Subjects progress through the test cofnitive Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment a set of criteria of learning at each stage nine stages in total. Ayo-Mentxakatorre 1T. Supplementary Information. Pain Med. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI.

Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment -

The scores of the neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric evaluations imply a worse cognitive performance the lower the Z. Z scores by cognitive domains and neuropsychiatric assessment. Taking into account that the ability to smell varies by sex and age, the raw data were corrected according to these two variables, creating three groups of results: normal, relatively abnormal and abnormal, as proposed in the BSIT manual.

The relatively abnormal group was discarded due to the small sample, as well as the absence of statistically significant differences with the rest of the groups. Distribution of cognitive performance according to BSIT results. Benton JLO: Benton Judgement Line Orientation; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SDMT: Symbol Digit Modality Test.

We also analyzed correlations between cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric status Table 3. In the post-COVID condition group, sleep quality, fatigue and pain correlated with general cognition, phonological verbal fluency, visual processing speed, long-term verbal memory, attention in the word Stroop subtest and inhibition capacity in the word-color Stroop subtest.

Anxiety levels correlated with general cognition, visual processing speed, attention capacity TMT A , sustained attention and visual recognition. Visual recognition also correlated with the depressive symptoms in GDS.

Correlations between neuropsychiatric outcomes are shown in Table 4. Patients with post-COVID condition presented lower independence and general health Karnofsky scale the greater the physical limitations, pain and fatigue. In these patients, the greater the depressive symptomatology, the worse the quality of sleep and the perception of their health.

Fatigue levels, in turn, correlated mostly with physical problems. The perception of health correlated inversely with anxious and depressive symptomatology. Fatigue levels correlated mainly with anxiety- state.

In both groups, mental health SF correlated with anxiety STAI-state and depression GDS. Pain and physical limitations were also related in both groups. Limitations in maintaining a social life due to health issues were also related to fatigue and physical limitations, likewise, depressive symptomatology and anxiety symptoms were related to suicidal ideation in both groups.

Taking into account the correlations between education level, age, disease duration, cognition and neuropsychiatric variables, we made a stepwise linear regression analysis. Education, physical problems, pain, fatigue, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, anxiety and suicidal ideation, largely explained the variance of the cognitive deficits found in both groups, with a range of 3.

Percentage of variance correlated with cognitive performance. BVMT-R: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; DI: discrimination Index; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; GIAP: Global Index of Attention and Perception; HVLT-R: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; ICI: Impulsivity Control Index; MFIS: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; M-WCST: Modified.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SDMT: Symbol Digit Modality Test; SPCT: Salthouse Perceptual Comparison Test; TCF: Taylor Complex Figure; TMT: TP-R: Toulouse-Piéron-Revised Test; WAIS-IV: Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV.

Physical problems explained On the other hand, visual cognitive tests' performance was explained mainly by the limitation due to emotional problems SF , which explained Finally, sleep quality PSQI explained of the variance of sustained attention TP-R errors.

Sleep quality PSQI Regarding clinical symptomatology, high physical fatigue, exhaustion when initiating exercise, post-exertional malaise, difficulty sleeping, myalgia, muscle weakness and cold limbs were the most common non-cognitive symptoms in both groups, along with cognitive problems related with lack of concentration, sustained attention problems, mental fatigue, slowness of thought, forgetfulness and frequent distractions [ 17 ].

Fatigue, one of the most common and invalidating symptoms in these pathologies, may be due to autonomic nervous system involvement [ 26 , 27 ]. As fatigue is a subjective variable, there are few studies that analyze its impact on cognition in healthy adults.

The effects of exercise-induced fatigue may be task-specific, affecting mostly to perceptual tasks that involve relatively automatic processing [ 28 ].

Both conditions presented slow processing speed, deficient sustained attention and verbal memory impairment [ 29 ]. Therefore, we can understand that the brain fog could have similar cognitive deficits in both groups, being it mainly a reduction in the attentional capacity and a lower processing speed.

This mental fatigue or brain fog seems to be closely related to physical fatigue. Deficits in the attentional capacity may be due to different factors depending on the condition. Our results pointed out that physical fatigue, pain, anxiety, suicidal ideation, sleep quality and fatigue levels were related with cognitive impairment.

Specifically, fatigue, physical problems, pain and sleep quality were the most prevalent correlations in the cognitive performance of post-COVID group. Energy levels of the SF related to the number of mistakes made in the sustained attention test.

Some of these patients may suffer from fibromyalgia, in this case, it would be interesting to verify if it is a subgroup of patients with greater cognitive impairment associated with this disease. With regard to the post-COVID, those with more physical problems and more pain appeared to perform worse on some cognitive domains.

Higher levels of pain were related with poorer long-term visual memory and number of errors in sustained attention test. Chronic pain causes a decrease in attentional capacity and processing speed [ 30 , 31 ], prolonged pain may also cause a reduction of the gray matter which also could lead to the worsening of the general cognitive performance [ 32 ].

In addition, we must add the cognitive deterioration related to the olfactory capacity in post-COVID patients. Other studies have revealed the relationship between prolonged hyposmia after SARS-CoV-2 infection and cognitive impairment [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].

According to our results, general cognition, processing speed, abstraction capacity and visuospatial capacity are related to olfactory function in these patients. All these tests require the involvement of the prefrontal lobe for its adequate performance, so that the quality of sleep could be closely related to the prefrontal activity.

