Type diabetes causes -
The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis , and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic acidosis in cases of complete insulin deficiency. When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the kidneys cannot absorb it all reach a threshold of reabsorption and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through urine glycosuria.
Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing dehydration and increased thirst polydipsia. Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following: [69].
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.
Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease.
Glycated hemoglobin is better than fasting glucose for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use is similar in all regions of the world.
There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization , urbanization, population aging, and the general health policy environment.
Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.
These include smoking , high blood pressure , metabolic syndrome obesity , and lack of regular exercise. Concerning those with severe mental illness , the efficacy of type 2 diabetes self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population.
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds.
In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure. Weight loss can prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes type 2 , decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes.
A Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener tagatose , but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1c, body weight and adverse events.
Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering blood sugar levels through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control — keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges — they experience fewer complications, such as kidney problems or eye problems.
There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type 1 diabetes requires treatment with insulin , ideally using a "basal bolus" regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the basal rate and short-acting insulin with meals.
metformin although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or GLP-1 agonists. Metformin is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.
These include agents that increase insulin release sulfonylureas , agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines acarbose , agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPP-4 that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP sitagliptin , agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin thiazolidinedione and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine SGLT2 inhibitors.
Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached. A systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than mmHg, [] and a subsequent systematic review in found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between — mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.
The use of aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. A pancreas transplant is occasionally considered for people with type 1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation.
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects.
In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes.
The use of technology to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management. In , million people had diabetes worldwide, [] up from an estimated million people in [] and from million in The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.
kidney failure , which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.
Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common especially type 2 in more developed countries. Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, [] with an Egyptian manuscript from c.
The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in BCE by the Greek Apollonius of Memphis. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" diarrhea urinosa.
The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of Aretaeus of Cappadocia 2nd or early 3rd century CE. He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the " Pneumatic School ".
He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until , when the first Latin edition was published in Venice. Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka in — CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight.
sweetened with honey; [] honey-sweet []. The Latin word comes from mell -, which comes from mel , meaning "honey"; [] [] sweetness; [] pleasant thing, [] and the suffix - ītus , [] whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix "-ite".
This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Persians [ citation needed ]. The " St. Vincent Declaration " [] [] was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes.
Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically — expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health — and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments.
Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease. Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes.
Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes particularly Type 2 diabetes resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors like genetics and social determinants of health.
Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities. Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care.
Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races.
For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are diagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation.
People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be unemployed as those without the symptoms.
In , diabetes-related emergency room ER visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities per 10, population than from the highest income communities per 10, population.
Approximately 9. The term "type 1 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term "type 2 diabetes" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature. Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as "sugar diabetes" to differentiate it from diabetes insipidus. Diabetes can occur in mammals or reptiles.
In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females.
In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as Miniature Poodles. Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The Burmese , Russian Blue , Abyssinian , and Norwegian Forest cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds.
Overweight cats are also at higher risk. The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious.
Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin and management of emergencies e.
ketoacidosis are similar to those in humans. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.
Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 February Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels.
This article is about the common insulin disorder. For the urine hyper-production disorder, see Diabetes insipidus. For other uses, see Diabetes disambiguation. Medical condition.
Frequent urination Increased thirst Increased hunger. Metabolic imbalances Cardiovascular diseases Nerve and brain damage Kidney failure Gastrointestinal changes [2] [3] [4] [5].
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes. Type 1 : Family history Type 2 : Obesity , lack of exercise, genetics , [2] [6] air pollution [7]. High blood sugar Increased HbA1c [2].
Lifestyle changes Diabetes medication [2]. Insulin Anti-hyperglycaemics [2] [8] [9]. Main article: Complications of diabetes.
Main article: Type 1 diabetes. Main article: Type 2 diabetes. Main article: Gestational diabetes. Genetic defects of β-cell function Maturity onset diabetes of the young Mitochondrial DNA mutations Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action Defects in proinsulin conversion Insulin gene mutations Insulin receptor mutations Exocrine pancreatic defects see Type 3c diabetes , i.
pancreatogenic diabetes Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatectomy Pancreatic neoplasia Cystic fibrosis Hemochromatosis Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy.
Endocrinopathies Growth hormone excess acromegaly Cushing syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Pheochromocytoma Glucagonoma Infections Cytomegalovirus infection Coxsackievirus B Drugs Glucocorticoids Thyroid hormone β-adrenergic agonists Statins [72].
