Phytochemical screening and analysis -
Transformation Panicum virgatum L. Transformation Brassica Oleracea var. Gemmifera Zenker Transformation Populus tomentosa Carr. Italic Planch.
Transformation Saccharum officinarum L. Botrytis L. Transformation Capsicum Annuum Transformation Apium Graveolens L. Transformation Cucumis Melo Transformation Musa Spp. Transformation Ziziphus Jujuba Transformation Brassica Oleracea Transformation Brassica Rapa Transformation Petunia Hybrida Transformation Daucus Carota Transformation Cucurbita Moschata Transformation Solanum Melongena Transformation Rhododendron Simsii Transformation Mentha Canadensis Transformation Camellia Oleifera Transformation Sesamum Indicum Transformation Vigna Unguiculata Transformation Protein Expression in Plant System Virus-like Particles Production in Plants Lactuca sativa L.
ramosa Hort protein expression system Nicotiana tabacum protein expression system Oryza sativa L. coli Engineered Strains Cultivation of E. coli Engineered Bacteria for Degradation of Organic Pollutants Cultivation of Engineered E.
coli Bacteria for Organophosphorus Pesticide Degradation Construction of Engineered Strains of Riboflavin E. Lifeasible , as a leading plant biotechnology company, provides a full range of traditional and advanced methods for both plant extraction and phytochemical detection: Extraction Methods The selection of extraction methods is based on the types of plant materials eg.
Plant tissue homogenization. Plant tissues are homogenized in specific solvents, followed by vortexting. Plant extract is then obtained by filtration. Serial exhaustive extraction.
Plant materials undergo successive extractions with solvents of polarity gradients. Soxhlet extraction. Feasible for the extraction of compounds with low solubility.
Fluid extraction. Plant materials are placed in a stoppered container with solvent. Frequent agitation is applied until the materials are dissolved. Plant extracts are obtained by boiling of 15 min.
Suitable for extraction of water soluble components. Plant materials are macerated by gentle heat treatment. Plant materials are macerated in a percolator for 24 h. Sonication precedes permeability of plant cell walls, and thus facilities the extraction of phytochemical components. Qualitative analysis methods Qualitative analysis allows the detection and sometimes localization of phytochemicals in given plant materials.
Table 1. Chromatography can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We provide multiple chromatography services for the characterization of phytochemicals: Gas Chromatography GC Liquid Chromatography LC High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HPTLC Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography OPLC Ultraviolet UV Spectroscopy.
Infrared IR Spectroscopy. Allows determination of the functional groups present in the sample, and is usually applied for the identification of phytochemicals. Mass Spectroscopy MS. Provides both biochemical and structural information of the phytochemicals present in the sample, which ensures accurate identification of target phytochemicals.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR Spectroscopy. Provides both chemical physical information of the phytochemicals been detected. X-Ray Crystallography. Provides accurate molecular structures that reflect the identities of specific phytochemicals.
Not For Clinical Use! First Name:. Last Name:. Project Description:. Gene function analysis. Gene copy number analysis. Gene expression profiling. Integration sites analysis.
Plant physiology analysis. Detection of epigenetic modifications in plants. Plant chromosomes karyotype analysis. Protein post-translational modification analysis. Plant biochemical analysis.
A high correlation was obtained between the results of the cytotoxicity test applied to human lymphocyte cells and algal cells and the results of the Allium test In the literature, it was emphasized that this test was highly acceptable in the evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chemicals, and the same results were obtained with the toxicity test results performed in the bone marrow of Wistar rats 24 , In this study, the phytochemical content of N.
oleander , which is widely distributed in Giresun province, and a comprehensive toxicity profile on Allium cepa were investigated. Flower and leaf parts of N. The homogeneous, disease-free and non-pale parts were dried in the oven at 40 °C for 4—5 days and then ground into powder using a grinder Fig.
Leaf and flower tissues were extracted by maceration method using two different solvents, water and methanol. At the end of the incubation period, the solid particles were filtered off and the resulting filtrate was centrifuged at 10, rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was evaporated with an evaporator until a dry pellet was obtained and the resulting pellet was used for further analysis.
