, which differs between obese and lean animals.

The impact was more pronounced when the anthocyanin-rich diet was followed for a more extended period and at larger dosages.

Our data analysis from rodent models will also help future investigators with the utility of rodent research in understanding the effect of anthocyanins on human models and planning such clinical trials.

Gut health biomarker SCFAs also have significant relevance in human gut microbiota composition. The healthy gut microbiota metabolizes indigestible dietary components to SCFAs 82 , The present meta-analysis of laboratory studies on rodents found that anthocyanin-rich diet interventions efficiently improved the gut's SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid profiles.

Here also, the longer duration of the anthocyanin-rich diet intervention was more efficient in enhancing the levels of all three main SCFAs. Similarly, the higher dosage of the anthocyanin-rich food intervention was more effective.

Aside from that, anthocyanins had more significant impacts on the concentrations of all SCFAs in high-fat diet-induced obesity models than in other disease models.

During meta-analysis, it was observed that a few studies with wider cumulative interval values had more influence on the overall results than a large number of normal studies. Therefore, additional analysis was carried out after removing such studies. Thus, all the analyses were carried out without such studies, and we recommend the same.

This improved the outcomes of the meta-analysis. We also noticed substantial methodological and experimental variances in the research.

Animal care procedures, oral dosing, and water purification protocols are some examples of unbiased observed variables that must be recorded. Since these factors significantly affect therapy outcomes 9. Publication bias is an important parameter in meta-analysis.

It includes time lag, duplication, outcome reporting, linguistics, etc. Many electronic databases are examined to eliminate the likelihood of publication bias. To eliminate data supply bias, we employ individual searches and extractions. Participant differences, as well as the intervention's intensity and duration, all contributed to variability.

The individuals' health, other therapies they were receiving simultaneously, supplement doses and contents, follow-up durations, treatment modalities, and so on all differed significantly among the trials.

These variations may have had a significant role in the funnel plot's original asymmetry. The appearance of an asymmetrical funnel plot is purely coincidental 84 , The Trim-Fill correction method made minor changes to all studies, and associated funnel plots revealed a symmetrical distribution of SE and SMD with p -values greater than 0.

The funnel plot indicated that the studies chosen for our research are not biased. It has also been observed that the discrepancy displayed by the GRADE tool is significant only when it affects confidence in the results concerning a specific decision.

Even if the inconsistency is significant, it may still maintain confidence in the conclusion of a particular decision The variability is significant, but the disparities between small and large treatment effects could be the source of the substantial heterogeneity.

Bibliographic coupling analysis of leading researchers and institutes indicated that most research work relevant to anthocyanin and gut studies had recently been carried out in animal models, i.

It is envisaged that several such human studies will be published in the near future to validate that current finding. However, some important qualifiers to this study should be mentioned. As a limitation, PROSPERO, a central international database platform that helps to eliminate data duplication and reduces the chance for reporting bias by permitting comparison of the finished review with what was planned in the protocol, was not notified that this study was being conducted.

Furthermore, the substantial amount of missing data for published studies and the exclusion of studies with incomplete data diminish the statistical power of our meta-analysis. The data we used can be found in the references listed and also given in the attached supplementary files.

All the figures represented in this manuscript have been produced by authors itself. Gutiérrez-Del-Río, I. et al. Terpenoids and polyphenols as natural antioxidant agents in food preservation. Article CAS Google Scholar.

Vauzour, D. Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients 2 , — Mattioli, R. Anthocyanins: A comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

Molecules 25 17 , Pavlos, S. Medicinal plants against obesity: A met-analysis of literature. Article Google Scholar.

Roy, S. Anthocyanin food colorant and its application in pH-responsive color change indicator films. Food Sci. Li, D. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.

Naseri, R. Anthocyanins in the management of metabolic syndrome: A pharmacological and biopharmaceutical review. Front Pharmacol. Jayarathne, S. Protective effects of anthocyanins in obesity-associated inflammation and changes in gut microbiome.

Food Res. Bisanz, J. Meta-analysis reveals reproducible gut microbiome alterations in response to a high-fat diet. Cell Host Microbe 26 2 , — Jandhyala, S.

Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J. Bibbò, S. The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. Google Scholar. Anhê, F. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp.

population in the gut microbiota of mice. Gut 64 , — Jamar, G. Contribution of anthocyanin-rich foods in obesity control through gut microbiota interactions. BioFactors 43 4 , — Bravo, J. Communication between gastrointestinal bacteria and the nervous system.

Carding, S. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Health Dis. Young, V. The role of the microbiome in human health and disease: An introduction for clinicians. BMJ , j j Armougom, F. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients.

PLoS ONE 4 9 , e Article ADS CAS Google Scholar. Ley, R. Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature , — Ghosh, S. Enterobacter hormaechei bac from the gut of flathead grey mullet as probable aquaculture probiont. Chambers, E. Role of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Hamer, H. Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans. Nut 28 1 , 88— Hidalgo, M. Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth.

Food Chem. Peng, Y. Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins from the fruits of Lyciumruthenicum Murray in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Free Radic. Tian, B.

