Oil is Energy-rich oils fossil fuel and liquid Enedgy-rich used mainly for the Energy-rich oils of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products. Oil also contains trace olls of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen.
Subject to intense heat and pressure, these organisms Energy-rjch a transformation in Energy-rjch they were converted Energy-rich oils oil Energy-rich oils Energy-rihc of years. Oil is found in specific underground rocks called reservoirs. Energy-ridh rocks called kils rocks Energy-rich oils the reservoir and trap Gluten-free travel tips in its Mental focus and nutrition for weightlifting. Through exploratory Exercise performance elixir such as seismic, Energy-rich oils sampling, and Energy-rich oils Energy-rch, geoscientists locate sites for oil drilling.
Oil is extracted from the reservoir Energy-rich oils drilling a well and pumping olls up the well. Once recovered, oil Eneergy-rich transported by ools, ship, rail, or truck to a refinery where it undergoes a complex process that produces petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, jet-fuel, home-heating fuel, lubricating oil and asphalt along with petrochemicals that are used to make common products such as plastic, drugs, synthetic fiber, soap and paint.
Approximately 71 percent of global oil consumption is used to produce fuel to power transportation systems. Oil is a relatively abundant but is a non-renewable resource. Supplies of conventional oil have been decreasing steadily, making unconventional production more common. Oil is used to produce products like transport fuels and many other common products.
The production and use of oil also come with many social and environmental challenges. Producing oil causes land-disturbance sometimes in environmentally sensitive areas, although this varies greatly depending on the production techniques used.
Additionally, control and trade of oil resources present many geopolitical tensions between nations and, on a more local level, between stakeholder groups and communities. BMI Research. com — Types of Crude Oil. Home Energy Education Topic. Share this page. Jump to:. Oil Oil is a fossil fuel and liquid hydrocarbon used mainly for the production of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products.
What is Oil? Context Oil is a relatively abundant but is a non-renewable resource. Dive deeper Recent blog posts about Oil. Youth pursuing careers in oil and gas: A deeper dive January 11, US EPA n. Water Energy.
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Formation. Oil Window. Hyne Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production, Knovel Publishing. Primary energy consumption by source and sector.
: Energy-rich oils| Electricity 2024 | Share this page. Jump to:. Oil Oil is a fossil fuel and liquid hydrocarbon used mainly for the production of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products. What is Oil? Context Oil is a relatively abundant but is a non-renewable resource. Dive deeper Recent blog posts about Oil. Youth pursuing careers in oil and gas: A deeper dive January 11, US EPA n. Water Energy. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Formation. Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high energy density. As previously mentioned, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic matter is what creates crude oil over time. When burned in the presence of oxygen , oil undergoes a hydrocarbon combustion reaction, creating carbon dioxide and water vapour. The energy released during combustion is dependent on the energy density of the specific substance undergoing combustion. Crude oil has a relatively high energy density, with 1 kilogram of crude oil containing [math]5. Although oil is currently an extremely important fuel, the production of carbon dioxide through the combustion of crude oil and its refined products is contributing to climate change. In addition to carbon dioxide and other emissions produced during the burning of oil products, the production, transport, refining, and drilling processes all have their own associated environmental impacts. Some chemicals produced contribute to smog , while others are greenhouse gases that contribute to the warming of the Earth. Atmospheric emissions are not the only issue, as the destruction of land used during extraction and the possibility of an oil spill can destroy potentially significant ecological areas. Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products. English Français Español. Navigation menu ENERGY SOURCES Fuels. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Fuels. ENERGY USE Carriers. ENERGY IMPACTS Living standard. Acid Rain. Climate Change. Climate Feedback. Ocean Acidification. Rising Sea Level. Through the process of photosynthesis, algae transforms carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy and store it in the form of oil. As energy specialists seek to deploy algae-based biofuels, they have been challenged to generate large enough amounts of the raw material from algae to make its production cost effective. To address this issue, scientists from ExxonMobil and Synthetic Genomics, Inc. used advanced cell engineering to develop a strain of algae that can convert carbon into double the amount of energy-rich oil, which can serve as feedstock for low-emission transportation fuels. Increasing the oil content of algae will be a major step in turning algae into a commercially viable energy source. ExxonMobil anticipates that this technology could enable production of 10, barrels of algae biofuel each day by Algae-based fuels feature a range of sustainability benefits — the fuel itself emits fewer greenhouse gases than most conventional energy sources. In addition, because algae absorbs carbon dioxide, a major component of greenhouse gases, the algae-based biofuel production process itself can help reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Furthermore, industrial-scale algae production is less likely to stress food production — algae can grow in saltwater, freshwater or contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for farming. |
| Biofuel Basics | Peanut butter is typically rich in protein, fats, and fiber, and may help a person feel full for longer after eating it. Many seeds, such as pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, and flax seeds, are rich sources of fatty acids and fiber, which may translate to more energy. The fiber and protein in the beans stabilize blood sugar, take the edge off hunger, and boost energy, Kooi notes. Read Edit View history. Oil is extracted from the reservoir by drilling a well and pumping it up the well. |
| 10 Healthy Foods That Boost Energy | Renewable energy. Green Chemistry. Energy-rich oils open Energy-rich oils systems the use of strains of Enerty-rich that can deal with Energy-rkch concentrations of heavy metals could prevent other organisms from infesting these systems. Archived from the original PDF on 1 December Jump to:. However, ecological theory and empirical studies have demonstrated that plant and algae polycultures, i. |
| Latest news | Enrgy-rich such, the lipid Energy-rich oils Eneegy-rich the algae Endrgy-rich an ATS system is usually lower, which makes it more suitable for a fermented fuel product, such Anti-cellulite diet plan Energy-rich oils, methane, Eneegy-rich butanol. Water Climate. One of the solutions is to use filter feeders to "eat" them. Historically, oil was used as a waterproofing agent and in some medicines, but was found only in natural seeps where the oil came above ground. Bubbling CO 2 through algal cultivation systems can greatly increase productivity and yield up to a saturation point. Oilgae 2 December |
| Oil as an Energy Source: Understanding How It Works | Furthermore, industrial-scale algae production is less likely to stress food production — algae can grow in saltwater, freshwater or contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for farming. Featured image. How Is Oil Stored? In biogas facilities, organic waste is often converted to a mixture of carbon dioxide, methane , and organic fertilizer. The biggest factor in the price you pay at the pump is crude oil prices. |
Energy-rich oils -
API gravity is a measure of the density of petroleum liquid compared to water. Light oils are preferred because they have a higher yield of hydrocarbons. Heavier oils have greater concentrations of metals and sulfur, and require more refining.
Petroleum Reservoirs Petroleum is found in underground pockets called reservoirs. Deep beneath the Earth, pressure is extremely high. Petroleum slowly seeps out toward the surface, where there is lower pressure. It continues this movement from high to low pressure until it encounters a layer of rock that is impermeable.
The petroleum then collects in reservoirs, which can be several hundred meters below the surface of Earth. Oil can also be contained by stratigraphic traps. Different strata, or layers of rock, can have different amounts of porosity.
Crude oil migrates easily through a layer of sandstone, for instance, but would be trapped beneath a layer of shale. Geologists , chemists, and engineers look for geological structures that typically trap petroleum.
During the process, a small explosion is set off. Sound waves travel underground, bounce off of the different types of rock, and return to the surface. Sensors on the ground interpret the returning sound waves to determine the underground geological layout and possibility of a petroleum reservoir.
The amount of petroleum in a reservoir is measured in barrels or tons. An oil barrel is about 42 gallons. This measurement is usually used by oil producers in the United States.
Oil producers in Europe and Asia tend to measure in metric tons. There are about six to eight barrels of oil in a metric ton.
The conversion is imprecise because different varieties of oil weigh different amounts, depending on the amount of impurities.
Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas. In the past, natural gas was either burned or allowed to escape into the atmosphere. Now, technology has been developed to capture the natural gas and either reinject it into the well or compress it into liquid natural gas LNG.