See also: Glycated hemoglobin and Glucose tolerance test. See also: Prevention of type 2 diabetes. Main article: Diabetes management. See also: Diet in diabetes. Main article: Diabetes medication. See also: Anti-diabetic medication.
Main article: Epidemiology of diabetes. Main article: History of diabetes. Further information: List of films featuring diabetes. Main articles: Diabetes in dogs and Diabetes in cats. International Diabetes Federation. Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 1 October Diabetes Care.
doi : PMC PMID Archived from the original on Diabetes Therapy. World Journal of Diabetes. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 10 February Environmental Research.
Bibcode : ER S2CID Retrieved 21 April American Family Physician. Archived PDF from the original on Retrieved 12 October Retrieved 18 May World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 29 January Retrieved 29 January MSD Manual Consumer Version. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
ISBN Retrieved April International Journal for Equity in Health. December May Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine 10th ed. Goldman-Cecil Medicine 26th ed. Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine 24th ed.
Australian Journal of General Practice. ISSN Better Health Channel. Victoria: Department of Health. January Journal of Diabetes Research. Maryland: National Library of Medicine. Cecil Essentials of Medicine 10th ed. Pennsylvania: Elsevier.
March Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Age and Ageing. European Journal of Endocrinology. Twin Research and Human Genetics. September Scientific Reports. Bibcode : NatSR.. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America.
Geneva: World Health Organisation. The New England Journal of Medicine. MSD Manual Professional Version. Merck Publishing. Current Diabetes Reports Review. So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible.
Canadian Journal of Diabetes Review. Diabetic Medicine. Diabetes Daily. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes". The American Journal of Cardiology. Progress in Lipid Research. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.
November BMC Psychiatry. Stress is a part of life, but it can make managing diabetes harder, including managing your blood sugar levels and dealing with daily diabetes care.
Regular physical activity, getting enough sleep, and relaxation exercises can help. Talk to your doctor and diabetes educator about these and other ways you can manage stress.
Whether you were just diagnosed with diabetes or have had it for some time, meeting with a diabetes educator is a great way to get support and guidance, including how to:. Childhood obesity rates are rising, and so are the rates of type 2 diabetes in youth. Parents can help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by developing a plan for the whole family:.
Healthy changes become habits more easily when everyone makes them together. Find out how to take charge family style with these healthy tips.
Tap into online diabetes communities for encouragement, insights, and support. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search.
Español Other Languages. Type 2 Diabetes. Español Spanish. Minus Related Pages. Healthy eating is your recipe for managing diabetes.
Living With Diabetes Managing Diabetes: Medicare Coverage and Resources [PDF - 1 MB] Diabetes: What Is It? Your Health with Joan Lunden and CDC Diabetes and Prediabetes Articles Infographics. Last Reviewed: April 18, Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Tjpe with type 2 diabetes, extra weight is linked to cases diabetes. Women who are overweight or have obesity may already have insulin resistance when they become pregnant.
Gaining too much weight during pregnancy may also be a factor. Having a family history of diabetes makes it more likely that a woman will develop gestational diabetes, which suggests that genes play a role. Genetic mutationsother diseases, damage to the pancreas, and certain medicines may also cause diabetes.
Some hormonal diseases cause the body to produce too much of certain hormones, which sometimes cause insulin resistance and diabetes. Pancreatitispancreatic cancer, and trauma can all harm the beta cells or make them less able to produce insulin, resulting in diabetes.
If the damaged pancreas is removed, diabetes will occur due to the loss of the beta cells. However, statins help protect you from heart disease and stroke. For this reason, the strong benefits of taking statins outweigh the small chance that you could develop diabetes. If you take any of these medicines and are concerned about their side effects, talk with your doctor.
This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NIDDKpart of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public.
Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts. English English Español. Diabetes Overview What Is Diabetes? Show child pages. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Show child pages. Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Show child pages. Managing Diabetes Show child pages.
Preventing Diabetes Problems Show child pages. In this section: What are the symptoms of diabetes? What causes type 1 diabetes? What causes type 2 diabetes? What causes gestational diabetes? What else can cause diabetes?
What are the symptoms of diabetes? Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst and urination increased hunger fatigue blurred vision numbness or tingling in the feet or hands sores that do not heal unexplained weight loss Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can start quickly, in a matter of weeks.
Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are not physically active and are overweight or have obesity.
Insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistancea condition in which muscle, liverand fat cells do not use insulin well.
Genes and family history As in type 1 diabetes, certain genes may make you more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance Hormones produced by the placenta contribute to insulin resistance, which occurs in all women during late pregnancy. Hormonal changes, extra weight, and family history can contribute to gestational diabetes.