Evaporation of solvents was carried out under reduced pressure at 40 °C to avoid damage to the active compounds by heating. oleander leaf and flower extracts thus obtained were coded as Noex-I and Noex-II, respectively.
On average, 0. In leaf extraction; crude extract for water and metanol were 0. Experimental research on plant samples, including the supply of plant material, complies with institutional, national and international guidelines and legislation.
Phytochemical analysis of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts was carried out by qualitative methods and cardiac glycoside, alkaloid, saponin and tannin contents of the N. oleander leaf and flower tissues were investigated. Qualitative analysis of cardiac glycosides in the extracts was performed with the Keller Killiani test.
Reddish-brown color formation was deemed to be a positive test for cardiac glycosides 26 , For qualitative alkaloid determination, a few drops of Meyer's reagent were added to 1 mL of extract. The formation of a creamy white precipitate was considered positive for the alkaloid To detect the presence of saponin, 5 mL of distilled water was added to 1 mL of extract and vortexed for 10 min.
The formation of a foam column that did not disappear with the addition of HCl was evaluated as positive for saponin 27 , For qualitative tannin analysis, a few drops of lead acetate were added to 1 mL of extract. A large white-brown precipitate formation was considered a positive test for tannin Quantitative analysis of phytochemical components, whose presence was tested by qualitative analysis, was also carried out.
Cardiac glycoside analysis was determined according to the method reported by Tofighi et al. oleander leaf and flower extracts were mixed with 10 mL of Baljet's reagent. After 1 h of incubation, 20 mL of distilled water was added and the absorbance was measured at nm. Quantitative tannin content in the extracts was tested according to the method suggested by Mital and Jha The solution, which was incubated for 30 min, was centrifuged and the supernatant was analyzed at nm.
The determination of the total saponin content in the extracts was made according to the vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetric method The mixture containing µL of vanillin reagent, 50 µL of extract and 2.
At the end of the incubation, the absorbance of the solution cooled in an ice bath was read at nm. Alkaloid determination was made according to the method reported by Selvakumar et al An equal volume of bromocresol green and phosphate buffer was added to the solution.
The mixture was shaken by adding chloroform. The absorbance of the solutions containing the extract and atropine used as a standard was read at nm.
All tests were repeated in triplicate. Calibration curves of standards were given in Supplementary Fig. The toxic effects of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts were investigated using the Allium test. Untreated Allium cepa L. cepa bulbs were rinsed with distilled water and their outer scales were removed.
Old root remnants were carefully removed to preserve the root primordia. After these preliminary applications, the bulbs were used in toxicity tests. Toxicity was investigated by physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic and anatomical parameters.
Seven different groups were formed to investigate the dose-related toxicity of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts Table 1. So, inhibitions in Allium root growth were examined to determine the EC 50 value of the extracts.
In order to obtain healthy and sufficient root tissue required in toxicity tests, the doses applied in the experimental groups were selected from the values below the EC 50 value of both extracts.
The effects of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts on germination were investigated by root length, weight gain, germination percentage and relative injury rate.
For this aim, bulbs were placed in glass beakers and germinated in related solutions in the incubator at 22 °C for 72 h. Ten bulbs were used for each group. The solutions of each group were checked daily. At the end of the germination period, the best-developed 10 roots of each bulb were measured and mean root lengths were calculated.
Weight gain was calculated by taking the difference between the initial and final weights of the bulbs. Relative injury rate RIR and germination percentage GP and were calculated using Eqs. The changes in the mitotic index MI , micronucleus MN and chromosomal abnormalities CAs ratios in the Allium test were investigated to determine the cyto- and genotoxic effects of N.
oleander leaf and flower extracts. For this purpose, 1 cm long samples were collected from each bulb at the end of the germination period and fixed in Clarke solution. After the completion of all procedures, the root tips were stained with acetocarmine for 24 h and examined under a research microscope After germination procedure root slides were prepared and mitotic cells were examined.