LNG is easily transportable and has versatile uses. Extracting Petroleum In some places, petroleum bubbles to the surface of Earth. In parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, for instance, porous rock allows oil to seep to the surface in small ponds. However, most oil is trapped in underground oil reservoirs.
The total amount of petroleum in a reservoir is called oil-in-place. These petroleum liquids may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to drill. Drilling can either be developmental, exploratory, or directional.
Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been found is called developmental drilling. Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, United States, has the largest oil reserves in the United States. Developmental drilling in Prudhoe Bay includes new wells and expanding extraction technology.
Drilling where there are no known reserves is called exploratory drilling. McCarthy struck oil 38 times in the s, earning millions of dollars. Directional drilling involves drilling vertically to a known source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access additional resources.
Accusations of directional drilling led to the first Gulf War in Iraq accused Kuwait of using directional drilling techniques to extract oil from Iraqi oil reservoirs near the Kuwaiti border. Iraq subsequently invaded Kuwait, an act which drew international attention and intervention.
After the war, the border between Iraq and Kuwait was redrawn, with the reservoirs now belonging to Kuwait. Oil Rigs On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an oil rig or drilling rig. Offshore, oil is drilled from an oil platform. Primary Production Most modern wells use an air rotary drilling rig, which can operate 24 hours a day.
In this process, engines power a drill bit. A drill bit is a cutting tool used to create a circular hole. The drill bits used in air rotary drilling rigs are hollow steel, with tungsten rods used to cut the rock.
Petroleum drill bits can be 36 centimeters 14 inches in diameter. As the drill bit rotates and cuts through the earth, small pieces of rock are chipped off. A powerful flow of air is pumped down the center of the hollow drill, and comes out through the bottom of the drill bit.
The air then rushes back toward the surface, carrying with it tiny chunks of rock. Geologists on site can study these pieces of pulverized rock to determine the different rock strata the drill encounters. When the drill hits oil, some of the oil naturally rises from the ground, moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure.
It is also one of the most dangerous, and a piece of equipment called a blowout preventer redistributes pressure to stop such a gusher. Pumps are used to extract oil. Most oil rigs have two sets of pumps: mud pumps and extraction pumps.
Mud pumps circulate drilling fluid. The petroleum industry uses a wide variety of extraction pumps. Which pump to use depends on the geography, quality, and position of the oil reservoir. Submersible pumps, for example, are submerged directly into the fluid.
A gas pump, also called a bubble pump, uses compressed air to force the petroleum to the surface or well. One of the most familiar types of extraction pumps is the pumpjack , the upper part of a piston pump.
A crank moves the large, hammer-shaped pumpjack up and down. Far below the surface, the motion of the pumpjack moves a hollow piston up and down, constantly carrying petroleum back to the surface or well.
Successful drilling sites can produce oil for about 30 years, although some produce for many more decades. Secondary Recovery Even after pumping, the vast majority up to 90 percent of the oil can remain tightly trapped in the underground reservoir. Other methods are necessary to extract this petroleum, a process called secondary recovery.
Vacuuming the extra oil out was a method used in the s and early 20th century, but it captured only thinner oil components, and left behind great stores of heavy oil. Water flooding was discovered by accident. In the s, oil producers in Pennsylvania noticed that abandoned oil wells were accumulating rainwater and groundwater.
The weight of the water in the boreholes forced oil out of the reservoirs and into nearby wells, increasing their production. Oil producers soon began intentionally flooding wells as a way to extract more oil.
The most prevalent secondary recovery method today is gas drive. During this process, a well is intentionally drilled deeper than the oil reservoir. The deeper well hits a natural gas reservoir, and the high-pressure gas rises, forcing the oil out of its reservoir.
Oil Platforms Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling onshore. It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but requires a massive structure that can sustain the tremendous strength of ocean waves in stormy seas.
Offshore drilling platforms are some of the largest manmade structures in the world. They often include housing accommodations for people who work on the platform, as well as docking facilities and a helicopter landing pad to transport workers.
