Chromium and blood sugar control -
Antioxid Redox Signal. Schwarz K, Mertz W: Chromium III and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch Biochem Biophys. Evans GW, Pouchnik DJ: Composition and biological activity of chromium-pyridine carboxylate complexes.
J Inorg Biochem. Jeejeebhoy KN, Chu RC, Marliss EB, Greenberg GR, Bruce-Robertson A: Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.
Am J Clin Nutr. Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD: Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition.
Dig Dis Sci. Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JE: Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. Office of Dietary Supplements: Dietary supplement fact sheet: chromium [article online], Balk E, Tatsioni A, Chung M, Pittas A, Lichtenstein A, Lau J: Evidence supporting proposed food-related health claims for chromium picolinate supplementation: September 21, [article online].
Accessed 6 October Docket Q qualified health claim QHC : chromium picolinate and diabetes: December 1, [article online]. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Buse J, Defronzo R, Kahn R, Kitzmiller J, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Lernmark A, Nathan D, Palmer J, Rizza R, Saudek C, Shaw J, Steffes M, Stern M, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation: Simonoff M: Chromium deficiency and cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Res. DerSimonian R, Laird N: Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM, Sacks DB: Tests of glycemia in diabetes.
Am J Kidney Dis. Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrova V, Hunter D, Senft V: Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Biol Trace Elem Res. Grant AP, McMullen JK: The effect of brewers yeast containing glucose tolerance factor on the response to treatment in type 2 diabetics: a short controlled study.
Ulster Med J. Uusitupa MI, Mykkanen L, Siitonen O, Laakso M, Sarlund H, Kolehmainen P, Rasanen T, Kumpulainen J, Pyorala K: Chromium supplementation in impaired glucose tolerance of elderly: effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide and lipid levels.
Br J Nutr. Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MA: The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Med J. Rabinowitz MB, Gonick HC, Levin SR, Davidson MB: Effects of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men.
Offenbacher EG, Pi-Sunyer FX: Beneficial effect of chromium-rich yeast on glucose tolerance and blood lipids in elderly subjects. Wang MM, Fox EA, Stoecker BJ, Menendez CE, Chan SB: Serum cholesterol of adults supplemented with brewer's yeast or chromium chloride.
Nutr Res. Li YC, Shin SJ, Chen JC: Effects of brewer's yeast and torula yeast on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and chromium contents in adult human beings. J Chin Nutr Soc. Li YC: Effects of brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance and serum lipids in Chinese adults.
Offenbacher EG, Rinko CJ, PiSunyer FX: The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjects.
Uusitupa MI, Kumpulainen JT, Voutilainen E, Hersio K, Sarlund H, Pyorala KP, Koivistoinen PE, Lehto JT: Effect of inorganic chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin response, and serum lipids in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.
Mossop RT: Effects of chromium III on fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and cholesterol HDL levels in diabetics. Cent Afr J Med. Abraham AS, Brooks BA, Eylath U: The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Sherman L, Glennon JA, Brech WJ, Klomberg GH, Gordon ES: Failure of trivalent chromium to improve hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Roginski EE, Mertz W, Glinsmann W: Chromium supplementation of human subjects: effects on glucose, insulin, and lipid variables.
Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Canary JJ: Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets.
Martinez OB, MacDonald AC, Gibson RS, Bourn D: Dietary chromium and effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance of elderly Canadian women.
Hermann J, Chung H, Arquitt A, Goad C, Burns M, Chan B: Effects of chromium or copper supplementation on plasma lipids, plasma glucose and serum insulin in adults over age fifty. J Nutr Elder. Bahijri SM: Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance and lipid profile. Riales R, Albrink MJ: Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men.
Hermann J, Arquitt A, Stoecker B: Effects of chromium supplementation on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and glucose in elderly subjects. Grant KE, Chandler RM, Castle AL, Ivy JL: Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. Crawford V, Scheckenbach R, Preuss HG: Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diabetes Obes Metab. Lefavi RG, Wilson GD, Keith RE, Anderson RA, Blessing DL, Hames CG, McMillan JL: Lipid-lowering effect of dietary chromium iii -nicotinic acid complex in male athletes.
Wilson BE, Gondy A: Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Urberg M, Zemel MB: Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose tolerance in elderly humans.
Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, Feng J: Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJ: Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT: Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Vrtovec M, Vrtovec B, Briski A, Kocijancic A, Anderson RA, Radovancevic B: Chromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Am Heart J. Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury S: Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
J Nutr Biochem. Evans GW: The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. Int J Biosoc Med Res. Lee NA, Reasner CA: Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM.
