However, taking too much caffeine can be counterproductive and has been linked with side effects such as anxiety, nausea and trouble sleeping.

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that can improve your brain function and make you feel more energized and alert. Phosphatidylserine is a type of fat compound called a phospholipid, which can be found in your brain 35 , You can easily buy these supplements online.

Studies have shown that taking mg of phosphatidylserine three times per day could help reduce age-related decline in brain function 38 , 39 , 40 , Additionally, healthy people who take phosphatidylserine supplements of up to mg per day have been shown to have improved thinking skills and memory 42 , However, larger studies need to be carried out before its effects on brain function can be fully understood.

Phosphatidylserine supplements could improve your thinking skills and memory. They could also help combat the decline in brain function as you age. However, further study is needed. Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid produced naturally in your body.

It plays an important role in your metabolism, particularly in energy production. Taking acetyl-L-carnitine supplements has been claimed to make you feel more alert, improve memory and slow down age-related memory loss These supplements can be found in vitamin stores or online.

Some animal studies have shown that acetyl-L-carnitine supplements can prevent age-related decline in brain function and increase learning capacity 45 , In humans, studies have found that it may be a useful supplement for slowing the decline in brain function due to age.

Its effects in healthy people are unknown. Ginkgo biloba is an herbal supplement derived from the Ginkgo biloba tree. Despite the widespread use of ginkgo biloba, results from studies investigating its effects have been mixed. Some studies have found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements can help reduce age-related decline in brain function 54 , 55 , One study in healthy middle-aged people found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements helped improve memory and thinking skills 57 , However, not all studies have found these benefits 59 , Ginkgo biloba may help improve your short-term memory and thinking skills.

It may also protect you from age-related decline in brain function. However, results are inconsistent. Bacopa monnieri is a medicine made from the herb Bacopa monnieri. People generally take about mg per day and it may take around four to six weeks for you to notice any results.

Studies of Bacopa monnieri also show that it may occasionally cause diarrhea and an upset stomach. Because of this, many people recommend taking this supplement with food Bacopa monnieri has been shown to improve memory and thinking skills in healthy people and in those with a decline in brain function.

Rhodiola rosea is a supplement derived from the herb Rhodiola rosea , which is often used in Chinese medicine to promote well-being and healthy brain function.

People taking Rhodiola rosea have been shown to benefit from a decrease in fatigue and improvement in their brain function 72 , 73 , However, results have been mixed A recent review by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA concluded that more research is required before scientists can know if Rhodiola rosea can reduce tiredness and boost brain function Rhodiola rosea may help improve thinking skills by reducing fatigue.

However, more research is needed before scientists can be certain of its effects. S-Adenosyl methionine SAMe is a substance that occurs naturally in your body.

It may be useful for enhancing the effects of some antidepressants and reducing the decline in brain function seen in people who have depression 77 , 78 , More recently, a study found that, in some instances, SAMe may be as effective as some types of antidepressant medications SAMe could be useful for improving brain function in people with depression.

There is no evidence it has this effect in healthy people. However, note that many brain-boosting supplements are only effective for people who have a mental condition or are deficient in the supplemented nutrient. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?

J Alzheimers Dis. The FDA recommends limiting caffeine intake to milligrams about four to five cups of coffee per day.

Caffeine may have negative side effects in some people like insomnia, jitters and increased heart rate, says Dr. Too much of it can also cause anxiety, dehydration and dependency. An amino acid found in green tea, L-theanine is Dr.

It relaxes the mind without causing drowsiness and has minimal side effects, he says. A very small study in Nutrients examined the effects of L-theanine supplementation in healthy individuals given as milligrams daily for one month.

Participants experienced reduced stress-related symptoms like depression and anxiety, as well as improved sleep quality and cognitive functions, like executive functioning [4] Hidese S, Ogawa S, et al. Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Another review found that milligram doses of L-theanine improved relaxation, reduced tension and increased feelings of calmness. And L-theanine combined with caffeine—also found naturally in green tea—helped with attention-switching tasks and alertness [5] Dietz C, Dekker M.

Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition. Curr Pharm Des. Found in the wild tea leaf plant Camellia kucha , theacrine is a compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, fatigue-reducing and cognitive-enhancing effects.

Angove, adding that theacrine is a staple in his practice. Research shows theacrine works with the adenosine system as a mild stimulant, similar to caffeine, to increase energy.

It also affects the dopamine system, resulting in improved cognitive function [6] Sheng YY, Xiang J, et al. Theacrine From Camellia kucha and Its Health Beneficial Effects.

Front Nutr. Theacrine is available in tea made from the Camellia kucha plant and dietary supplements. An herb used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine—an ancient Indian medical system that relies on a holistic approach to health—Bacopa monnieri has some cognitive-enhancing properties; some evidence shows that it may improve verbal learning and memory acquisition and reduce anxiety, says Dr.

Bacopa monnieri, a Neuroprotective Lead in Alzheimer Disease: A Review on Its Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Drug Target Insights. It can be consumed as a dietary supplement in capsule, powder and extract forms. Even so, according to a review in Scientific Reports , studies examining the brain-enhancing properties of Bacopa monnieri are limited, and further research is needed to substantiate its benefits [8] Brimson JM, Brimson S, et al.

The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri Linn. as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical data. Sci Rep. An amino acid found in red meat and seafood, creatine is available as a supplement, often purported to support exercise performance and increase muscle mass.

Creatine may also have brain-enhancing benefits, notes Dana Ellis Hunnes, Ph. In fact, a systematic review in Experimental Gerontology found that creatine supplementation improved short-term memory, intelligence and reasoning [9] Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Bougioukas KI, Kapogiannis D. Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Exp Gerontol. Still, further research is needed to determine how and in what quantity creatine can be used to enhance cognitive function [10] Roschel H, Gualano B, et al. Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health.

The herb Rhodiola rosea is an adaptogen herbs, plants or mushrooms that help the body respond to stress promoted to improve energy, balance mood and enhance brain function, says Dr.

The Effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea L. Preparations in Alleviating Various Aspects of Life-Stress Symptoms and Stress-Induced Conditions-Encouraging Clinical Evidence. Panax ginseng is the dried root of several species of the Panax plant, used for centuries in Korean, Chinese and Japanese medicine.

A small pilot study in Pharmaceuticals found traditionally-harvested white Panax ginseng resulted in improved attention, memory and perceived stress in healthy but tired adults, compared to the effects of non-traditionally harvested red Panax ginseng and a placebo [12] Mariage PA, Hovhannisyan A, Panossian AG.

Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer Herbal Preparation HRG80 in Preventing and Mitigating Stress-Induced Failure of Cognitive Functions in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Pharmaceuticals Basel. Boost your cognition and productivity with personalized nootropic formulas from Thesis to activate every kind of brain.

Information provided on Forbes Health is for educational purposes only. Your health and wellness is unique to you, and the products and services we review may not be right for your circumstances. We do not offer individual medical advice, diagnosis or treatment plans. For personal advice, please consult with a medical professional.

Forbes Health adheres to strict editorial integrity standards. To the best of our knowledge, all content is accurate as of the date posted, though offers contained herein may no longer be available.