Lyciumruthenicum anthocyanins attenuate high-fat diet-induced colonic barrier dysfunction and inflammation in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Faria, A. Interplay between anthocyanins and gut microbiota.

Kim, K. Short chain fatty acids and fecal microbiota abundance in humans with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11 10 , Ma, G. Polyphenol supplementation benefits human health via gut microbiota: A systematic review via meta-analysis.

Foods 66 , Fallah, A. Effect of dietary anthocyanins on biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Foods 68 , Yang, L. Effects of anthocyanins on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Page, M. The PRISMA statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. n71 du Sert, N. The arrive guidelines 2. PLoS Biol. Pérez, J. Tena, N. State of the art of anthocyanins: Antioxidant activity, sources, bioavailability, and therapeutic effect in human health.

Pelargonidin is another anthocyanidin that has a characteristic orange color. These two supplements have been shown in some studies to to help fight oxidative stress and control blood glucose sugar levels.

Long before scientific studies were conducted to isolate and investigate anthocynanin, foods containing this antioxidant were used in folk medicines around the world to improve health and fight disease.

Traditional cultures have known about the healing effects of anthocyanin foods for centuries. For example, historically, red, blue, black and purple foods have been viewed as remedies for conditions like liver disfunction, hypertension, vision disorders, microbial infections, fatigue, anxiety and diarrhea.

Black foods are said to be warming and best for winter, while red foods are cooling and best for summer. Dark-colored foods also correspond with the element water and are linked to coolness and saltiness. They are said to support organs including the stomach, spleen and kidneys by improving the ability to store energy, balancing fluid metabolism and dispelling toxins.

Red foods, on the other hand, are associated with warmth, fire, summer, happiness and bitterness in TCM. Red foods are believed to support organs including the heart and small intestine. They help nourish blood, improve circulation, and reduce symptoms in people with anemia, palpitations, cold limbs, pale face, and lack of strength or energy.

In Ayurvedic medicine , red, purple and blue foods can be viewed as either warming or cooling. Grapes, cherries and oranges build heat, while berries, pomegranate, cabbage and eggplant reduce warmth.

All types of berries are especially valued in Ayurveda, since they are viewed as capable of reducing internal heat, soothing swelling, treating inflamed tissues and helping cool the blood.

In Ayurveda, foods also correspond with certain emotions. Red foods lift energy and fight lethargy and fatigue, while blue and black foods are calming and fight anxiety. These have been more widely studied than anthocyanin supplements and shown to have many benefits. One study found that over 30 percent of anthocyanin dietary supplements did not contain the fruit listed on the ingredient label, did not contain any anthocyanin at all or contained contents differing from those listed on the label.

Another study found that the amount of anthocyanin in supplements can vary considerably , making it hard to know how much you are actually consuming and absorbing. The minimum amount of anthocyanin foods you want to have per week is about three servings roughly one cup per serving , but more is even better.

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Axe on Facebook 14 Dr. Axe on Twitter 22 Dr. Axe on Pintrest Share on Email Print Article Another study on healthy humans showed potential protective effects of both blood and blond orange juice on the low-grade pro-inflammatory status induced by the consumption of a standardized fatty meal Cerletti et al.

Consumption of a fatty meal can induce an acute inflammatory status, defined by an increase in platelet and leukocyte counts and in myeloperoxidase MPO degranulation of granulocytes.

Granulocytes release MPO, a peroxidase enzyme, into the extracellular space in the inflammatory locus, increasing inflammation. Frequent fatty meal consumption may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation and to a series of events that may develop into atherothrombosis Cerletti et al.

Consumption of both blood and blond orange juice prevented neutrophil MPO degranulation, used as a marker of cell activation induced by the fatty meal, but did not modify other leukocyte cellular markers.

High anthocyanin, blood orange juice was effective in reducing total cholesterol in plasma, unaccompanied by high-density lipoprotein HDL changes. Both juices reduced blood glucose levels Cerletti et al.

Other preclinical studies have confirmed that consumption of blood oranges can have anti-inflammatory effects and limit body weight gain, enhance insulin sensitivity and decrease serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in mice Grosso et al.

Tomato is among the most important vegetables consumed world-wide. It is rich in vitamins, flavonoids, and other health-promoting compounds, but usually it does not contain anthocyanins, except in some tomato wild species, such as S. chilense Jones et al.

The red color, in fact, is due to the presence of carotenoids, including lycopene and the orange-colored β-carotene. Since tomato is the second most consumed among vegetables in the human diet, the importance of this fruit as a vehicle for nutrients and bioactive compounds for improving human health, is clear.

Biotechnological and conventional breeding approaches have been used to engineer anthocyanin production in tomatoes Gonzali et al. Tomatoes genetically engineered to produce high levels of delphinidin and petunidin were produced through the expression of Delila and Rosea1 regulatory genes from A.

majus , specifically in fruit Butelli et al. Mice lacking p53 are prone to develop soft tissue carcinoma at an early age. Mice fed with purple tomato powder supplemented diets showed a significant extension of life span compared to mice fed diets supplemented with red wild-type tomato powder or SD without supplementation.