Cefalu WT, Bell-Farrow AD, Stegner J, Wang ZQ, King T, Morgan T, Terry JG: Effect of chromium picolinate on insulin sensitivity in vivo. J Trace Elem Exp Med. Rabinovitz H, Friedensohn A, Leibovitz A, Gabay G, Rocas C, Habot B: Effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II: Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program.
J Am Coll Nutr. Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, Hams G, O'Sullivan C, Foster-Powell K, McElduff A: Chromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WW: Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women. Lucidi RS, Thyer AC, Easton CA, Holden AE, Schenken RS, Brzyski RG: Effect of chromium supplementation on insulin resistance and ovarian and menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Fertil Steril. Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS: Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SW: The influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Food and Drug Administration: Qualified health claims: letter of enforcement discretion: chromium picolinate and insulin resistance: docket no. DIABETES CARE. Supplementary data Supplementary Figure - pdf file.
Supplementary Tables - doc file. View Metrics. Email alerts Article Activity Alert. Online Ahead of Print Alert. Latest Issue Alert. Online ISSN Print ISSN Books ShopDiabetes. org ADA Professional Books Clinical Compendia Clinical Compendia Home News Latest News DiabetesPro SmartBrief.
Resources ADA Professional Membership ADA Member Directory Diabetes. X Twitter Facebook LinkedIn. This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only Sign In or Create an Account. Close Modal. This site uses cookies. It is clearer that chromium supplementation can improve glucose metabolism in individuals who are deficient in the mineral, but still unclear that supplementation will have the same action in those who are adequately nourished.
Currently, the American Diabetes Association does not recommend chromium supplements to improve blood glucose control in people with diabetes who do not have underlying nutritional deficiencies.
Most of the clinical trials available are of short duration six months or less and do not control for confounders such as dietary intake and physical activity.
Chromium is found in small amounts in a range of foods. However, chromium content varies even among the same types of food, likely due to mineral variations in the soil in which it was grown. Chromium may also be inadvertently added into a food when it is processed with stainless steel equipment.
Pregnancy and lactation, strenuous exercise, and physical stress from infections and trauma can also increase chromium losses. A risk of chromium deficiency increases with these scenarios if the diet is also low in chromium most commonly seen with general malnutrition or acute illness that causes a deficiency of many nutrients.
Harmful side effects linked to high intakes of chromium from food or supplements exist but are rare. This may be because chromium is poorly absorbed in the gut.
Therefore a Tolerable Upper Intake Level has not been established by the Institute of Medicine. This is a level set as a maximum intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. However, caution should be used with high dose supplements of any trace mineral; a few case studies found an association with chromium supplements and kidney and liver damage.
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The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? Recommended Amounts There is not enough data to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance for chromium. Chromium and Health Type 2 diabetes mellitus Chromium has been identified as a key player in the action of insulin and regulating blood glucose.
A Cochrane review analyzed nine randomized controlled trials looking at chromium picolinate supplementation on weight loss, with a follow-up of up to six months. However, the authors noted that most of the studies were of low quality with a short follow-up of less than six months and a small number of participants, and the different study designs made them difficult to compare.
Another meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials looked at the effects of chromium picolinate and chromium nicotinate on body weight or body mass index in overweight and obese individuals. The results showed a significant reduction in overall weight loss and body fat percentage compared with the placebo group.
Data on chromium intakes from dietary supplements are also very limited. Chromium deficiency has not been reported in healthy populations, and no definitive deficiency symptoms have been established [ 3 , 4 ].
These effects were alleviated with pharmacologic amounts of chromium. Although these adverse effects were presumed to be caused by chromium deficiency, the studies did not adequately evaluate the chromium concentrations in the TPN solutions [ 5 ].
Scientists have concluded, based on recent evaluations, that these studies do not provide evidence that the patients had chromium deficiency and thus do not demonstrate that heathy people can develop chromium deficiency [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 13 ].
Currently, chromium is routinely added to TPN solutions to provide 10—15 mcg chromium per day, a much higher daily amount than the approximately 0. Thus, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and other experts recommend research on parenteral chromium requirements to determine whether chromium levels in TPN solutions should be lowered [ 9 , 13 , 35 , 36 ].
This section focuses on five conditions in which chromium might have beneficial effects: impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS , dyslipidemia, and weight and lean body mass.