Heidi Borst is a freelance journalist, healthcare content writer and certified nutrition coach with a love of all things health and wellness. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, National Geographic, Good Housekeeping, MSN, Yahoo and more.

Based in Wilmington, North Carolina, Borst is a lifelong runner and general fitness enthusiast who is passionate about the physical and mental benefits of sleep and self-care. For the past 25 years, Dr. Jessica Cho practiced medicine with a single mission: Help patients attain wellness and create a life full of joy, vitality and balance.

As a physician, her passion is to educate and empower her patients. Her medical expertise is rooted in integrative treatments with a command of both Western and Eastern medicine. Her interdisciplinary background enables a variety of tools that help patients achieve success as she delves into the root causes of their challenges to understand why and how.

Select Region. United States. United Kingdom. Health supplements. Advertiser Disclosure. So let's dive into this section to help you get a clearer understanding of how well the ingredients in the above-listed supplements are proven by science: D-Aspartic Acid D-Aspartic acid is a crucial ingredient in several smart drugs on this list.

It helps regulate glutamate receptors. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for brain function and overall cognitive health. It stimulates neuronal activity and is involved in learning and memory processes.

However, an imbalance in glutamate levels can lead to excitotoxicity, a condition associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

This is why several effective nootropic supplements include D-aspartic acid in their formula to maintain healthy glutamate levels. Rhodiola Rosea In terms of appearance, Rhodiola rosea typically grows to about centimeters and has slender, yellowish-brown stems with spiral-shaped leaves.

The leaves are green in color and have a thick, fleshy texture. Regarding its working mechanisms, Rhodiola rosea has been found to exert its effects through various biological pathways. One key mechanism is its ability to modulate neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Rhodiola rosea may help improve cognition and mental performance by affecting the levels and activity of these neurotransmitters. In a study , 56 young, healthy physicians were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized extract of Rhodiola rosea or a placebo for 20 days.

The participants' cognitive performance was assessed using various neuropsychological tests. The results showed that the group receiving Rhodiola rosea extract significantly improved mental fatigue.

Bacopa Monnieri Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, and scientific studies have backed its effectiveness in enhancing cognitive function.

A study that provides evidence for the effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri in supporting brain health and delaying cognitive decline was published in the Journal of Integrative Medicine. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 54 healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract or a placebo for 12 weeks.

The study found that the participants who took the Bacopa monnieri extract showed significant improvements in cognitive performance, including attention, memory, and processing speed.

Furthermore, the Bacopa monnieri group exhibited a higher percentage of participants who experienced clinically relevant improvements. Huperzine A Huperzine A is a natural compound often added to smart drugs and supplements to enhance mental acuity, agility, and memory retention.

It is derived from Huperzia Serrata, a moss in China and Southeast Asia. Huperzine A's mode of action involves inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase AChE , which breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning processes in the brain.

When Huperzine A inhibits AChE, it prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to increased levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain. This increase in acetylcholine enhances communication between neurons and improves cognitive functions such as attention, focus, and memory.

By inhibiting AChE, Huperzine A promotes the availability and utilization of acetylcholine, resulting in improved mental clarity and agility. Furthermore, Huperzine A also acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptor antagonist.

This means that it blocks the activity of NMDA receptors, which are involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. By partially blocking these receptors, Huperzine A modulates the balance of excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain, improving memory retention and learning abilities.

Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo biloba is a unique tree with distinct leaves. The leaves of the ginkgo biloba tree are fan-shaped and have a distinct parallel vein pattern. Along with its striking appearance, ginkgo biloba has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties.

Moreover, ginkgo biloba has been found to increase blood flow to the brain. It achieves this by dilating blood vessels and enhancing the elasticity of red blood cells, thereby improving circulation. This boost in blood flow facilitates the delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to the brain cells, promoting optimal functioning and overall cognitive health.

A study involved healthy middle-aged individuals randomly assigned to receive ginkgo biloba extract or a placebo.

The participants underwent a battery of cognitive tests at baseline and after six years of treatment. The results revealed that the group receiving ginkgo biloba extract demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance than the placebo group.

Pterostilbene Pterostilbene is a naturally occurring compound that belongs to the stilbenoid family, similar to resveratrol. When added to nootropics, pterostilbene works through various modes of action to promote mental insight, agility, and memory retention. One of the critical ways pterostilbene benefits mental function is by acting as a potent antioxidant.

It helps to neutralize harmful free radicals in the brain, which are known to cause oxidative stress and damage cells. Additionally, pterostilbene has been found to promote neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to modify and adapt its connections.

Activation of the sirtuin pathway has been associated with improved cognitive function, increased synaptic plasticity, and enhanced memory consolidation. By stimulating this pathway, pterostilbene helps to optimize brain function and promote mental acuity.

A Quick Insight Into How We Ranked The Best Nootropics of Now that we have covered which nootropic supplements are at the top of our rankings, we would like to give you a sneak peek into how we determined the best nootropics in Formula Efficacy and Diversity In this aspect, NooCuve was like a symphony of brain-boosting ingredients.

We were impressed by how it ditched caffeine but managed to orchestrate mental clarity and rejuvenate brain cells. A formula that hits all the right notes? Count us in. Transparency in Lab Results When it comes to laying it all out there, Mind Lab Pro was a rockstar.

Their lab results were like an open book — transparent, honest, and unsurprised. We appreciate a brand saying, "Here's the evidence, see for yourself. These folks weren't just dabbling; they were knee-deep in the cognitive enhancement game.

Target Audience and Applicability Performance Lab Mind didn't discriminate. Whether you were battling Alzheimer's or just wanted a mood boost, it had your back. It wasn't just a brain enhancer but a universal supporter for anyone on the mental wellness journey.

Compliance and Accessibility Onnit Alpha Brain played the accessibility card wisely. There is no prescription drama, just a straightforward solution.

It is understood that not everyone has a doctor on speed dial. Easy access — it's a win in our book. Long-Term Benefits and Results Mind Lab Pro wasn't about quick fixes; it was a marathon runner. The gradual improvement in memory and brain health over time?

We appreciate the dedication shown by this nootropic supplement. FAQs About Nootropics Q: What Is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor BDNF? A: Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor BDNF is a crucial protein that plays a pivotal role in brain health and cognitive function.

It functions as a growth factor, promoting brain neuron survival, growth, and maintenance. Research has shown that higher levels of BDNF are associated with improved learning, memory, and overall cognitive performance.

Exercise, a healthy diet, adequate sleep, and the consumption of smart drugs listed above boost BDNF levels, highlighting the importance of lifestyle factors in promoting brain health.

Below are the characteristics of the most widely used nootropics in Russia, with an analysis of the spectra of their pharmacological activity and mechanisms of action. Nootropics of the pyrrolidone series. According to experimental and clinical data, the main effects of piracetam and most of its analogues are nootropic, antihypoxic, and anxiolytic; the mechanism for the implementation of these effects is multicomponent, but, first of all, is associated with the effect on metabolic processes and cerebral circulation [10, 11, 17—19].

