The mass spectra obtained were preliminarily interpreted by comparing them with data in the Mass Spectral Library of the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Gaithersburg, USA. Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C.

Crude samples were run on a reversed-phase ODS column by Waters XBridge, 4. The mobile phase consisted of binary solvent mixture of 0. All of the samples were filtered with a 0. The Sesamin was eluted with a retention time of Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.

The solution was filtered using a 0. Fig 1 displays a typical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin that was used in the current study. In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.

palaestina plant for the first time. Understandably, fewer compounds were identified in the hexane extract. Figs 2 and 3 show the entire ion chromatograms of the methanol and hexane extract injections, respectively.

Good resolution was obtained in both chromatograms, since a min analysis scan run was performed, ending with a high temperature of °C, to facilitate the elution of high molecular weight compounds out of the capillary GC HP-5 column.

Dodecanoic acid isooctyl ester The major chemicals in the hexane extract are 8-hexylpentadecane The main components, along with their retention times RTs and peak area percentages, are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Figs 4 and 5 show the chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic and hexane extracts, respectively.

Sesamin see Fig 6 , which exists in the oil of sesame seeds and some other plants, was one of the major components, as shown in Table 1. It exhibits a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering [ 13 ], antihypertensive [ 14 ], antioxidant [ 15 ], and anticancer effects.

Other phytochemicals see Fig 7 , which belong to the phytosterols—namely Campesterol 1. For example, Campesterol has been shown to act as biomarker for cancer prevention and is reported to have potential antiangiogenic action via an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and capillary differentiation.

The hexane extract, on the other hand, was tested for the sake of comparison with the polar methanol extract. It identified fewer compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, among which 8-hexylpentadecane was the principal compound Sesamin was present, but in lower concentrations than in the methanol extract.

The other two phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterol were not found in the hexane extract. Sesamin was extracted from C. palaestina with the use of different solvents under identical experimental conditions, followed by injection into the HPLC.

Retention times and the Sesamin stored standard UV-Vis spectrum were used to confirm the identity and specificity of the extracted Sesamin. Aqueous extract showed a negligible amount of Sesamin. Fig 8 portrays the chromatographic profile and the corresponding UV-Vis spectra of the Sesamin extracted from hexane, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform.

Although all the chromatograms were recorded at the maximum wavelength nm to quantify Sesamin, many other peaks were seen preceding and succeeding Sesamin in the extracts. In the PDA stored UV-Vis spectra, the matching of the peaks in the A, B, C, and D extracts with the standard Sesamin peak indicates high purity and specificity, and, therefore, the feasibility of utilizing preparative HPLC for scaling-up purposes in future investigations.

Methanol contained the greatest amount of Sesamin Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin peak and its relevant UV-Vis spectrum in extracts of A hexane, B methanol, C ethanol, and D chloroform. To verify whether the Sesamin is endogenous secondary metabolite to C.

palaestina or originates merely from the host plant, different samples from the host plants alone, along with C. palaestina alone, were extracted, and the Sesamin concentration was calculated shown in Fig 9.

The five host plants were Malva sylvestris , Cichorium intybus , Prosopis farcta , Portulaca oleracea , and Corchorus olitorius. Table 4 shows the Sesamin concentrations in methanolic extracts of C. palaestina that were parasitic to the aforementioned plants. Since the Sesamin peaks were not seen in the chromatograms of the host plants, it was concluded that Sesamin is endogenous to C.

A Chromatogram and UV-Vis spectra of extracted C. palaestina that is grown on Malva sylvestris , B chromatogram Malva sylvestris , C chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Cichorium intybus , D chromatogram of Cichorium intybus , E chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Prosopis farcta , F chromatogram of Prosopis farcta , G chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Portulaca oleracea , H chromatogram of Portulaca oleracea , I chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Corchorus olitorius , J chromatogram of Corchorus olitorius. Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate.

It is one of the principal lignan secondary metabolites that are commonly isolated from sesame seeds. However, the results of the current study show that natural C.

palaestina contains a sufficient amount of Sesamin, about 0. Following the determination of the Sesamin content in C. palaestina , we raised the question: Is Sesamin produced in C.

palaestina or acquired from the host plant? The quantitation of the Sesamin content in five host plants and a comparison to the content in C.

palaestina revealed that Sesamin is an endogenous metabolite in C. Further study is required to verify whether C. palaestina could be a valuable source for the production of Sesamin or other anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as campesterol and stigmasterol.

palaestina and other Cuscuta species. A big question is raised of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society.

We acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology. We declare that the funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract The aim of this study is to disclose the potential bioactive components of Cuscuta palaestina , a native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Introduction Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in plants as an alternative avenue to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals.

Material and methods Plant collection and extract preparation Samples of entire C. GC-MS analysis condition Components of C. Method for the quantitative analysis of the Sesamin content of C.

palaestina by analytical HPLC-PDA Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C. Calibration curve of the standards Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.

Download: PPT. Fig 1. Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of standard Sesamin at concentration of ppm; the UV-Vis spectrum maxima is at a λ of Results and discussion In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.