Because chromium might potentiate the action of insulin, studies have examined whether increasing chromium intakes might reduce the risk of impaired glucose tolerance. Numerous randomized controlled trials have assessed the effects of chromium supplements—often at pharmacological doses e.
One of the most commonly cited intervention studies of the effects of chromium supplementation for type 2 diabetes was a randomized controlled trial [ 37 ].
The trial assigned adults age 35—65 years with type 2 diabetes to receive mcg chromium as chromium picolinate , mcg chromium, or placebo twice daily for 4 months.
At 4 months, for example, mean fasting serum glucose levels were 7. HbA1c is a robust measure of blood glucose control because it reflects long-term changes in blood glucose levels [ 38 ].
Several subsequent studies that used various doses of chromium had inconsistent findings. A review of chromium and glycemic control included eight meta-analyses and systematic reviews of a total of 58 clinical trials [ 16 ].
The trials lasted from 3 weeks to 6 months and administered 1. The most frequently used form was chromium picolinate, followed by yeasts containing chromium and chromium chloride. Overall, when used as an adjuvant treatment, chromium lowered fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels slightly in people with diabetes.
However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear. The authors of a review of chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes drew similar conclusions, noting the insufficient rationale to recommend chromium supplements for people with type 2 diabetes and that chromium supplements do not help moderate glucose levels in healthy individuals [ 39 ].
Some research suggests that responses to chromium supplementation may vary, and supplements might be more likely to benefit people with more severe insulin resistance and poorer glycemic control [ 18 , 40 ].
In a randomized trial in participants age 30—70 years with type 2 diabetes, daily supplementation with 1, mcg chromium as chromium picolinate for 24 weeks did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose levels, or HbA1c values in comparison with placebo [ 40 ].
However, some participants did respond to chromium supplementation, and these people had significantly lower insulin sensitivity 3. Manufacturers market chromium supplements widely in the United States for people with type 2 diabetes, and many adults use them in the hope that the supplements will reduce their risk of diabetes or improve their glycemic control [ 6 , 8 , 18 , 39 ].
However, FDA allows only the following qualified health claim for chromium picolinate dietary supplements:. In its diabetes guidelines, the American Diabetes Association concluded that because studies have not definitively shown that chromium supplementation benefits people with diabetes or obesity, the association cannot recommend such supplementation [ 43 ].
This determination was based on conflicting evidence from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies. Similarly, the association concluded in its position statement that evidence is insufficient to support the routine use of supplements containing chromium and other micronutrients for glycemic control in people with diabetes [ 44 ].
Additional research is needed to determine whether specific populations e. Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors—abdominal obesity, high triglyceride level, low high-density lipoprotein HDL; good cholesterol level, hypertension, and high fasting blood glucose level—that raise the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke [ 45 ].
Insulin resistance is an integral component of this condition and is a potential therapeutic target for dietary interventions for metabolic syndrome [ 46 ]. A prospective study of 3, adults age 20—32 years found that baseline toenail chromium concentrations were inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome over 23 years of follow-up [ 47 ].
For these reasons, some scientists have hypothesized that chromium supplements might benefit people with metabolic syndrome. Only a few clinical trials of chromium supplementation for metabolic syndrome have been conducted [ 46 , ].
One of these trials included 63 adults age 18 to 75 years with metabolic syndrome who received either mcg chromium picolinate or placebo twice daily for 16 weeks [ 46 ].
In comparison with placebo, chromium supplementation significantly increased acute insulin response to glucose but did not affect HbA1c levels, insulin sensitivity, or other measures of glucose metabolism.
Chromium supplementation also had no effect on body weight or serum lipids. Similarly, in a clinical trial of 70 adults mean age 58 years with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance, daily supplementation with mcg chromium mcg with breakfast and mcg with dinner, as chromium yeast for 24 weeks did not affect fasting glucose levels, HbA1c, waist circumference, blood pressure, or lipid levels [ 49 ].
Overall, limited research suggests that chromium supplements do not significantly benefit people with metabolic syndrome. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age.
It is characterized by infertility, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperandrogenism, and elevated risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [ 51 , 52 ]. Because insulin resistance is often a central component of PCOS, studies have investigated the use of chromium supplements in people with PCOS to help maintain glycemic control and reduce lipid levels [ 16 , 53 ].
Four recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have examined the effects of chromium supplements on signs and symptoms of PCOS [ 52 , ]. One analysis included seven trials with a total of participants that administered chromium as chromium picolinate at mcg to 1, mcg daily for 8 to 24 weeks [ 52 ].