It has been shown that piracetam increases the synthesis of phospholipids, activates adenylate cyclase, increases the level of ATP, enhances the utilization of glucose in the brain, increases the permeability of cell and mitochondrial membranes for Krebs cycle mediators, and increases the synthesis of cytochrome b5 [20—22].

Piracetam has an antioxidant effect [ 23 ], increases the density of cholinergic receptors [ 24 , 25 ], and interacts with some neuropeptides substance P, vasopressin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone [ 19 ].

It has been established that piracetam activates the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors with no effect on the NMDA receptors of neurons, which leads to an increase in the release of calcium from the cell [ 26 , 27 ].

Piracetam improves microcirculation in ischemic areas of the brain, inhibits the aggregation of activated platelets, and has a protective effect during extreme effects on the brain caused by hypoxia, intoxication, and electric shock [ 11 , 19 , 28 , 29 ].

Phenylpiracetam , a phenyl analogue of piracetam trade names: phenotropil, carphedon, and phenylpiracetam , was developed at the Institute of Biomedical Problems as a new generation psychostimulant that can increase the mental and physical performance of astronauts at various stages of space flights.

It was experimentally established that phenylpiracetam improves learning and memory, has an antiamnesic effect, activates operant behavior, has anxiolytic, antiasthenic, and anticonvulsant effects, weakens the sedative effect of benzodiazepines, increases resistance to cold, and improves sleep [29—31].

In a model of cerebral ischemia, phenylpiracetam improves cognitive functions, reduces manifestations of neurological deficit, and is superior in effectiveness to piracetam [ 32 , 33 ]. Nootropics with a cholinergic mechanism of action.

Phosphatidylcholine lecithin is one of the main lipid components of cell membranes, and choline released from lecithin is a precursor of acetylcholine synthesis [ 36 ].

It has been shown that the administration of phosphatidylcholine to mice under conditions of a dementia model or to patients with cognitive dysfunctions and dementia increases the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain and improves memory [37—39].

Acetyl- L -carnitine is a source of acetylcholine precursors and has a distinct nootropic effect [ 40 ]. Deanol dimethylaminoethanol, DMAE is a precursor of choline and also has a pronounced antioxidant effect [ 18 , 41 ]. In the experiment, deanol improves learning and memory and reduces amnesia caused by scopolamine [ 42 , 43 ].

Deanol is the second structural component of meclofenoxate, which, like deanol, increases the level of choline in the brain, has an antioxidant effect, improves memory, decreases the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and reduces neuronal damage during cerebral ischemia [ 18 , 44 ].

Pyritinol consists of two molecules of vitamin B6 bonded with a disulfide bridge improves learning and memory, including in old animals and humans, increases the activity of choline acetyltransferase, which contributes to the accumulation of choline in cholinergic neurons, increases the level of acetylcholine in the brain, and has an antioxidant effect [45—48].

Nootropics with a GABAergic mechanism of action. Pantgam and pantogam active have been shown to improve learning and memory processes, to have antiamnesic and antihypoxic effects, and to relieve seizures caused by pentylenetetrazole and bemegride [ 52 , 53 ].

The mechanism of action of the drugs is determined by the presence of GABA in its structure and is associated primarily with a direct effect on the GABA-B receptor and an improvement in GABA metabolism [ 54 ]. Pantogam increases the resistance of the brain to hypoxia and the effects of toxic substances, and stimulates anabolic processes in neurons.

Pantogam and pantogam active are widely used in clinical practice, including in children from the first days of life. Neuropeptides and their analogues. Semax , developed on the basis of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, that is, ACTH 4—10 , at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and at the Department of Human and Animal Physiology of the Department of Biology, Moscow State University, is one of the first domestic drugs of a peptide nature [ 55 , 56 ].

It was experimentally shown that Semax stimulates learning processes, reduces amnesia caused by various influences, normalizes cerebral circulation, and has antihypoxic and anxiolytic effects [56—59].

Semax reduces the level of glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, increases the conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria, which, under conditions of oxygen deficiency, maintains a high level of ATP formation, and increases the content of neurotrophic factors in the brain tissue [55—57, 60].

Noopept ethyl ester of N -phenylacetyl- L -prolylglycine is a nonpeptide prototype of piracetam, synthesized and studied at the Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology. Experimental studies show that noopept has nootropic and antihypoxic properties and is superior in activity to piracetam [ 63 ].

The nootropic effect of the drug may be associated with the formation of cycloprolylglycine during its metabolism, which is similar in structure to the endogenous cyclic dipeptide with antiamnestic activity.

The study of the primary interactions of noopept with more than known receptor formations, performed by CEREP France , did not lead to the expected identification of primary targets [ 64 ].

It has been shown that noopept has an anticholinergic effect [ 65 ], enhances the expression of neurotrophins NGF and BDNF [ 66 ], and selectively increases the DNA-binding activity of HIF-1 hypoxia-inducing factor.

These data, taking the functional significance of the genes activated by this transcription factor into account, allow us to consider the positive effect of HIF-1 as the primary mechanism of action of noopept [ 64 ].

Vasoactive, neuroprotective drugs. Nicergoline an ergot alkaloid has a nootropic and neuroprotective effect, improves cholinergic neurotransmission [ 67 ], protects neurons from β-amyloid toxicity [ 68 ], is an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist [ 69 ], inhibits platelet aggregation, increases oxygen and glucose utilization, and has antioxidant properties [ 70 ].

Vinpocetine is a semi-synthetic derivative of the alkaloid vincamine, which is found in Vinca minor periwinkle and has a nootropic and neuroprotective effect. Antioxidants, antihypoxants, and membrane protectors can improve learning and memory processes, including in diseases accompanied by neurodegeneration.

It has been shown that the nootropic centrophenoxin is first cleaved into parachlorophenoxyacetic acid and dimethylaminoethanol DMAE , which is incorporated into the cell membrane of nerve cells in the form of phosphatidyl DMAE, remains there for a long period of time and is a strong inhibitor of OH free radicals [ 77 ].

reduces the shifts caused by pathology [ 77 ]. Mexidol 2-ethylmethyloxypyridine succinate synthesized at the Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology also has membranotropic, antioxidant, and antihypoxic properties; the spectrum of its pharmacological activity includes nootropic, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antialcoholic, and some other effects [78—81].

The experiment showed that mexidol has a pronounced antiamnestic effect in severe amnesia tests caused by maximum electric shock or deprivation of paradoxical sleep phase, is not inferior in efficiency in these tests to nootropics centrophenoxin and cleregil, and is superior in both antiamnesic activity and effectiveness to piracetam: the mexidol dose that has an antiamnestic effect is 2 times lower, and the effect is higher than that of piracetam [ 78 , 79 , 82 , 83 ].

Mexidol, both in experiments and in the clinic, has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, including in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes; it improves cerebral circulation.

Experiments have shown that mexidol in rats with hemorrhagic stroke improves impaired learning and memory processes, increases the survival rate of animals, and reduces the manifestations of neurological deficits, which is accompanied by normalization of the concentrations of TBA-active products in the blood and homogenates of the cerebral cortex of rats and indicates the participation of antioxidant mechanisms in the nootropic and neuroprotective effects of mexidol [ 84 ].