Genes and family history Having a family history of diabetes makes it more likely that a woman will develop gestational diabetes, which suggests that genes play a role. Genetic mutations Monogenic diabetes is caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene.
These changes are usually passed through families, but sometimes the gene mutation happens on its own. Most of these gene mutations cause diabetes by making the pancreas less able to make insulin.
The most common types of monogenic diabetes are neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young MODY. Neonatal diabetes occurs in the first 6 months of life. Doctors usually diagnose MODY during adolescence or early adulthood, but sometimes the disease is not diagnosed until later in life.
Cystic fibrosis produces thick mucus that causes scarring in the pancreas. This scarring can prevent the pancreas from making enough insulin.
Hemochromatosis causes the body to store too much iron. If the disease is not treated, iron can build up in and damage the pancreas and other organs. Hormonal diseases Some hormonal diseases cause the body to produce too much of certain hormones, which sometimes cause insulin resistance and diabetes.
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Damage to or removal of the pancreas Pancreatitispancreatic cancer, and trauma can all harm the beta cells or make them less able to produce insulin, resulting in diabetes.
Medicines Sometimes certain medicines can harm beta cells or disrupt the way insulin works. Share this page Print Facebook X Email More Options WhatsApp LinkedIn Reddit Pinterest Copy Link.
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: Type diabetes causes| What Are the Different Types of Diabetes? | It is essential eiabetes people Types of dietary fats insulin carefully, dabetes their medications based on their Type diabetes causes, and eat diabdtes consistent diet fauses helps Type diabetes causes blood sugar levels as much as possible. Insulin resistance Hormones produced by the placenta contribute to insulin resistance, which occurs in all women during late pregnancy. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to keep up with the added demand. Following a good diabetes care plan can help protect against many diabetes-related health problems. Medically reviewed by Marina Basina, M. |
| Discover more about Type 2 Diabetes | A systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than mmHg, [] and a subsequent systematic review in found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between — mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events. Your doctor will let you know what your target range should be. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes. Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals. Left untreated, type 1, in particular, can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Contact Us. |
| Latest news | Diabetes and exercise. In this section: What are the symptoms of diabetes? The New Public Health, Second Edition. Learn more about the best and worst drinks for people with diabetes. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. |
| Types of Diabetes | Insulin resistance is usually a result of the following cycle:. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Managing blood sugar is especially important in young people because diabetes can damage important organs such as the heart and kidneys. Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes. To diagnose gestational diabetes , your doctor will test your blood sugar levels between the 24th week and 28th week of pregnancy. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Current Diabetes Reports Review. So far, none of the hypotheses accounting for virus-induced beta cell autoimmunity has been supported by stringent evidence in humans, and the involvement of several mechanisms rather than just one is also plausible. Canadian Journal of Diabetes Review. Diabetic Medicine. Diabetes Daily. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes". The American Journal of Cardiology. Progress in Lipid Research. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. November BMC Psychiatry. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 22 April Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Acta Diabetologica. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence UK. National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases. US NIH. Archived from the original on 12 March Retrieved 12 March National Library of Medicine. Robbins Basic Pathology 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. February American Diabetes Association. Archived from the original on 21 June Retrieved 25 June McGraw-Hill Medical. Ganong's review of medical physiology 24th ed. Harper's illustrated biochemistry 29th ed. Juta's Complete Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. Cape Town: Juta. Archived from the original on 13 January Geneva: World Health Organization. Type 2 diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine. Archived PDF from the original on 11 May August Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality : 1— Archived from the original on 16 September Retrieved 20 July European Journal of Internal Medicine. CiteSeerX Frontiers in Endocrinology. Anales de Pediatria. Anales de Pediatría. The Nutrition Source. Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 25 April Retrieved 30 August National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 4 February Clinical guideline Type 2 diabetes. London, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group April The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. JAMA Internal Medicine. Current Diabetes Reports. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes ". Diabetes Care Professional society guidelines. The British Journal of Nutrition. Current Obesity Reports. Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Retrieved 25 December Global Heart. BMJ Open. PLOS Medicine. Health Technology Assessment. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. Endocrine Practice. Postgraduate Medicine. Archived from the original on 13 April Retrieved 9 April National Institute for Health and Care Research - NIHR Evidence. Retrieved 26 January Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group March Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group December Estimated number diabetics worldwide. Retrieved 20 September Archives of Internal Medicine. October Archived from the original on 30 May Ottawa, Exercise and disease management 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Principles of diabetes mellitus 2nd ed. New York: Springer. Retrieved 20 March The New Public Health, Second Edition. New York: Academic Press. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee". Euro Observer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research. adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with diabetes self-care behaviors and perceptions of health care". Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. HCUP Statistical Brief Rockville MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Type 2 Diabetes Differences: Which One Is Worse? Living with diabetes. New York: Facts On File. Veterinary World. In Mader DR ed. Reptile Medicine and Surgery Second ed. Saint Louis: W. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Feline diabetes mellitus Aspects on epidemiology and pathogenesis PDF. Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae. Diabetes mellitus at Wikipedia's sister projects. Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity. Classification D. ICD - 10 : E10 — E14 ICD - 9-CM : MeSH : D Type 1 Type 2 LADA Gestational diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance Ketosis-prone diabetes KPD MODY Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neonatal Transient Permanent Type 3c pancreatogenic Type 3 MIDD. Blood sugar level Glycated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Postprandial glucose test Fructosamine Glucose test C-peptide Noninvasive glucose monitor Insulin tolerance test. Prevention Diet in diabetes Diabetes medication Insulin therapy intensive conventional pulsatile Diabetic shoes Cure Embryonic stem cells Artificial pancreas Other Gastric bypass surgery. Diabetic comas Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Diabetic foot ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Organs in diabetes Blood vessels Muscle Kidney Nerves Retina Heart Diabetes-related skin disease Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Diabetic foot ulcer Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia. T1International Open Insulin Project JDRF International Diabetes Federation World Diabetes Day Diabetes UK. If metformin does not work, your doctor can prescribe another medication. You may also need medications to help manage blood pressure and cholesterol. If you have gestational diabetes or prediabetes, these habits can delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. It requires lifelong disease management. But with consistent monitoring and adherence to treatment, you may be able to avoid more serious complications of the disease. If you work closely with your doctor and make healthy lifestyle choices, type 2 diabetes can often be successfully managed or even reversed. If you have gestational diabetes, it will likely resolve after your baby is born. However, you do have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. Learn about symptoms, treatment…. The three P's of diabetes refer to the most common symptoms of the condition. Those are polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. High blood glucose can…. Singer Nick Jonas, who has type 1 diabetes, debuted a new blood glucose monitoring device during a Super Bowl television commercial. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. What Are the Different Types of Diabetes? Medically reviewed by Marina Basina, M. Causes Symptoms Incidence Complications Treatment Prevention Outlook The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. What causes diabetes? What are the symptoms? How common is diabetes? What are the potential complications? How are different types of diabetes treated? How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. However, it can lead to serious side effects, especially if a person administers too much. Too much insulin can cause hypoglycemia , or extremely low blood sugar, and lead to nausea, sweating, and shaking. It is essential that people measure insulin carefully, adjust their medications based on their needs, and eat a consistent diet that helps balance blood sugar levels as much as possible. In addition to insulin, other types of medication are available that can help people manage their condition. In May , the Food and Drug Administration FDA recommended that some makers of metformin extended release remove some of their tablets from the U. This is because an unacceptable level of a probable carcinogen cancer-causing agent was found in some extended-release metformin tablets. If you currently take this drug, call your healthcare professional. They will advise whether you should continue to take your medication or if you need a new prescription. A doctor may prescribe metformin in pill form to a person with type 2 diabetes. People living with diabetes may also have other health risks, which they may also need medication to manage. A doctor can advise the individual about their needs. Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology recommend doctors prescribe additional drugs to people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. These additional drugs are sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 receptor agonists. For people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and a high risk of heart failure , the guidelines advise doctors to prescribe an SGLT2 inhibitor. SLGT2 inhibitors are a new type of drug for lowering blood sugar levels. They work by causing the kidneys to get rid of glucose in the urine. People can take it by mouth. Side effects include a higher risk of urinary and genital infections and ketoacidosis. GLP-1 receptor agonists work by increasing the amount of insulin the body produces and decreasing the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream. It is an injectable medication. People may use it with metformin or alone. Side effects include gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea and loss of appetite. Learn more about other medications and treatments for managing diabetes. Self-monitoring blood sugar levels is vital for effectively managing diabetes. It helps regulate meal schedules, physical activity, and when to take medication, including insulin. While self-monitoring blood glucose machines vary, they generally include a meter and test strip for generating readings. Self-monitoring