Chromium supplementation had no effect on fasting blood glucose, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or luteinizing hormone levels. However, chromium did significantly reduce body mass index BMI by 2. Chromium supplementation had no significant effect on fasting insulin levels or insulin sensitivity, but data from two trials showed that it did significantly lower a measure of insulin resistance.
Chromium bloid an essential mineral that Chhromium body needs in trace amounts. It is Chromium and blood sugar control present in a Chromiium variety of Chromium and blood sugar control, though only in small amounts, and is also available as a supplement. Chromium enhances the action of the hormone insulin. Vitamin B3 niacin and vitamin C help to improve the absorption of chromium. There is not enough data to establish a Recommended Dietary Allowance for chromium.Chromium and blood sugar control -
Jain SK, Patel P, Rogier K, Jain SK: Trivalent chromium inhibits protein glycosylation and lipid peroxidation in high glucose-treated erythrocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal. Schwarz K, Mertz W: Chromium III and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch Biochem Biophys. Evans GW, Pouchnik DJ: Composition and biological activity of chromium-pyridine carboxylate complexes.
J Inorg Biochem. Jeejeebhoy KN, Chu RC, Marliss EB, Greenberg GR, Bruce-Robertson A: Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.
Am J Clin Nutr. Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD: Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. Dig Dis Sci. Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JE: Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. Office of Dietary Supplements: Dietary supplement fact sheet: chromium [article online], Balk E, Tatsioni A, Chung M, Pittas A, Lichtenstein A, Lau J: Evidence supporting proposed food-related health claims for chromium picolinate supplementation: September 21, [article online].
Accessed 6 October Docket Q qualified health claim QHC : chromium picolinate and diabetes: December 1, [article online]. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Buse J, Defronzo R, Kahn R, Kitzmiller J, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Lernmark A, Nathan D, Palmer J, Rizza R, Saudek C, Shaw J, Steffes M, Stern M, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation: Simonoff M: Chromium deficiency and cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Res. DerSimonian R, Laird N: Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials.
Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM, Sacks DB: Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis.
Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrova V, Hunter D, Senft V: Influence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Biol Trace Elem Res. Grant AP, McMullen JK: The effect of brewers yeast containing glucose tolerance factor on the response to treatment in type 2 diabetics: a short controlled study. Ulster Med J. Uusitupa MI, Mykkanen L, Siitonen O, Laakso M, Sarlund H, Kolehmainen P, Rasanen T, Kumpulainen J, Pyorala K: Chromium supplementation in impaired glucose tolerance of elderly: effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide and lipid levels.
Br J Nutr. Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MA: The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Saudi Med J. Rabinowitz MB, Gonick HC, Levin SR, Davidson MB: Effects of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men. Offenbacher EG, Pi-Sunyer FX: Beneficial effect of chromium-rich yeast on glucose tolerance and blood lipids in elderly subjects.
Wang MM, Fox EA, Stoecker BJ, Menendez CE, Chan SB: Serum cholesterol of adults supplemented with brewer's yeast or chromium chloride.
Nutr Res. Li YC, Shin SJ, Chen JC: Effects of brewer's yeast and torula yeast on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and chromium contents in adult human beings. J Chin Nutr Soc. Li YC: Effects of brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance and serum lipids in Chinese adults. Offenbacher EG, Rinko CJ, PiSunyer FX: The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjects.
Uusitupa MI, Kumpulainen JT, Voutilainen E, Hersio K, Sarlund H, Pyorala KP, Koivistoinen PE, Lehto JT: Effect of inorganic chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin response, and serum lipids in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.
Mossop RT: Effects of chromium III on fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and cholesterol HDL levels in diabetics. Cent Afr J Med. Abraham AS, Brooks BA, Eylath U: The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Sherman L, Glennon JA, Brech WJ, Klomberg GH, Gordon ES: Failure of trivalent chromium to improve hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.
Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Roginski EE, Mertz W, Glinsmann W: Chromium supplementation of human subjects: effects on glucose, insulin, and lipid variables. Anderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Canary JJ: Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets.
Martinez OB, MacDonald AC, Gibson RS, Bourn D: Dietary chromium and effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance of elderly Canadian women. Hermann J, Chung H, Arquitt A, Goad C, Burns M, Chan B: Effects of chromium or copper supplementation on plasma lipids, plasma glucose and serum insulin in adults over age fifty.
J Nutr Elder. Bahijri SM: Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance and lipid profile. Riales R, Albrink MJ: Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men.