Fig 2. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of C. Fig 3. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract of C. Fig 4. Chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic C. palaestina extract. Fig 5. Chemical structures of the major components in the n -hexane C. Table 1. palaestina methanolic extract verified by GC-MS.

Table 2. palaestina hexane extract as determined by GC-MS. Fig 6. Chemical structure of Sesamin, the phytochemical potentially responsible for anticancer activity in the C. palaestina hexane extract and the major source of the methanolic extract activity. Fig 7. Chemical structures of Campesterol and Stigmasterol, phytochemicals found in the methanolic extract of C.

Quantitation of extracted Sesamin using different solvents by HPLC-PDA Sesamin was extracted from C. Table 3. Sesamin concentrations and percentages in different solvents. Is Sesamin produced in C. palaestina or acquired from host plants? Table 4. Sesamin concentrations in C.

palaestina CP that are parasitic on other plants termed host plants. Conclusion Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate. Acknowledgments This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society.

References 1. Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ. pmid; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC Kacergius T, Abu-Lafi S, Kirkliauskiene A, Gabe V, Adawi A, Rayan M, et al.

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Samples of entire C. palaestina plants, comprising the stems and flowers, as well as their host plants, were collected from Kabul fields near Acre. The plant was washed with distilled water, and dried in the shade.

Quantities of fifty milliliters of water and five different organic solvents hexane, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform were added to the dried ground plant material 5 g in a beaker, and the samples were sonicated for min at 45°C and then left for 4 h to complete extraction.

Samples of 25 milliliters from all the extracts were concentrated with a rotary vacuum evaporator under reduced pressure to determine yields and concentrations, and the rest of the extract was used for GC-MS studies and for quantification by HPLC. Components of C.

palaestina from the methanol and hexane extracts were run and identified using a GC-MS system Agilent Technologies A coupled with a mass spectrometer Agilent Technologies C, inert MSD with a triple-axis detector. with a 0. The carrier gas was helium, at a flow rate of 1.

The injection port temperature was °C, and the ionization voltage was 70eV. The samples were injected in split mode with a ratio of The injection port temperature was °C, and the MS interface temperature was °C. The solvent delay time was 7 min, in order to get rid of the gigantic solvent peak.

The mass spectra obtained were preliminarily interpreted by comparing them with data in the Mass Spectral Library of the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Gaithersburg, USA.

Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C. Crude samples were run on a reversed-phase ODS column by Waters XBridge, 4. The mobile phase consisted of binary solvent mixture of 0. All of the samples were filtered with a 0. The Sesamin was eluted with a retention time of Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm.

The solution was filtered using a 0. Fig 1 displays a typical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin that was used in the current study. In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.

palaestina plant for the first time. Understandably, fewer compounds were identified in the hexane extract. Figs 2 and 3 show the entire ion chromatograms of the methanol and hexane extract injections, respectively.

Good resolution was obtained in both chromatograms, since a min analysis scan run was performed, ending with a high temperature of °C, to facilitate the elution of high molecular weight compounds out of the capillary GC HP-5 column. Dodecanoic acid isooctyl ester The major chemicals in the hexane extract are 8-hexylpentadecane The main components, along with their retention times RTs and peak area percentages, are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Figs 4 and 5 show the chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic and hexane extracts, respectively. Sesamin see Fig 6 , which exists in the oil of sesame seeds and some other plants, was one of the major components, as shown in Table 1.

It exhibits a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering [ 13 ], antihypertensive [ 14 ], antioxidant [ 15 ], and anticancer effects. Other phytochemicals see Fig 7 , which belong to the phytosterols—namely Campesterol 1.

For example, Campesterol has been shown to act as biomarker for cancer prevention and is reported to have potential antiangiogenic action via an inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and capillary differentiation. The hexane extract, on the other hand, was tested for the sake of comparison with the polar methanol extract.

It identified fewer compounds, mainly hydrocarbons, among which 8-hexylpentadecane was the principal compound Sesamin was present, but in lower concentrations than in the methanol extract.

The other two phytosterols Campesterol and Stigmasterol were not found in the hexane extract. Sesamin was extracted from C.

palaestina with the use of different solvents under identical experimental conditions, followed by injection into the HPLC. Retention times and the Sesamin stored standard UV-Vis spectrum were used to confirm the identity and specificity of the extracted Sesamin.

Aqueous extract showed a negligible amount of Sesamin. Fig 8 portrays the chromatographic profile and the corresponding UV-Vis spectra of the Sesamin extracted from hexane, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform.

Although all the chromatograms were recorded at the maximum wavelength nm to quantify Sesamin, many other peaks were seen preceding and succeeding Sesamin in the extracts. In the PDA stored UV-Vis spectra, the matching of the peaks in the A, B, C, and D extracts with the standard Sesamin peak indicates high purity and specificity, and, therefore, the feasibility of utilizing preparative HPLC for scaling-up purposes in future investigations.

Methanol contained the greatest amount of Sesamin Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of the Sesamin peak and its relevant UV-Vis spectrum in extracts of A hexane, B methanol, C ethanol, and D chloroform.