Interestingly, the combination of different polyphenols was more effective than single flavonoid classes Liso et al. Overall, these studies indicate that tomato extracts enriched in multiple classes of flavonoids, including anthocyanins, display not only a direct anti-inflammatory role, but also a change on the gut microbiota that prevents a chronic inflammation status of the gut.

Apple and apple-related products are some of the most important dietary sources of polyphenols. Moreover, recent discoveries suggest that apple consumption reduces the risk of a number of chronic diseases Boyer and Liu, ; Hyun and Jang, Anthocyanins accumulate preferentially in the peel, where they are responsible for the color of apples.

In addition, some consumers are used to peel apples and other fruits before eating them, thus limiting the consumption of anthocyanins from these dietary sources.

There are a number of wild red-fleshed apples, and intense breeding has created red-fleshed apple varieties, because of the increasing interest in developing commercial red-fleshed apple varieties.

Extensive crossbreeding programs involving good flavored, white-fleshed apples, have managed to improve the poor taste of the wild red-fleshed apple, producing a number of good tasting red-fleshed apples Bars-Cortina et al. Sensory and volatile profile analysis of these apples revealed no differences in flavor and aroma between MdMYB10 -modified apple and the near-isogenic Royal Gala apple Espley et al.

However, consumption of red-fleshed MdMYB10 -modified apple affected inflammatory pathway and gut microbiota in mice. After 7days of diet supplemented with MdMYB10 -modified apple, expression of a group of cytokine genes linked to inflammation Interleukin-2 receptor B , Il2rb ; CC motif chemokine receptor 2 and 10 , Ccr2 and Ccr10 ; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 , Cxcl10 was decreased by twofold compared to mice fed with a diet supplemented with non-transformed Royal Gala apples.

After 21days, mice fed with MdMYB10 -modified apple showed a tenfold decrease in prostaglandin E2 PGE2 and a non-significant decrease in leukotriene B4 LTB4 plasma levels, compared with mice fed with Royal Gala apple.

PGE2 and LTB4 are both inflammatory mediators derived from the arachidonic acid metabolism: the first, synthesized by cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 COX-1, COX-2 , is involved in the cardiovascular event associated with inflammation, while the second, a lipoxygenase product, is involved in the chemotaxis of leukocytes.

Moreover, the gut bacterial flora changed in relation with the diet, and mice fed with MdMYB10 -modified apple showed a significant decrease in Lactobacillus spp. Espley et al. A similar study was conducted on 25 healthy adults in a randomized cross-over controlled trial using naturally bred red-fleshed apples or white-fleshed control apples.

The analyses of fecal microbiota and of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC, which consist of peripheral blood cells having a round nucleus, like lymphocytes and monocytes have shown minimal differences between the two groups, but genes regulated by red-fleshed apples were immunoglobulin-related, suggesting a potential role in modulating the immune function Barnett et al.

Finally, both red- and white-fleshed apples seemed to have beneficial effects in hypercholesterolemic rats Yuste et al. The benefits of apple and anthocyanin consumption are well established Knekt et al.

A considerable body of research has been devoted to identify the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factors involved in the MBW complex activating the anthocyanin biosynthesis in many crop species, with the final aim of improving the anthocyanin content of plant-derived foods by means of conventional breeding or by metabolic engineering.

Additional regulators of the anthocyanin pathway have been identified recently, acting as repressors disrupting the MBW complex or activators stabilizing the MBW complex. In addition, new levels of regulation have been described, in which the activity of repressors and activators is controlled by post-translational regulation.

Anthocyanin production is also under epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulation histone acetylation and miRNAs, respectively.

Despite research on positive and negative regulators has been extensive in the past decade, there are some gaps that could be filled. In some species, MBW complexes activating anthocyanins and related negative regulators still need to be identified. Are the negative regulatory systems identified in Arabidopsis, apple, and peach e.

Is TCP3 and its role as enhancer of MBW function and passive repressor of MYBL2 also conserved? Can these systems be exploited to enhance anthocyanin content in edible organs? Further studies are required to understand the role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in anthocyanin repression both in model and crop species and eventually verified as a new possible approach to enhance organ-specific anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Can miRNAs e. Are the lncRNAs newly identified in carrot conserved in other species? Can they be employed to enhance anthocyanin accumulation? Advancing our knowledge of anthocyanin biosynthesis will allow the development of new biotechnological tools for the generation of value-added plants with increased anthocyanin content, which help consumers to achieve the desired amount of anthocyanins in their daily diet.

Enrichment of foods in anthocyanins will also be particularly useful for the comparison of the nutritional properties of these bioactives from different food sources. This may contribute to define which is the bioavailability and contribution to health-promoting properties of the single anthocyanin species present in a plant food, of their combination and eventually of the specific decorating groups in a food context.

All authors contributed equally to the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript. KP and CT contributed to conceptualization. FC, AM, MT, KP, and CT contributed to writing, reviewing, and editing.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

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