It has been established that substances with antioxidant and antihypoxic activity alpha-tocopherol, melatonin, chelating agents, ascorbic acid, mexidol, cysteine hydrochloride, succinic acid, and some others can not only improve cognitive functions but also increase the lifespan of laboratory animals [99—].

Nootropics are widely used for cognitive impairment that occurs with aging and neurodegenerative diseases that often accompany aging.

Modern concepts of aging consider oxidative stress, with the formation of reactive oxygen species ROS , and mitochondrial dysfunction as key causes of subsequent cell death [—].

According to the free radical theory of aging, the imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant systems that occurs during aging leads to the generation of ROS, primarily in the mitochondria of cells, which causes damage to various macromolecules and structures: DNA, chromatin, proteins, lipids, membranes, and collagen, and disrupts the regulation of the intracellular level calcium, etc.

According to the mitochondrial theory, aging is based on progressive dysfunction of mitochondria in various tissues of the body: mitochondria change their structure, the rate of electron transport decreases, the energy-producing function is limited, the balance of oxidant and antioxidant systems is disturbed, mitochondrial DNA mutations occur, which serves as the basis for the development of neurodegenerative processes and the formation of age-related pathology, including memory impairment [—, —].

Thus, in disorders, including cognitive ones, arising from aging and neurodegenerative diseases, the use of drugs that have nootropic, antioxidant, and antihypoxic effects and positively affect mitochondrial dysfunction is justified. One of these drugs is 2-ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate Mexidol.

It has been shown that in old animals, a long-term course two courses of 2 months of mexidol restores cognitive and motor-neurological deficits and increases life expectancy [ , ].

The nootropic and neuroprotective action of mexidol, including in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, is determined by its basic polytarget mechanism of action.

Mexidol has an antihypoxic effect, the ability to improve the energy status of the cell and restore processes in the Krebs cycle [ , ], suppress ascorbate-dependent nonenzymatic and NADPH 2 -dependent lipid peroxidation [ 80 , 83 , ], increase the activity of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, decrease the activity of inducible NO-synthase and bind the superoxide anion radical, and reduce glutamate excitotoxicity [ ].

Thus, the nootropic action of mexidol occurs via antioxidant and membrane-modulating mechanisms, leading to structural and functional changes in the biomembrane and to optimizing the functioning of acetylcholine receptors, which are of paramount importance for improving synaptic transmission and memory processes.

Recent data indicates the ability of mexidol to induce cerebral mitochondriogenesis and eliminate mitochondrial dysfunction in both young and old rats [ ].

It has been shown that after the course administration of mexidol in the cerebral cortex of rats, a dose-dependent induction of the succinate receptor SUCNR1 and proteins-markers of mitochondrial biogenesis was observed: the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, transcription factors NRF1, TFAM , catalytic subunits of respiratory enzymes NDUFV2, SDHA, cyt b, and COX2 , and ATP synthase ATP5A [ ].

Activation of the succinate receptor causes effects that overcome energy imbalance and causes activation of erythropoiesis and angiogenesis, stimulation of cardiac activity, etc. Mitochondrial biogenesis and the succinate receptor are considered as important pathogenetically substantiated targets in the study of aging and neurodegenerative diseases and the search for drugs with neuroprotective and nootropic effects [—].

Thus, the effects of mexidol in cognitive dysfunctions, including those arising from aging and neurodegenerative diseases, are determined by the both fragments of its structure, each of which affects the key pathogenetic links in the process of neurodegeneration: 2-ethylmethylhydroxypyridine has an antioxidant and membrane-protective action, and succinate, first of all, restores disorders in mitochondrial dysfunction.

The use of mexidol proved to be effective in the treatment of cognitive impairments, motor-motor disorders, dizziness, asthenia, anxiety in older patients with chronic cerebral pathology [ , ], including vascular encephalopathy [ ], as well as in elderly patients with cardiovascular pathology and arterial hypertension [ , ].

Thus, the group of nootropic drugs is extremely diverse, both in terms of chemical structure and the spectrum of pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action.

Various nootropics, in addition to the actual nootropic influence on learning and memory action, can have psychostimulating, antiasthenic, anxiolytic, and adaptogenic effects, neuroprotective and antihypoxic action and can also improve cerebral circulation and exert some other effects.

Based on the analysis of currently available data on the action of individual drugs, the following main components of the mechanism of nootropic effect can be distinguished: influence on neurotransmitter systems: cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, as well as GABA, dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic systems; increased brain bioenergetics activation of adenylate cyclase, increased synthesis of ATP and cAMP ; antioxidant action inhibition of the formation of free radicals and peroxidation ; membrane-stabilizing action: regulation of the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins in nerve cells, stabilization of the structure of cell membranes; influence on cerebral mitochondriogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction; activation of plasticity processes in the central nervous system increased synthesis of RNA, DNA, and proteins—improved formation of informational macromolecules; improved microcirculation dilation of cerebral vessels, reduced platelet aggregation, etc.

Nootropic drugs are among the most widely used drugs, both in outpatient and clinical practice. The main indications for the use of nootropics are dementia of various origins: vascular, atrophic, postencephalic, post-infectious, memory impairment during aging, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Nootropics are used in complex therapy for atherosclerosis and hypertension, for various intoxications drugs, alcoholism, drug addiction, and others , for coma of various etiologies, for brain tumors, neuroinfections, asthenia, neurosis, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and other diseases.

Nootropics are used by healthy people to improve mental performance during periods of increased stress.

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Caraci, F. Heitz, C. Tanaka, M. Molnár, P. and Erdo, S. Creatine is an amino acid that can improve short-term memory and reasoning skills. Doses of 5 grams per day have been shown to be safe in the long term.

Bacopa monnieri is an ancient herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to enhance brain function. Several studies have found that Bacopa monnieri supplements can speed up information processing in your brain, reduce reaction times and improve memory 16 , 17 , Bacopa monnieri contains active compounds called bacosides, which protect your brain from oxidative stress and improve signaling in your hippocampus, an area of your brain in which memories are processed The effects of Bacopa monnieri are not felt immediately.

Bacopa monnieri is an herbal supplement that has been shown to improve memory and information processing when taken for several months. Rhodiola rosea is an adaptogenic herb that helps your body handle stress more effectively.

Several studies have found that Rhodiola rosea supplements can improve mood and decrease feelings of burnout in both anxious and highly stressed individuals 22 , Taking small daily doses of Rhodiola rosea has been shown to reduce mental fatigue and increase feelings of well-being in college students during stressful exam periods More research is needed to determine optimal dosing and better understand how the herb causes these effects.

Rhodiola rosea is a natural herb that may help your body adapt to periods of high stress and reduce associated mental fatigue. Taking a single dose of — mg of Panax ginseng has been shown to reduce brain fatigue and significantly improve performance on difficult tasks like mental math problems 25 , 26 , It may be due to its strong anti-inflammatory effects, which help protect your brain from oxidative stress and enhance its function Some longer-term studies have found that your body may adapt to ginseng , making it less effective after several months of use.

Therefore, more research is needed on its long-term nootropic effects Occasional doses of Panax ginseng may help improve mental function, but more research is needed on its long-term effectiveness. Extracts from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree may also have positive effects on your brain.