To verify whether the Sesamin is endogenous secondary metabolite to C. palaestina or originates merely from the host plant, different samples from the host plants alone, along with C.

palaestina alone, were extracted, and the Sesamin concentration was calculated shown in Fig 9. The five host plants were Malva sylvestris , Cichorium intybus , Prosopis farcta , Portulaca oleracea , and Corchorus olitorius.

Table 4 shows the Sesamin concentrations in methanolic extracts of C. palaestina that were parasitic to the aforementioned plants. Since the Sesamin peaks were not seen in the chromatograms of the host plants, it was concluded that Sesamin is endogenous to C.

A Chromatogram and UV-Vis spectra of extracted C. palaestina that is grown on Malva sylvestris , B chromatogram Malva sylvestris , C chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Cichorium intybus , D chromatogram of Cichorium intybus , E chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Prosopis farcta , F chromatogram of Prosopis farcta , G chromatogram and spectrum of C.

palaestina that is grown on Portulaca oleracea , H chromatogram of Portulaca oleracea , I chromatogram and spectrum of C. palaestina that is grown on Corchorus olitorius , J chromatogram of Corchorus olitorius. Sesamin is well documented in the scientific literature as a lipid-lowering agent, an antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-cancer drug candidate.

It is one of the principal lignan secondary metabolites that are commonly isolated from sesame seeds. However, the results of the current study show that natural C. palaestina contains a sufficient amount of Sesamin, about 0. Following the determination of the Sesamin content in C. palaestina , we raised the question: Is Sesamin produced in C.

palaestina or acquired from the host plant? The quantitation of the Sesamin content in five host plants and a comparison to the content in C. palaestina revealed that Sesamin is an endogenous metabolite in C.

Further study is required to verify whether C. palaestina could be a valuable source for the production of Sesamin or other anti-cancer phytochemicals, such as campesterol and stigmasterol.

palaestina and other Cuscuta species. A big question is raised of whether inferring Sesamin production in C. This study was supported by unrestricted grants from Al-Qasemi Academic College and the Institute of Applied Research—Galilee Society. We acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Space and Technology.

We declare that the funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Browse Subject Areas?

Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures.

Abstract The aim of this study is to disclose the potential bioactive components of Cuscuta palaestina , a native parasitic natural plant of flora palaestina and to open direction towards new prospective application.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Introduction Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in plants as an alternative avenue to the discovery of new pharmaceuticals. Material and methods Plant collection and extract preparation Samples of entire C. GC-MS analysis condition Components of C.

Method for the quantitative analysis of the Sesamin content of C. palaestina by analytical HPLC-PDA Chromatographic conditions were used to separate and quantify the Sesamin in C.

Calibration curve of the standards Sesamin stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of Sesamin reference standard purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Israel in 40 mL ethanol, which produced a concentration of ppm. Download: PPT. Fig 1. Typical analytical HPLC-PDA chromatogram of standard Sesamin at concentration of ppm; the UV-Vis spectrum maxima is at a λ of Results and discussion In examining the phytochemical composition, GC-MS methodology identified 18 components in the methanol extract of the natural C.

Fig 2. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of C. Fig 3. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract of C. Fig 4. Chemical structures of the major components in the methanolic C. palaestina extract.

Fig 5. Chemical structures of the major components in the n -hexane C. Table 1. palaestina methanolic extract verified by GC-MS. Table 2. palaestina hexane extract as determined by GC-MS. Fig 6.

Chemical structure of Sesamin, the phytochemical potentially responsible for anticancer activity in the C. palaestina hexane extract and the major source of the methanolic extract activity. Fig 7. Chemical structures of Campesterol and Stigmasterol, phytochemicals found in the methanolic extract of C.

Quantitation of extracted Sesamin using different solvents by HPLC-PDA Sesamin was extracted from C. Table 3. Sesamin concentrations and percentages in different solvents.

Tsutsusi extract Rhus chinensis Chinese Gall extract Roselle Hibiscus Flower extract Rosemary Leaf extract S Salvia miltiorrhiza Root extract Schisandra extract Schizonepeta tenuifolia extract Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract Semen ziziphi spinosae extract Siberian ginseng Root extract Soybean extract Spatholobus suberectus Stem extract Spider lily lycoris radiata extract Stevia Leaf extract Stinging Nettle Root extract Sweet wormwood Artemisinin extract T Tetradium ruticarpum Fruit extract Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia extract Tree Peony bark extract Tribulus Terrestris extract U Uncaria rhynchophylla extract Y Yohimbe Bark extract [Yohimbine].

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Tsutsusi extract Rhus chinensis Chinese Gall extract Roselle Hibiscus Flower extract Rosemary Leaf extract S Salvia miltiorrhiza Root extract Schisandra extract Schizonepeta tenuifolia extract Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract Semen ziziphi spinosae extract Siberian ginseng Root extract Soybean extract Spatholobus suberectus Stem extract Spider lily lycoris radiata extract Stevia Leaf extract Stinging Nettle Root extract Sweet wormwood Artemisinin extract T Tetradium ruticarpum Fruit extract Tongkat Ali Eurycoma longifolia extract Tree Peony bark extract Tribulus Terrestris extract U Uncaria rhynchophylla extract Y Yohimbe Bark extract [Yohimbine].

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