Hermann J, Arquitt A, Stoecker B: Effects of chromium supplementation on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and glucose in elderly subjects. Grant KE, Chandler RM, Castle AL, Ivy JL: Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. Crawford V, Scheckenbach R, Preuss HG: Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diabetes Obes Metab. Lefavi RG, Wilson GD, Keith RE, Anderson RA, Blessing DL, Hames CG, McMillan JL: Lipid-lowering effect of dietary chromium iii -nicotinic acid complex in male athletes.
Wilson BE, Gondy A: Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
Urberg M, Zemel MB: Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose tolerance in elderly humans. Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, Feng J: Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJ: Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT: Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Vrtovec M, Vrtovec B, Briski A, Kocijancic A, Anderson RA, Radovancevic B: Chromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Am Heart J. Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury S: Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Biochem. Evans GW: The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans.
Int J Biosoc Med Res. Lee NA, Reasner CA: Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM.
Cefalu WT, Bell-Farrow AD, Stegner J, Wang ZQ, King T, Morgan T, Terry JG: Effect of chromium picolinate on insulin sensitivity in vivo.
J Trace Elem Exp Med. Rabinovitz H, Friedensohn A, Leibovitz A, Gabay G, Rocas C, Habot B: Effect of chromium supplementation on blood glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus elderly patients.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II: Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program.
J Am Coll Nutr. Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, Hams G, O'Sullivan C, Foster-Powell K, McElduff A: Chromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WW: Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women.
Lucidi RS, Thyer AC, Easton CA, Holden AE, Schenken RS, Brzyski RG: Effect of chromium supplementation on insulin resistance and ovarian and menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Fertil Steril. Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS: Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SW: The influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Food and Drug Administration: Qualified health claims: letter of enforcement discretion: chromium picolinate and insulin resistance: docket no.
DIABETES CARE. Supplementary data Supplementary Figure - pdf file. Supplementary Tables - doc file. View Metrics. Email alerts Article Activity Alert.
Online Ahead of Print Alert. Latest Issue Alert. Online ISSN Print ISSN Books ShopDiabetes. org ADA Professional Books Clinical Compendia Clinical Compendia Home News Latest News DiabetesPro SmartBrief.
Resources ADA Professional Membership ADA Member Directory Diabetes. X Twitter Facebook LinkedIn. This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only Sign In or Create an Account.
Close Modal. Research also shows that chromium can help protect DNA chromosomes from damage, which means it may be able to halt cell mutations that can lead to various chronic diseases.
In addition, chromium is associated with longevity and improved cardiovascular health due to its role in metabolizing fats, in addition to proteins, carbs and other nutrients. But is it safe? In what amounts? Chromium 6 is a chemical that appears to cause cancer and was featured in the Erin Brockovich story that was made into a film — plus it infiltrated the tap water for over two-thirds of all Americans.
What is chromium found in? Drinking tap water supplies some of our chromium, as does cooking in stainless-steel cookware. According to the U. On average, adult women in the U. consume about 23 to 29 micrograms of chromium per day from food meeting their needs , and men consume about 39 to 54 micrograms per day exceeding their needs , according to USDA reports.
People with diabetes and the elderly are more likely to have a chromium deficiency than otherwise healthy adults or children. The established dietary reference intakes of chromium were developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in and are based on the amount needed by people who are otherwise healthy, so your exact needs may differ a bit depending on your current health, weight and level of activity.
Adequate intakes for chromium are based on age and gender and are as follows :. Other health care professionals recommend more chromium to help with blood sugar control, especially for people with existing cases of mild or serious insulin resistance or diabetes; micrograms a day as part of a multivitamin is recommended by many nutrition experts, and high doses up to 1, micrograms for those with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome are prescribed in some cases.
It also supports a healthy metabolism and storage of nutrients throughout the body, since it can help you better absorb and distribute nutrients from carbohydrates, fats and proteins found in the foods you eat.
One study conducted by the Human Nutrition Research Center U. Department of Agriculture found that when individuals being treated for type 2 diabetes were either given a placebo or chromium supplements over a four-month period each day while continuing to take normal medications and not changing eating habits, insulin values and cholesterol levels decreased significantly in the group given supplemental chromium compared to the placebo group.
Chromium is needed for normal metabolism of fats, including cholesterol. Research shows a link between higher chromium intake and healthier arteries and levels of blood cholesterol. Some studies even show that people who die from heart disease tend to have lower levels of chromium in the blood at the time of death.