Ginkgo biloba supplements have been shown to improve memory and mental processing in healthy older adults when taken daily for six weeks 30 , 31 , Taking Ginkgo biloba before a highly stressful task also reduces stress-related high blood pressure and decreases levels of cortisol , a type of stress hormone While these results are promising, not all studies have shown beneficial effects.

More research is needed to better understand the potential benefits of Ginkgo biloba on your brain Some research suggests that Ginkgo biloba can improve memory and mental processing and may be beneficial in stressful situations.

Yet, more research is needed. Nicotine is a naturally occurring chemical found in many plants, especially tobacco. Studies show that nicotine can have nootropic effects, such as improved alertness and attention, especially in people with naturally poor attention spans 36 , It has also been found to improve motor function.

However, this substance can be addictive and is lethal in high doses, so caution is warranted Due to the risk of addiction, nicotine is not recommended. However, nicotine use is justified if you are trying to quit smoking. Nicotine is a naturally occurring chemical that boosts alertness, attention and motor functions.

Unlike some of the natural nootropics, the effects of Noopept can be felt within minutes, rather than hours, days or weeks, and typically last for several hours 40 , Animal studies have shown that Noopept speeds up how quickly the brain forms and retrieves memories by boosting levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF , a compound that promotes the growth of brain cells 42 , 43 , Human research has found that this smart drug helps people recover more quickly from brain injuries, but more studies are needed to understand how it might be used as a nootropic in healthy adults 45 , Noopept is a fast-acting, synthetic nootropic that may improve memory by increasing BDNF levels in your brain.

However, more human-based research is needed. It has been shown to improve memory in people with age-related mental decline but does not seem to have much benefit in healthy adults 47 , During the s, a few small, poorly designed studies suggested that piracetam may improve memory in healthy adults, but these findings have not been replicated 49 , 50 , Though piracetam is widely available and promoted as a smart drug, research on its effects is lacking.

Piracetam is marketed as a nootropic supplement, but research supporting its effectiveness is lacking. Phenotropil, also known as phenylpiracetam, is a synthetic smart drug that is widely available as an over-the-counter supplement.

One study in rats found that phenotropil slightly enhanced memory, but research to support its use as a smart drug in healthy adults is unavailable Phenotropil is marketed as a smart drug, but research showing memory-enhancing benefits in healthy adults is unavailable. Commonly sold under the brand name Provigil , modafinil is a prescription drug that is often used to treat narcolepsy, a condition that causes uncontrollable drowsiness Its stimulating effects are similar to those of amphetamines or cocaine.

Yet, animal studies suggest it has a lower risk of dependence 57 , Several studies have shown that modafinil significantly reduces feelings of fatigue and improves memory in sleep-deprived adults 59 , 60 , It also enhances executive functioning, or the ability to properly manage your time and resources to accomplish your goals Though modafinil is generally considered non-addictive, instances of dependence and withdrawal have been reported at high dosages 62 , Modafinil is a prescription drug that can reduce drowsiness and improve brain function in healthy adults, particularly those who are sleep deprived.

However, it should only be taken as prescribed. Adderall is a prescription medication that contains highly stimulating amphetamines. Adderall works by increasing the availability of the brain chemicals dopamine and noradrenaline within your prefrontal cortex, an area of your brain that controls working memory, attention and behavior The amphetamines found in Adderall make people feel more awake, attentive and optimistic.

They also reduce appetite Depending on the dose and type of pill prescribed, the effects last up to 12 hours The side effects of Adderall abuse include anxiety, low sex drive and sweating Recreational Adderall abuse can also cause more severe side effects, such as heart attack, especially when mixed with alcohol 71 , 72 , Evidence that Adderall enhances mental performance is strong, but it should only be taken as prescribed.

Adderall is not available without a prescription but does appear to improve brain function in healthy adults and those with ADHD. However, it does not contain amphetamines In healthy adults, Ritalin improves short-term memory, information-processing speed and attention 75 , Like Adderall, Ritalin is widely abused, especially by people aged 18—25 The most common side effects of Ritalin include insomnia, stomach ache, headache and loss of appetite It can also cause hallucinations, psychosis, seizures, heart arrhythmias and high blood pressure, particularly when taken in high doses 79 , 80 , 81 , Ritalin is a powerful stimulant that should only be taken as prescribed and monitored closely for abuse.

Ritalin is a smart drug that enhances information processing, memory and attention. Nootropics and smart drugs refer to natural, synthetic and prescription substances that enhance mental function. Prescription smart drugs, such as Adderall and Ritalin, have the strongest and most significant effects on memory and attention.

Synthetic nootropic supplements like Noopept and piracetam are widely available, but research on their effectiveness in healthy adults is lacking. Many natural nootropics are used in alternative medicine, but their effects are typically more subtle and slower acting.

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by experts. Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument.

This article contains scientific references.

However, in people with depression, it has been associated with benefits like improved mood 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , Taking fish oil, which contains both these fats, has been shown to help reduce the decline in brain function associated with aging 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , Overall, the best way to get the recommended amount of omega-3 fatty acids is by eating two portions of oily fish per week You can find many supplements online.

More research is required to find out how much and what ratios of EPA and DHA are beneficial. But taking 1 gram per day of combined DHA and EPA is generally recommended to maintain brain health Resveratrol is an antioxidant that occurs naturally in the skin of purple and red fruits like grapes, raspberries and blueberries.

If this is true, this treatment could slow down the decline in brain function you experience as you get older Animal studies have also shown that resveratrol can improve memory and brain function 24 , Additionally, one study on a small group of healthy older adults found that taking mg of resveratrol per day for 26 weeks improved memory In animals, resveratrol supplements have been shown to improve memory and brain function.

Creatine is a natural substance that plays an important role in energy metabolism. Caffeine is a natural stimulant most commonly found in tea, coffee and dark chocolate. It works by stimulating the brain and central nervous system, making you feel less tired and more alert In fact, studies have shown that caffeine can make you feel more energized and improve your memory, reaction times and general brain function 29 , 30 , For most people, single doses of around — mg per day are generally considered safe and are enough to benefit health 32 , 33 , However, taking too much caffeine can be counterproductive and has been linked with side effects such as anxiety, nausea and trouble sleeping.

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that can improve your brain function and make you feel more energized and alert. Phosphatidylserine is a type of fat compound called a phospholipid, which can be found in your brain 35 , You can easily buy these supplements online.

Studies have shown that taking mg of phosphatidylserine three times per day could help reduce age-related decline in brain function 38 , 39 , 40 , Additionally, healthy people who take phosphatidylserine supplements of up to mg per day have been shown to have improved thinking skills and memory 42 , However, larger studies need to be carried out before its effects on brain function can be fully understood.

Phosphatidylserine supplements could improve your thinking skills and memory. They could also help combat the decline in brain function as you age. However, further study is needed. Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid produced naturally in your body.

It plays an important role in your metabolism, particularly in energy production. Taking acetyl-L-carnitine supplements has been claimed to make you feel more alert, improve memory and slow down age-related memory loss These supplements can be found in vitamin stores or online.