A total of Cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase were taken as basis in determining the number of dividing cells CAs and MN frequencies were investigated in order to determine the genotoxic effects of N.
In the detection of MN and CAs cells were counted for each group. In order to determine the effects of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts on antioxidant and oxidant balance, malondialdehyde MDA , glutathione GSH , superoxide dismutase SOD and catalase CAT levels were measured triplicate in root tip cells.
Root tip samples of each group were first homogenized in phosphate buffer and centrifuged. The obtained supernatant was used in SOD and CAT analysis.
In SOD activity measurements, a mixture containing 1. The mixtures were placed under a 15 W fluorescent lamp for 10 min and absorbance was measured at nm at the end of the time For the determination of CAT activity, 0. The CAT activity was measured by spectrophotometrically monitoring the decrease in the amount of H 2 O 2 at nm For MDA measurement, 0.
At the end of the time, the cooled mixture was centrifuged at 10, rpm for 5 min and the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at nm A mixture containing 0.
To determine the anatomical effects of N. oleander leaf and flower extracts on A. cepa root tip cells, cross-sections were taken from root tip cells. The sections were stained with methylene blue, examined and visualized with a light microscope. The frequency of anatomical damages was determined by preparing 10 preparations from the samples belonging to each group In this study, the leaf and flower parts of N.
oleander samples were collected from Giresun and then the phytochemical analysis and toxic effects were investigated. The phytochemical content was examined by qualitative tests and the toxic effects of the extract were associated with this ingredient.
The samples obtained by water and methanol extracts of N. oleander leaf and flowers were used in qualitative-phytochemical analysis. Positive results were obtained in terms of cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and alkaloids in N.
oleander leaf extract except for tannin in methanol extract Fig. Cardiac glycosides were detected in the extraction with both solvents and it was determined that the cardiac glycoside content was more intense in the methanol extract. While the presence of saponin was detected in both extracts, the fact that a denser foam formation was observed especially in the extract obtained with water, compared to methanol, indicates that the amount of saponin in this extract is higher.
In terms of tannin content, water extract was evaluated as positive and methanol extract as negative. A stronger positivity was determined in the methanol extract of alkaloid content, but a positive result was obtained in terms of the presence of alkaloids in both extracts.
In the literature, there are studies in which phytochemical analyzes of various parts of Nerium species are carried out. Bhuvaneshwari et al. oleander leaf extracts and obtained positive results in terms of terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins.
Rajendra et al. indicum leaves obtained with benzene and alcohol extraction, and reported negative results in terms of anthroquinone glycoside and carbohydrate. Qualitative analysis of Noex-I. E and M. E indicate extraction with water and methanol, respectively.
Flower tissues of N. oleander were also analyzed qualitatively by the same phytochemical analyzes and the results are given in Fig.
Similar to the leaf extract, cardiac glycosides were detected in both solvents in the flower extract, and the cardiac glycoside content was found to be more intense in the methanol extract.
While the presence of saponin was not detected in the aqueous extract, very low foam formation was observed in the methanol extract and this result was evaluated as low saponin presence compared to the leaf extract. While negative results were obtained in methanol extract in terms of tannin and alkaloid, positive results were obtained in aqueous extracts.
Redha 12 stated that while N. oleander reported the presence of substances such as phenol, tannin, coumarin, alkaloid and sterol in flower tissues, negative results were obtained in terms of saponin and antroquinone glycosides.
Qualitative analysis of Noex-II. Quantitative analyzes of the phytochemical ingredients, whose presence were detected by qualitative analysis, were also carried out and the results are given in Fig. Parallel results were obtained with qualitative analyzes, and it was determined that the extract obtained with water generally had a richer phytochemical content.
The cardiac glycoside content in water extracts of N. oleander leaf and flower were In methanol extract, cardiac glycoside content was oleander leaf and flower extracts, respectively.
The tannin content, which is the major phytochemical in the N. oleander leaf extract, is The amount of tannin in N. oleander flower extracts is oleander leaf extract.