also involves using a lancing device to prick the skin to obtain a small quantity of blood. People should refer to the specific instructions of a meter in every case, as machines will differ. However, the following precautions and steps generally apply to many devices on the market:. People checking their blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter also use a device called a lancet to prick their finger. While the idea of drawing blood might cause distress for some people, lancing the skin to obtain a blood sample should be a gentle, simple procedure. Many meters require only a teardrop-sized sample of blood. A person may also find the following tips useful:. While remembering to self-monitor involves people making lifestyle adjustments, it does not need to be an uncomfortable process. Diabetes is a serious, chronic condition. According to the American Diabetes Association , diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States in While diabetes is manageable, its complications can severely affect daily living. Some complications can be fatal if not treated immediately. Complications of diabetes include :. Regularly monitoring blood sugar levels and moderating glucose intake can help people prevent the more damaging complications of diabetes. For those living with type 1 diabetes, administering insulin is the main way to help them manage the condition. A person can speak with a doctor to discuss the best treatment options for type 2 diabetes. However, common treatment options include the following types of medication:. The most common type of medication for type 2 diabetes is metformin. Metformin decreases the amount of glucose the liver produces, which lowers blood glucose levels. To help manage blood sugar levels, a person can drink water, including flavored, sugar-free water, and herbal teas. Learn more about the best and worst drinks for people with diabetes. This is because the body can make insulin but does not respond well to it. In type 2 diabetes, insulin can help the body use glucose for energy. Diabetes is a life changing condition that requires careful blood sugar management and healthy lifestyle strategies for a person to manage it safely. There are several types of diabetes. Type 1 occurs when the body does not produce insulin. Depending on the type of diabetes, people may need to administer insulin and take other medications to manage their condition and improve glucose absorption. |
Type diabetes causes -
Work with a registered dietitian if you have access to one. They can help you design an individualized diabetes meal plan. Getting the right balance of protein, fat, and carbs can help you manage your blood sugar.
Along with diet and treatment, exercise plays an essential role in diabetes management. This is true for all types of diabetes. Staying active helps your cells react to insulin more effectively and lower your blood sugar levels.
Exercising regularly can also help you:. If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, general guidance is to aim for at least minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. There are currently no separate exercise guidelines for people who have gestational diabetes. Diabetes-friendly exercises include:.
Talk with your doctor about safe ways to incorporate activity into your diabetes management plan. You may need to follow special precautions, like checking your blood sugar before and after working out and making sure to stay hydrated.
Consider working with a personal trainer or exercise physiologist who has experience working with people who have diabetes. They can help you develop a personalized workout plan tailored to your needs. Anyone who has symptoms of diabetes or is at risk for the condition should be tested.
People are routinely tested for gestational diabetes during their second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy. Doctors use these blood tests to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes:.
To diagnose gestational diabetes , your doctor will test your blood sugar levels between the 24th week and 28th week of pregnancy. There are two types of tests:. The earlier you are diagnosed with diabetes, the sooner you can start treatment.
Find out whether you should get tested, and get more information on tests your doctor might perform. Type 1 and type 1. Yet many other diabetes risk factors are manageable. Most diabetes prevention strategies involve making simple adjustments to your diet and fitness routine.
Discover more strategies that may help you avoid this chronic health condition. Hormones produced by the placenta can make your body more resistant to the effects of insulin.
People can have diabetes before they conceive and carry it with them into pregnancy. This is called pre-gestational diabetes. Diabetes during pregnancy can lead to complications for your newborn, such as jaundice or breathing problems.
Gestational diabetes should go away after you deliver, but it does significantly increase your risk of getting diabetes later. About half of people with gestational diabetes will go on to develop type 2 diabetes. Children can get both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Managing blood sugar is especially important in young people because diabetes can damage important organs such as the heart and kidneys.
The autoimmune form of diabetes often starts in childhood. One of the main symptoms is increased urination. Extreme thirst, fatigue, and hunger are also signs of the condition.
The condition can cause high blood sugar, dehydration , and diabetic ketoacidosis DKA , which can be medical emergencies. Type 1 diabetes used to be called juvenile diabetes because type 2 was so rare in children. Now that more children have overweight or obesity , type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in this age group.
Untreated type 2 diabetes can cause lifelong complications, including heart disease, kidney disease, and blindness. Healthy eating and exercise can help your child manage their blood sugar and prevent these problems.
Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than ever in young people. Some types of diabetes — like types 1 and 1. Others — like type 2 — can be prevented by making better food choices, increasing activity, and losing weight.
Discuss potential diabetes risks with your doctor. We encourage our readers to share their unique experiences to create a helpful and informative community here on Healthline.