Some animal studies have shown that acetyl-L-carnitine supplements can prevent age-related decline in brain function and increase learning capacity 45 , In humans, studies have found that it may be a useful supplement for slowing the decline in brain function due to age.

Its effects in healthy people are unknown. Ginkgo biloba is an herbal supplement derived from the Ginkgo biloba tree. Despite the widespread use of ginkgo biloba, results from studies investigating its effects have been mixed. Some studies have found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements can help reduce age-related decline in brain function 54 , 55 , One study in healthy middle-aged people found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements helped improve memory and thinking skills 57 , However, not all studies have found these benefits 59 , Ginkgo biloba may help improve your short-term memory and thinking skills.

It may also protect you from age-related decline in brain function. However, results are inconsistent. Bacopa monnieri is a medicine made from the herb Bacopa monnieri.

A perfect combination of neuro stimulant and focus aid, Vyvamind emerges as another right fit for people seeking natural nootropics, also known as smart drugs, to boost their cognitive abilities. Vyvamind NSV is a natural broad spectrum that surpasses the limitations of other dietary supplements.

Manufactured by SAP Nutrition Limited, the cognitive enhancement supplement is designed to enhance cognitive performance under mentally demanding situations.

Cognitive enhancers like Vyvamind never let you down when you need to be on the top of the game. This cognitive enhancement formula can be your perfect ally to support optimal brain function and accelerate cognitive speed. Influencing your cognitive functions in as little as ten minutes, Vyvamind cognitive enhancement supplement executes a highly focused strategy.

Vyvamind flaunts a potent dosage of Choline and amino acids to enhance mental function. The cognitive enhancement formula energizes your brain cells and optimizes electrical impulses to support brain function.

Vyvamind also leverages antioxidant properties to protect your cells from damage. Additionally, it has L-Theanine, a naturally occurring amino acid, which promotes alpha brainwave activity to boost creativity, mental clarity, and focus.

The multi-faceted approach of the Vyvamind cognitive enhancement formula also supports cell membrane formation and promotes blood flow to promote neural activities. Vyvamind stands out among other cognitive enhancers because its broad spectrum features execute a holistic strategy to boost your mental performance.

The multiple functions Vyvamind carries out are hardly seen in other dietary supplements. Additionally, the muted detonation of caffeine floods your body with instant energy, improving mental clarity and focus. The unique feature of this intelligent execution is that an amino acid present in the Vyvamind cognitive enhancement supplement simultaneously nullifies the side effects of caffeine.

Vyvamind nootropic is designed to meet individual needs and fit the lifestyle of everyone. The nootropic formula is the best option if you seek a potent dose of Choline.

Onnit Alpha Brain leverages the properties of three super potent blends: Onnit Flow Blend, Onnit Focus Blend, and Onnit Fuel Blend.

Collectively, these nootropic blends create a synergetic effect that maximizes the impact of this cognitive enhancement supplement. Formulated by Onnit Labs Inc. Research suggests that using this supplement for 12 weeks can show a statistically significant increase in mental performance.

Onnit Alpha Brain works creatively by harnessing the individual and collective powers of the natural ingredients it contains. It also enhances acetylcholine levels to support brain function and promotes cellular health by strengthening the membrane and protecting cells from oxidative stress.

The brain health supplement supports the central nervous system and ensures neural communication for optimal cognitive function.

Onnit Alpha Brain executes a holistic approach that boosts your cognitive abilities by addressing multiple pathways. Each blend in Onnit Alpha Brain nootropic has been crafted carefully to maximize the effects and enhance mental performance from every angle.

Onnit Alpha Brain is a top choice among nootropic supplements for its unique blend that boosts brain health and enhances focus. Like Vyvamind, Onnit Alpha Brain combines two primary functions into one formula.

Rising as the cream of the crop, Onnit Alpha Brain is the choice of the masses for its stimulant and allergen-free composition, making it the safest and cleanest option after Mind Lab Pro.

Furthermore, Onnit offers an exclusive reward system that allows customers to earn points and make the most of their purchases. The new and improved NooCube formula exhibits the award-winning Lutemax formula for enhanced cognitive function and eye-brain connection. Popular to boost brain health and productivity, NooCube is the award winner of Nutraceutical Business Review NooCube seems to have everything, from award-winning performance to vast scientific evidence backing its cognitive-enhancing properties.

NooCube, UK, has manufactured this dietary supplement, which is distributed across reliable channels by leading distributors. The supplement has science-backed ingredients like Bacopa Monnieri, amino acid, Choline, and more to increase its effects.

Brain boosters like Mind Lab Pro and NooCube support multiple brain pathways for improved brain function. A favorite of parents and big achievers, this cognitive health formula promotes focus and mental energy.

The supplement may also reduce symptoms of brain fog and brain plaque that causes memory loss. Hence, it works to increase memory retention and boosts cognitive functions. NooCube also builds neurotransmitters and neurons and supplies your brain with nutrients to prevent cognitive decline, dementia, and shrinkage.

NooCube is one of the highest-quality nootropic supplements on the market. The cognitive enhancement supplement is created for men and women of all ages. This clear formula is also a good choice for athletes. We also found that the improved formula — NooCube Brain Productivity Version 3, is now suitable for vegans and vegetarians.

Additionally, scientific evidence suggests that NooCube has no reported side effects, making it a functional nootropic that lets you accomplish more and double your productivity! We have another award winner on our best nootropics list: Nooceptin! Nooceptin FDG is an all-in-one cognitive enhancer that has defeated several brain boosters on the market with its efficiency and performance, risking in ranks.

The nootropic propels your brain above its performance threshold and boasts a formulation of seven natural ingredients clinically proven to give peak cognitive performance. Manufactured and sold under the Nooceptin brand, the nootropic targets five key areas to prevent mental fatigue from holding you back or affecting your mental performance.

The nootropic is designed to support neurotransmitter production and accelerate cognitive enhancement. Nooceptin releases two neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, which act as powerful cognitive enhancers to support brain tissue growth and maturation.

Furthermore, the nootropic leverages the properties of Bacopa Monnieri to support dendrite growth. The nootropic also contains adaptogens that make your body resistant to stress.

Nooceptin makes your body resistant to the adverse effects of cortisol and other hormones. Finally, the supplement promotes brain health by protecting cells from oxidative stress and repairing brain tissue to improve cognitive function. This cognitive enhancement formula stands apart from other nootropic supplements as it is backed by vast scientific evidence and clinical trials to reduce impulsivity in patients struggling with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

However, we were enthralled with the multiple cognitive benefits offered by Nooceptin without any side effects. Additionally, the super potent nootropic can give significant results within eight weeks, providing long-lasting improvements in cognitive performance.

The revolutionary Nooception formula integrates into your system over time, providing gradual results that may vary but, with consistent use, yield improved cognitive function, mental health, and mental performance. Performance Lab Mind is the sister product of Mind Lab Pro and works efficiently to bridge the nutritional gap and optimize your mental performance.

The cognitive enhancement supplement has been crafted using premium research-driven ingredients to enhance results without side effects. Each capsule of Performance Lab Mind contains a potent dosage of Choline, Maritime Pine Bark extract, Phosphatidylserine, and L-Tyrosine to improve your cognitive abilities and give you benefits you can feel.