Previous studies have already shown the implication of sleep quality in adults without cognitive problems [ 36 , 37 ].

Previous studies had already revealed the relationship between poorer sleep quality and performance in this type of task [ 37 ]. The evaluation of damage in the autonomic nervous system and the denervation of small fibers could be useful to discern phenotypes of patients.

This syndrome can be caused by an autoimmune disease or be caused by an infectious disease, as recently seen after SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 40 ]. Therefore, it would be convenient to carry out a dysautonomic study that would allow us to better discern the dysautonomic symptoms associated with both syndromes and possible phenotypes in both conditions.

In the case of post-COVID condition, we are facing a unique situation for studying post-infectious fatigue since its inception, for this, it would be crucial to carry out a follow-up study in these patients and assess the progression and course of the disease.

The level of functionality in patients with post-COVID was mainly related to a more physical than a neuropsychiatric sphere, correlating mainly with physical limitations, pain, and physical and mental fatigue.

Therefore, pain reduction and physical recovery should be objective variables in these populations, trying to avoid a sedentary lifestyle that can produce greater physical deconditioning. Both anxious and depressive symptoms should be evaluated and treated in both conditions, since both are closely related to suicidal ideation [ 42 , 43 , 44 ].

Although the relevance information of these results, this study presented limitations. We found a disparity of the sample in terms of the percentage of women. The absence of a control group must also be taken into account. Despite this, these limitations were partially corrected by converting the cognitive tests results to normalized scores.

The study participants did not have genome sequencing tests to determine the variant they suffered from, so we can only deduce the probability of having been infected by a specific variant taking into account the date of infection. No analysis was performed comparing the results between vaccinated and unvaccinated post-COVID patients due to the small sample of vaccinated participants.

Likewise, taking into account the predominance of Caucasians and unvaccinated participants in the study, we cannot know if the symptomatology varies between subjects of other races and vaccinated people. Future studies could clarify these questions. On the other hand, a larger sample of patients with different levels of hyposmia could help discern the cognitive impairment associated with the olfactory function in post-COVID patients.

Brain fog in both conditions was characterized by a reduced attention capacity and a slower visual processing speed.

Both syndromes also presented high levels of fatigue, poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, being the physical problems, pain, fatigue levels, anxiety and suicidal ideation the factors that most influence cognitive performance.

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Nevertheless, we highlighted limits regarding the heterogeneity between some studies, in particular concerning reaction time or, to a lesser extent, visual short-term memory. Another limitation is the small number of studies for some cognitive processes like visual short-term memory.

It also makes it possible to deduce the potential mechanism through the description of a well-defined syndrome framework integrating disorders with variable expression and the constant preservation of instrumental functions. It also appears, given the heterogeneity in the expression of cognitive disorders, to work on larger cohorts in order to categorize with precision the different cognitive impairment profiles emerging from this diverse symptomatology.

With this in mind, it also appears important to integrate an assessment of the patient levels of depression, fatigue and pain. Indeed, visuospatial processing and memory are thought to be supported by the fronto-temporo-parietal and occipital areas , , This could therefore be compared to imaging data reflecting hypometabolism concerning the posterior associative areas , Neuroinflammation can be visualized through PET brain imaging using a radioligand for translocator protein TSPO , a protein belonging to mitochondrial permeability transition pore MPTP complex and produced when microglia become activated Finally, in order to obtain a solid estimate of the cognitive symptomatology, future research should systematically report psychotropic drugs treatment in the process of patient inclusion and in the treatment of data, in order to avoid bias in data interpretation.

The categorization of various forms of dysfunction will allow in the future offering cognitive remediation support adapted to each problem. It will also be important to consider other symptoms such as fatigue, pain and morbid interactions between them.

Indeed, multi-domain disorders fatigue, pain, cognition have an impact on the professional, family and social sphere of patients. This induces significant effects on the mood level. This phenomenon is accentuated by the difficulties in recognizing the arduousness of the experience in this context of multiple but invisible disability.

The future objective could be to study the representation of the pathology among all the members constituting the environment of the patients professionals, caregivers and in patients themselves. This is to quantify the impact cognitive disorders on the patient's representation of his pathology, but also on his mood.

Could also be approached the impact of issues of representation on the thymic sphere and the impact of mood on the feeling of fatigue and pain. Chronic fatigue syndrome is a multiple entry entity 68 , with multiple symptomatology and patients must be the subject of a clinical reading at the height of the complexity of the pathology.

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Skip Immune system vitality content. Hornig, cognitice of Epidemiology and Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment of translational research cognitivd the Center for Infection fatigus Immunity at the Mailman School. Chrnic Lipkin Immpairment, MD, John Snow Professor of Epidemiology Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment director of the Center for Infection and Immunity. There is precedent for use of human monoclonal antibodies that regulate the immune response in a wide range of disorders from rheumatoid arthritis to multiple sclerosis. However, the researchers note, additional work will be needed to assess the safety and efficacy of this approach. The study was supported by a grant from the Chronic Fatigue Initiative of the Hutchins Family Foundation and the Edward P. Chronic fatigue syndrome Cognittive is a symptom defined illness with persistent Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment and recurring Lowering cholesterol for a healthy heart. Important Note : All impqirment to this Chtonic Topic must be within the scope of Chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment section and Disinfection protocols to which they are submitted, imlairment defined Fatgiue their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. No records found. total views article views downloads topic views. With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author.

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