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VIEW ALL HISTORY. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. When insulin levels are too low, it can be life threatening.
Learn about the symptoms and…. Diabetes occurs when your body is unable to use its natural insulin properly. Learn more about manual insulin injections and how they help treat….
Everything you need to know about type 1 diabetes, a chronic disease that causes high blood sugar levels because the body cannot make the hormone…. The three P's of diabetes refer to the most common symptoms of the condition. Those are polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.
High blood glucose can…. Singer Nick Jonas, who has type 1 diabetes, debuted a new blood glucose monitoring device during a Super Bowl television commercial. Type 2 typically appears in people over the age of But younger people are increasingly being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes due to sedentary lifestyles and an increase in weight.
About About 5 to 10 percent have type 1 diabetes, while 90 to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. Another But most people with prediabetes do not know they have the condition. Prediabetes occurs when your blood glucose is higher than it should be but not high enough to be diabetes.
Complications of diabetes generally develop over time. Having poorly managed blood sugar levels increases the risk of serious complications that can become life threatening. The main goal is to keep blood glucose levels within your target range. Your doctor will let you know what your target range should be.
Targets vary with the type of diabetes, age, and presence of complications. If you have gestational diabetes, your blood sugar targets will be lower than people with other types of diabetes. Physical activity is an important part of diabetes management.
Ask your doctor how many minutes per week you should devote to aerobic exercise. Diet is also important. All people with type 1 diabetes must take insulin to live since damage to the pancreas is permanent.
There are different types of insulin available with different times of onset, peak, and duration. Insulin is injected just under the skin. Your doctor will show you how to properly inject and rotate injection sites. You can also use an insulin pump, which is a device worn outside your body that can be programmed to release a specific dose.
If necessary, you may also need to take medication to manage cholesterol, high blood pressure, or other complications. Type 2 diabetes can be managed and sometimes even reversed with diet and exercise.
It can also be treated with a variety of medications to help manage blood sugar. The first-line medication is usually metformin Glumetza, Glucophage, Fortamet, Riomet.
This drug works by reducing glucose production in the liver. If metformin does not work, your doctor can prescribe another medication. You may also need medications to help manage blood pressure and cholesterol. If you have gestational diabetes or prediabetes, these habits can delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.
It requires lifelong disease management. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.
Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 February Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. This article is about the common insulin disorder. For the urine hyper-production disorder, see Diabetes insipidus.
For other uses, see Diabetes disambiguation. Medical condition. Frequent urination Increased thirst Increased hunger. Metabolic imbalances Cardiovascular diseases Nerve and brain damage Kidney failure Gastrointestinal changes [2] [3] [4] [5].
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes. Type 1 : Family history Type 2 : Obesity , lack of exercise, genetics , [2] [6] air pollution [7]. High blood sugar Increased HbA1c [2]. Lifestyle changes Diabetes medication [2]. Insulin Anti-hyperglycaemics [2] [8] [9].
Main article: Complications of diabetes. Main article: Type 1 diabetes. Main article: Type 2 diabetes. Main article: Gestational diabetes. Genetic defects of β-cell function Maturity onset diabetes of the young Mitochondrial DNA mutations Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action Defects in proinsulin conversion Insulin gene mutations Insulin receptor mutations Exocrine pancreatic defects see Type 3c diabetes , i.
pancreatogenic diabetes Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatectomy Pancreatic neoplasia Cystic fibrosis Hemochromatosis Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy. Endocrinopathies Growth hormone excess acromegaly Cushing syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Pheochromocytoma Glucagonoma Infections Cytomegalovirus infection Coxsackievirus B Drugs Glucocorticoids Thyroid hormone β-adrenergic agonists Statins [72].
See also: Glycated hemoglobin and Glucose tolerance test. See also: Prevention of type 2 diabetes. Main article: Diabetes management. See also: Diet in diabetes. Main article: Diabetes medication. See also: Anti-diabetic medication.
Main article: Epidemiology of diabetes. Main article: History of diabetes. Further information: List of films featuring diabetes. Main articles: Diabetes in dogs and Diabetes in cats.
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Type 2 riabetes, the Type diabetes causes common type of Superfood supplement for overall wellness, is a diavetes that Type diabetes causes when Type diabetes causes cxuses glucose, TType called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes mainly from diiabetes food you vauses. Insulina hormone made by the pancreashelps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy. Too much glucose then stays in your blood, and not enough reaches your cells. You can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, type 2 diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people. You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are age 45 or older, have a family history of diabetes, or are overweight or have obesity.
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