Standing as a favorite of Chloe Deutscher, a chemical engineer, Performance Lab Mind is a foundational daily brain nutrition. Whatever your diet is missing, Performance Lab Mind can help you achieve optimal nutritional status by balancing the gap. Designed to give a mental edge across performance-driven aspects of cognition, the Performance Lab Mind supplement offers resistance to stress and anxiety, allowing you to experience enhanced focus and mental energy.

As users embark on their cognitive optimization journey, Mind Lab Pro emerges as a sophisticated ally, ushering in a new era of heightened cognitive acuity and mental vitality.

In the realm of nootropics, Performance Lab Mind stands as a testament to precision engineering, offering a targeted blend of scientifically supported ingredients designed to optimize cognitive performance and elevate mental clarity.

This nootropic supplement aims to support memory, enhance focus, and promote overall cognitive well-being with a focused formulation that embodies simplicity and efficacy.

Performance Lab Mind recommends a daily intake of one capsule. This measured dosage reflects the potency of the ingredients, allowing users to experience controlled cognitive advantages over time.

This investment reflects the quality and simplicity of its scientifically-backed formulation. Performance Lab Mind is a meticulously crafted nootropic, embodying precision and efficacy in improving memory without side effects.

As users embark on their cognitive optimization journey, Performance Lab Mind emerges as a reliable companion, providing the tools for enhanced mental clarity and cognitive vitality.

Onnit Alpha Brain is a flagship nootropic, representing a fusion of meticulously selected ingredients designed to elevate cognitive functioning and unlock peak mental performance. Alpha Brain aims to support memory, enhance focus, and foster overall cognitive well-being with a harmonious blend that integrates science-backed compounds.

The potency of Onnit Alpha Brain lies in the synergistic collaboration of well-researched ingredients, each chosen for its unique cognitive-enhancing properties:. Onnit Alpha Brain recommends a daily intake of two capsules. This measured dosage ensures a consistent and controlled supply of carefully balanced ingredients, allowing users to experience cumulative cognitive enhancement over time.

Modafinil is a nootropic renowned for its wakefulness-promoting properties and cognitive-enhancing effects. Originally developed to treat sleep disorders like narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and sleep apnea, Modafinil has gained popularity in cognitive enhancement circles for its ability to enhance alertness, focus, and overall cognitive functioning.

One of the primary reasons individuals turn to Modafinil is its cognitive-enhancing potential. Users often report improvements in concentration, attention, and working memory.

It is trendy among students and professionals facing demanding tasks or long periods of focused work, where sustained attention is crucial.

As a eugeroic or wakefulness-promoting agent, Modafinil helps individuals stay awake and alert for extended periods without the jittery side effects associated with traditional stimulants. This has made it a go-to choice for individuals facing sleep deprivation or those seeking improved wakefulness during irregular working hours.

Dopamine is associated with motivation, reward, and pleasure, and its modulation by Modafinil may explain some of the reported improvements in mood and motivation.

Common side effects include headaches, nausea, and insomnia. Additionally, its use is not recommended for individuals with a history of cardiovascular issues or psychiatric conditions. Navigating the vast landscape of nootropic supplements requires a discerning eye and a comprehensive understanding of the factors that distinguish exceptional formulations.

The shortlisting process for the best nootropic supplements involves a meticulous evaluation, considering various elements contributing to cognitive enhancement and overall user satisfaction.

The most critical factor in determining the ranking of a nootropic supplement is its scientific validity.

A robust formulation backed by scientific research and clinical studies provides confidence in its efficacy and safety. Ingredients with well-documented cognitive advantages and a proven track record contribute significantly to the overall ranking.

The synergy between ingredients is a critical factor in nootropic supplements. A well-balanced blend that addresses multiple aspects of cognitive function, such as neurotransmitter support, memory enhancement, and neuroprotection, is prioritized.

The effectiveness of a nootropic often lies in the harmonious interactions among its constituents. Supplements that disclose detailed information about dosages, sources, and potential allergens foster trust among users.

High-quality, responsibly sourced ingredients contribute to the overall appeal of a nootropic. The recommended dosage and ease of incorporation into daily routines are crucial considerations.

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Samaila Musa Chiroma, Che Norma Mat Taib, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Zulkhairi Amom, Saravanan Jagadeesan, Search Panel. This supplement has been reported to help almost everyone improve brain function naturally - whether one suffers from low mental clarity due to a brain injury or wants to reduce the symptoms of conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Who Created Performance Lab Mind, And Who Should Consume Its Nootropic Supplements? Performance Lab Mind is a food supplement that has been created by doctors who have been working closely with people struggling with Alzheimer's disease, burnout, and even depression for decades.

Since they wanted to help everyone boost mental function, they created a natural supplementation that can be consumed by people who want to promote better brain health, balance their mood, or enhance learning and memory functions.

How Does Performance Lab Mind Improve Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Adults? The Performance Lab Mind brain supplements boast a humble ingredient list - but each component in this product can uniquely enhance your brain health.

The primary goal of this supplement is to help reduce brain fog, improve memory, strengthen cognitive effects, and promote better learning and memory all at once. Performance Lab Mind is one of the few brain supplements with few ingredients, but it still helps boost brain health efficiently.

However, people looking for a more diverse ingredient list may not like Performance Lab Mind. We also liked how its formula is suitable for people with allergies. It does not have peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, or other common allergen. Further, vegans can take the Performance Lab Mind brain supplements, too!

Pros Of The Performance Lab Mind Nootropic Supplement Affordable pricing Backed by extensive research Free bottle on eligible orders Vegan-friendly Cons Of The Performance Lab Mind Nootropic Supplement It is a low-dose formula which may not be effective for experienced users Mind Lab Pro credit: PR Natural Components: Citicoline, Lion's Mane Mushroom, etc.

It is one of the best nootropics that can promote better hormonal balance by lowering cortisol production. Research suggests that the formulation and ingredients used in this supplement can help promote better brain health and memory within just 30 days.

Who Created Mind Lab Pro, And Who Should Consume Its Nootropic Supplements? PerformanceLab Group created Mind Lab Pro, and the researchers working in its labs wanted to help everyone over 18 improve memory and executive functioning naturally. This brain health supplement may be the right option for people looking for a natural and plant-based formula to promote optimal cognitive function.

How Does Mind Lab Pro Improve Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Adults? The Mind Lab Pro ingredients can help reduce brain fog and improve memory by exposing your body to several plants clinically proven to help strengthen cognition effectively.

The makers of this supplement ensured that each component used to create its formula was pure and potent while avoiding all sorts of fillers. Many people like Mind Lab Pro because of its effective formula, but this brand also offers several features that help it stand out.

For instance, it provides fast shipping services, boasts clean-label certification, and contains no stimulants. However, it is worth noting that Mind Lab Pro is more expensive than many other nootropics - although the premium quality may justify its pricing structure for people who don't have a tight budget.

Pros Of The Mind Lab Pro Nootropic Supplement Suitable for vegans Third-party tested formula Safe probiotic capsules Use of 11 clinically proven and natural ingredients Cons Of The Mind Lab Pro Nootropic Supplement The suggested dose of 4 capsules per day may be excessive for some people Onnit Alpha Brain credit: PR Natural Components: Cat's Claw, Oat Straw, Bacopa Monnieri, etc.