Chromium in the form chromium picolinate or CrPic has been associated with a reduction in the risk for obesity, less weight gain and may positively affect food intake. At this time, the exact mechanism by which it affects hunger and weight is still unknown, but some studies find that higher chromium intake is associated with a reduction in adipose tissue fat accumulation on the body and better controlled eating.
One study done by the Biomedical Research Center at the Louisiana State University found that chromium supplements effectively helped modulate food intake in healthy, overweight, adult women who reported craving carbohydrates. After comparing the effects of chromium versus placebo in 42 overweight women over an eight-week period, the group taking 1, milligrams of chromium daily experienced reduced food intake, reduced hunger levels, fewer fat cravings and a slight decrease in body weight.
Recent studies highlight the role of healthy insulin response in maintaining brain health and cognitive function into old age. Because chromium is capable of improving glucose levels and insulin response, it may act as a beneficial modulator of brain function and is associated with a reduction of age-related alterations of the brain.
While chromium supplementation may be beneficial for people with diabetes , its use in combination with insulin or with any other blood sugar-lowering medication should be supervised by a doctor. Consequently, supplementing with chromium could reduce blood sugar levels in people with taking metformin, potentially resulting in abnormally low blood sugar levels hypoglycemia.
While chromium supplementation may be beneficial for people with diabetes , its use in combination with metformin or with any other blood sugar-lowering medication should be supervised by a doctor.
In supplemental amounts typically 50— mcg per day , chromium has not been found to cause toxicity in humans. While there are a few reports of people developing medical problems while taking chromium, a cause-effect relationship was not proven. One study suggested that chromium in very high concentrations in a test tube could cause chromosomal mutations in ovarian cells of hamsters.
One report of severe illness including liver and kidney damage occurring in a person who was taking 1, mcg of chromium per day has been reported. Another source claimed that there have been reports of mild heart rhythm abnormalities with excessive chromium ingestion. Three single, unrelated cases of toxicity have been reported from use of chromium picolinate.
A case of kidney failure appeared after taking mcg per day for six weeks. No one should take more than mcg per day of chromium without the supervision of a doctor. Offenbacher EG. Promotion of chromium absorption by ascorbic acid.
Trace Elements Electrolytes ; Sterns DM, Belbruno JJ, Wetterhahn KE. A prediction of chromium III accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. FASEB J ; Sterns DM, Wise JP, Patierno SR, Wetterhahn KE.
Chromium III picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Speetjens JK, Collins RA, Vincent JB, Woski SA. The nutritional supplement chromium III tris picolinate cleaves DNA. Chem Res Toxicol ; Garland M, Morris JS, Colditz GA, et al. Toenail trace element levels and breast cancer.
Am J Epidemiol ; Cerulli J, Grabe DW, Guathier I, et al. Chromium picolinate toxicity. Ann Pharmacother ; Shannon M. Alternative medicines toxicology: a review of selected agents.
J Clin Toxicol ; Wasser WG, Feldman NS. Chronic renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate. Ann Intern Med ; [letter]. Martin WR, Fuller RE.
Suspected chromium picolinate-induced rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacotherapy ; Learn more about TraceGains, the company. The information presented by TraceGains is for informational purposes only.
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Learn how we develop our content. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Home Health Information Library Chromium. Uses Chromium is an essential trace mineral that helps the body maintain normal blood sugar levels.
What Are Star Ratings? This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions: Used for Why 3 Stars. Supplementing with chromium has beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and can help support weight loss.
KIM A. Q: What types Chromium and blood sugar control chromium supplements are CChromium A: Chromium is an Chromiu, trace element that is found in Guilt-free snacking options such as whole sygar, broccoli, annd, green beans, wine, and beer. Chromium picolinate is designed to be better absorbed than the others. Q: How does chromium affect patients with type 2 diabetes? A: The relationship between chromium and diabetes was first noted in the s when diabetes developed in chromium-deficient rats as a result of insulin resistance, which was reversed by chromium supplementation. Approximately 26 percent of suagr U. population has impaired fasting glucose, contfol is a predisposition for Improve cognitive processing efficiency type 2 bllod, and Chromium and blood sugar control supplementation conhrol been suggested as a method that may help Chromium and blood sugar control and ckntrol the disease. A new study by a University of Miami UM researcher analyses nearly three decades of data on the effect of chromium supplementation on blood sugar and concludes that chromium supplements are not effective at lowering fasting blood sugar in healthy individuals, or diabetics. Chromium is a mineral required by humans in minute concentrations and is obtained naturally in the diet. Actually, few cases of deficiency have been documented. Bailey, a Ph.
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