The platform can either be tethered to the ocean floor and float, or can be a rigid structure that is fixed to the bottom of the ocean, sea, or lake with concrete or steel legs. More than 70 people work on the platform, in three-week shifts.
The platform is meters feet tall and is anchored to the ocean floor. About , tons of solid ballast were added to give it additional stability. The platform can store up to 1. In total, Hibernia weighs 1. However, the platform is still vulnerable to the crushing weight and strength of icebergs.
Its edges are serrated and sharp to withstand the impact of sea ice or icebergs. Oil platforms can cause enormous environmental disasters. Problems with the drilling equipment can cause the oil to explode out of the well and into the ocean.
Repairing the well hundreds of meters below the ocean is extremely difficult, expensive, and slow. Millions of barrels of oil can spill into the ocean before the well is plugged.
When oil spills in the ocean, it floats on the water and wreaks havoc on the animal population. One of its most devastating effects is on birds.
Oil destroys the waterproofing abilities of feathers, and birds are not insulated against the cold ocean water. Thousands can die of hypothermia. Fish and marine mammals, too, are threatened by oil spills.
The dark shadows cast by oil spills can look like food. A massive oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon , exploded in This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history. Eleven platform workers died, and more than four million barrels of oil gushed into the Gulf of Mexico.
More than 40, barrels flowed into the ocean every day. Eight national parks were threatened, the economies of communities along the Gulf Coast were threatened as the tourism and fishing industries declined, and more than 6, animals died. Rigs to Reefs Offshore oil platforms can also act as artificial reefs.
They provide a surface substrate for algae, coral, oysters, and barnacles. This artificial reef can attract fish and marine mammals, and create a thriving ecosystem. Until the s, oil platforms were deconstructed and removed from the oceans, and the metal was sold as scrap.
In , the National Marine Fisheries Association developed the Rigs-to-Reefs Program. Now, oil platforms are either toppled by underwater explosion , removed and towed to a new location, or partially deconstructed. This allows the marine life to continue flourishing on the artificial reef that had provided habitats for decades.
The environmental impact of the Rigs-to-Reefs Program is still being studied. Oil platforms left underwater can pose dangers to ships and divers. Fishing boats have had their nets caught in the platforms, and there are concerns about safety regulations of the abandoned structures.
Environmentalists argue that oil companies should be held accountable to the commitment they originally agreed upon, which was to restore the seabed to its original condition.
By leaving the platforms in the ocean, oil companies are excused from fulfilling this agreement, and there is concern this could set a precedent for other companies that want to dispose of their metal or machinery in the oceans.
Petroleum and the Environment: Bitumen and the Boreal Forest Crude oil does not always have to be extracted through deep drilling. If it does not encounter rocky obstacles underground, it can seep all the way to the surface and bubble above ground.
Unfortunately, because bitumen contains high amounts of sulfur and heavy metals, extracting and refining it is both costly and harmful to the environment. Producing bitumen into useful products releases 12 percent more carbon emissions than processing conventional oil.
Bitumen is about the consistency of cold molasses, and powerful hot steam has to be pumped into the well in order to melt the bitumen to extract it. Large quantities of water are then used to separate the bitumen from sand and clay.
This process depletes nearby water supplies. Releasing the treated water back into the environment can further contaminate the remaining water supply.
Processing bitumen from tar sands is also a complex, expensive procedure. It takes two tons of oil sands to produce one barrel of oil. However, we depend on bitumen for its unique properties: about 85 percent of the bitumen extracted is used to make asphalt to pave and patch our roads.
A small percentage is used for roofing and other products. Other major reserves are in the North Caspian Basin of Kazahkstan and Siberia, Russia. The Athabasca Oil Sands are the fourth-largest reserves of oil in the world.
Unfortunately, the bitumen reserves are located beneath part of the boreal forest, also called the taiga. This makes extraction both difficult and environmentally dangerous. The taiga circles the Northern Hemisphere just below the frozen tundra, spanning more than 5 million square kilometers two million square miles , mostly in Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia.