It boasts thousands of positive reviews that imply how this supplement has helped improve memory, reduce brain fog, and enhance overall mental performance efficiently among both men and women. Who Created Onnit Alpha Brain, And Who Should Consume Its Nootropic Supplements?

Onnit Labs, a company with a decent reputation in brain health supplements, created Alpha Brain. The makers of this product claim that any adult over 18 can consume it to improve the time they take to process things and stay focused for hours mentally.

How Does Onnit Alpha Brain Improve Cognitive Processing Among Healthy Adults? Onnit Alpha Brain has been created to target two aspects of optimal brain function. The first one is the production of increased alpha waves that promote cognitive health.

The second aspect is helping support the acetylcholine levels in the body. As an essential neurotransmitter, the researchers working at Onnit believe its higher production can significantly improve brain health.

Even though Onnit Alpha Brain is the most expensive nootropic supplement on this list, we have to admit that it is a value-for-money investment for most people due to its premium quality. We love how it can be stacked with other supplements to accelerate its benefits.

Further, Onnit's official website displays the exact function and benefit of each ingredient in Alpha Brain, thus maintaining excellent transparency with its users.

We recommend investing in Alpha Brain if you can afford to invest in pricey options. It is one of the most popular brain boosters in the field of prescription medications, and many medical experts also refer to it as a potent nootropic. Who Created Modafinil, And Who Should Consume Its Nootropic Supplements?

Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories created Modafinil to help people achieve better mental health. It is one of the best nootropics supplements in terms of effectiveness as its makers focus on inducing quick results.

Only people who already suffer from severe mental disorders or are at risk of suffering should consider taking Modafinil to improve brain function. How Does Modafinil Improve Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Adults? Modafinil works by promoting better hormonal balance in the body.

It helps restrict DAT levels and enhances dopamine production at the same time. This results in a better mood among its users. A lot of Modafinil users report that this substance helps them stay happy as well as focused for long periods. We mainly included Modafinil on this list because it can help enhance cognitive functioning quickly.

A lot of healthy adults use it to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease as well. However, Modafinil is a prescription drug. This means that a doctor must prescribe Modafinil to you if you want to consume it, which may make it inaccessible for some people.

Modafinil also has some side effects, like increased oxidative stress and breathlessness. Pros Of The Modafinil Nootropic Supplement Quick results It can help reduce physical oxidative stress in some cases Not highly addictive Many induce permanent results Cons Of The Modafinil Nootropic Supplement There are more side effects than any other natural or synthetic substance on this list.

Understanding The Extent of Clinical Backing of Smart Drugs Listed Above Now, let's get real for a moment. In the world of smart drugs, a wide range of options are available, each claiming to have unique benefits for enhancing cognitive function.

However, it's crucial to approach these claims skeptically and closely examine the clinical research behind their ingredients. So let's dive into this section to help you get a clearer understanding of how well the ingredients in the above-listed supplements are proven by science: D-Aspartic Acid D-Aspartic acid is a crucial ingredient in several smart drugs on this list.

It helps regulate glutamate receptors. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for brain function and overall cognitive health. It stimulates neuronal activity and is involved in learning and memory processes.

However, an imbalance in glutamate levels can lead to excitotoxicity, a condition associated with neurodegenerative disorders. This is why several effective nootropic supplements include D-aspartic acid in their formula to maintain healthy glutamate levels. Rhodiola Rosea In terms of appearance, Rhodiola rosea typically grows to about centimeters and has slender, yellowish-brown stems with spiral-shaped leaves.

The leaves are green in color and have a thick, fleshy texture. Regarding its working mechanisms, Rhodiola rosea has been found to exert its effects through various biological pathways. One key mechanism is its ability to modulate neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Rhodiola rosea may help improve cognition and mental performance by affecting the levels and activity of these neurotransmitters. In a study , 56 young, healthy physicians were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized extract of Rhodiola rosea or a placebo for 20 days.

The participants' cognitive performance was assessed using various neuropsychological tests. The results showed that the group receiving Rhodiola rosea extract significantly improved mental fatigue.

Bacopa Monnieri Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi, has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, and scientific studies have backed its effectiveness in enhancing cognitive function. A study that provides evidence for the effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri in supporting brain health and delaying cognitive decline was published in the Journal of Integrative Medicine.

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 54 healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract or a placebo for 12 weeks. The study found that the participants who took the Bacopa monnieri extract showed significant improvements in cognitive performance, including attention, memory, and processing speed.

Furthermore, the Bacopa monnieri group exhibited a higher percentage of participants who experienced clinically relevant improvements. Huperzine A Huperzine A is a natural compound often added to smart drugs and supplements to enhance mental acuity, agility, and memory retention.

It is derived from Huperzia Serrata, a moss in China and Southeast Asia. Huperzine A's mode of action involves inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase AChE , which breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning processes in the brain.

When Huperzine A inhibits AChE, it prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to increased levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain. This increase in acetylcholine enhances communication between neurons and improves cognitive functions such as attention, focus, and memory.

By inhibiting AChE, Huperzine A promotes the availability and utilization of acetylcholine, resulting in improved mental clarity and agility. Furthermore, Huperzine A also acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptor antagonist. This means that it blocks the activity of NMDA receptors, which are involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation.

By partially blocking these receptors, Huperzine A modulates the balance of excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain, improving memory retention and learning abilities. Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo biloba is a unique tree with distinct leaves.

The leaves of the ginkgo biloba tree are fan-shaped and have a distinct parallel vein pattern. Along with its striking appearance, ginkgo biloba has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties.

Moreover, ginkgo biloba has been found to increase blood flow to the brain. It achieves this by dilating blood vessels and enhancing the elasticity of red blood cells, thereby improving circulation. This boost in blood flow facilitates the delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to the brain cells, promoting optimal functioning and overall cognitive health.

A study involved healthy middle-aged individuals randomly assigned to receive ginkgo biloba extract or a placebo. The participants underwent a battery of cognitive tests at baseline and after six years of treatment.

The results revealed that the group receiving ginkgo biloba extract demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance than the placebo group. Pterostilbene Pterostilbene is a naturally occurring compound that belongs to the stilbenoid family, similar to resveratrol.

When added to nootropics, pterostilbene works through various modes of action to promote mental insight, agility, and memory retention. One of the critical ways pterostilbene benefits mental function is by acting as a potent antioxidant.

It helps to neutralize harmful free radicals in the brain, which are known to cause oxidative stress and damage cells. Additionally, pterostilbene has been found to promote neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to modify and adapt its connections. Activation of the sirtuin pathway has been associated with improved cognitive function, increased synaptic plasticity, and enhanced memory consolidation.

By stimulating this pathway, pterostilbene helps to optimize brain function and promote mental acuity. A Quick Insight Into How We Ranked The Best Nootropics of Now that we have covered which nootropic supplements are at the top of our rankings, we would like to give you a sneak peek into how we determined the best nootropics in