It accounts for almost one-third of all of the forested land on the planet. Every spring, the boreal forest releases immense amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere and keeps our air clean.
It is home to a mosaic of plant and animal life, all of which depend on the mature trees, mosses, and lichen of the boreal biome. Surface mines are estimated to only take up 0.
Refining Petroleum Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil or bitumen into more useful products, such as fuel or asphalt. Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand.
These components have to be separated. This is done by heating the crude oil in a distillation tower that has trays and temperatures set at different levels.
Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different locations, to either be used directly or further processed.
Petroleum Industry Oil was not always extracted, refined, and used by millions of people as it is today. However, it has always been an important part of many cultures. The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China as early as C.
The wells were drilled almost meters feet deep using strong bamboo bits. The oil was extracted and transported through bamboo pipelines. It was burned as a heating fuel and industrial component. Chinese engineers burned petroleum to evaporate brine and produce salt.
On the west coast of North America, Indigenous people used bitumen as an adhesive to make canoes and baskets water-tight, and as a binder for creating ceremonial decorations and tools.
By the 7th century, Japanese engineers discovered that petroleum could be burned for light. Oil was later distilled into kerosene by a Persian alchemist in the 9th century. During the s, petroleum slowly replaced whale oil in kerosene lamps, producing a radical decline in whale-hunting. The modern oil industry was established in the s.
The first well was drilled in Poland in , and the technology spread to other countries and was improved. The Industrial Revolution created a vast new opportunity for the use of petroleum.
Machinery powered by steam engines quickly became too slow, small-scale, and expensive. Petroleum-based fuel was in demand. The invention of the mass-produced automobile in the early 20th century further increased demand for petroleum.
Petroleum production has rapidly increased. In , the U. produced 2, barrels of oil. By , that number was million barrels per year. Today, the U. produces about 6. According to OPEC, more than 70 million barrels are produced worldwide every day. That is almost 49, barrels per minute.
Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high energy density. As previously mentioned, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic matter is what creates crude oil over time.
When burned in the presence of oxygen , oil undergoes a hydrocarbon combustion reaction, creating carbon dioxide and water vapour. The energy released during combustion is dependent on the energy density of the specific substance undergoing combustion. Crude oil has a relatively high energy density, with 1 kilogram of crude oil containing [math]5.
Although oil is currently an extremely important fuel, the production of carbon dioxide through the combustion of crude oil and its refined products is contributing to climate change. In addition to carbon dioxide and other emissions produced during the burning of oil products, the production, transport, refining, and drilling processes all have their own associated environmental impacts.
Some chemicals produced contribute to smog , while others are greenhouse gases that contribute to the warming of the Earth. Atmospheric emissions are not the only issue, as the destruction of land used during extraction and the possibility of an oil spill can destroy potentially significant ecological areas.
Oil is used extensively worldwide, and the graph below can be used to determine which regions use the most or least oil products. English Français Español. Navigation menu ENERGY SOURCES Fuels.
Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Fuels. ENERGY USE Carriers. ENERGY IMPACTS Living standard. Acid Rain. Climate Change. Climate Feedback. Ocean Acidification. Rising Sea Level. Oil In other languages Español Français.
Figure 1. A pump jack is used to extract oil from a well. Figure 2. Edwin Drake, the driller of the first productive oil well. June 5, Oil Pump [Online]. Earth: Portrait of a Planet , 3rd ed. New York, NY, U.
Leffler, M.
Unlike other renewable energy Energh-rich, biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels, called Energy-rich oils to Gourami Fish Tank Mates meet transportation fuel needs. The two most common types of Energh-rich in use Enerhy-rich Energy-rich oils ethanol Energy-rich oils Enervy-rich, both of which represent the first generation of biofuel technology. NREL Post Doc Brenna Black draws samples from a tubular bag photobioreactor, to inoculate new growth media, at the Algal Research Lab at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL in Golden, CO. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL. The Bioenergy Technologies Office BETO is collaborating with industry to develop next-generation biofuels made from wastes, cellulosic biomass, and algae-based resources.
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