A higher amount of saponin was detected in water extracts of N. oleander leaf extract as Saponin, which was evaluated as negative in N. oleander flower extract water extract in qualitative analyzes, was detected at a rate as low as 2.
oleander flower extract. The alkaloid, which is highly found in the methanol extract of N. oleander leaf is more concentrated in the water extract of N.
oleander flower. While no alkaloid was detected in the methanol extract of N. oleander flower in qualitative analysis, this substance was detected at low rates in quantitative analysis.
In the literature, quantitative phytochemical analyzes have been carried out on Nerium species grown in different ecological conditions. Aslam et al. oleander samples collected from Yercaud Tamilnadu contained terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and no flavonoids and flobatanine.
Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in Noex-I and Noex-II. oleander leaf and flower applications on germination-related parameters and the relative injury rates are given in Table 2. oleander leaf and flower treatments caused a significant decrease in germination parameters in A.
cepa bulbs. oleander leaf extract, and there was a 1. oleander flower extract application also decreased germination, but this regression remained at lower levels compared to N. oleander flower extract treated group, the germination rate decreased by 1. An increase in root length and weight ratio is observed with germination in plants.
Germination rates, root elongation and weight gain increased in parallel with each other in control bulbs. The decrease in germination rates caused by N. oleander leaf and flower applications was also detected in root elongation and weight gain, and it was determined that these regressions increased depending on the dose.
oleander leaf and flower applications caused When the relative injury rates calculated based on the control group germination percentage were examined, the highest relative injury rate was found as 0. oleander leaf extract applied group.
The germination-reducing effects of N. oleander leaf and flower applications are closely related to the active ingredients it contains.
In this study, the presence of cardiac glycosides in N. oleander leaf and flower extracts was determined by phytochemical analysis. Oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside, whose presence in N. oleander has been determined by many studies, causes disruptions in physiological and biochemical pathways in cells by changing membrane fluidity, increasing intracellular calcium, inducing reactive oxygen species production, oxidative damage and mitochondrial damage 5 , Alkaloids, whose presence was detected by the phytochemical analysis of N.
Disruptions in physiological reactions and germination-related metabolism in Allium bulbs can be explained by the induction of oxidative stress and retarding effects on the cell cycle of active compounds in N.
oleander leaf and flower extract. Although there is no study in the literature on the physiological effects of Nerium extracts on A. cepa , there are studies investigating various allelopathic effects in plants.
Supporting our findings, Mojarad et al. Karaaltın et al. SOD and CAT are important endogenous antioxidant enzymes and changes in the activities of these enzymes are closely related to oxidative stress in the cell. oleander leaf extract application significantly increased SOD and CAT activity compared to the control group, depending on the dose.
SOD and CAT activity increased This shows that the application of N. oleander leaf extract induces the SOD enzyme at a higher rate than the CAT enzyme. Similar increases in enzyme activities were observed in the application of N.
oleander flower extract, but these increases were found to be at a lower level compared to the effects of N. oleander flower application caused more significant changes in SOD activity compared to CAT enzyme. When all the results were evaluated together, it was determined that N.
While the application of N. The effect of Noex-I and Noex-II applications on SOD and CAT activities. SOD and CAT activities are induced in the presence of oxidative stress and increased enzyme activities after N. oleander leaf and flower applications indicate the formation of oxidative stress in the cell.
As a result of biochemical reactions such as respiration and photosynthesis and many metabolic activities in plants, free radicals such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are formed. These radicals cause oxidative stress in the cell. The antioxidant defense system neutralizes this stress and cellular metabolism continues without interruption.
As a result of various agents or stress in cells, exogenous factors increase the production of reactive oxygen species and the activities of antioxidant enzymes are also induced. SOD is an important antioxidant enzyme induced in the presence of oxidative stress and is involved in the dismutation of superoxide radicals 48 , The increase observed in SOD activity as a result of the application of N.
oleander leaf and flower in this study indicates an increase in oxidative stress. An increase in SOD activity causes an increase in hydrogen peroxide levels in the cell, which induces CAT activity.
CAT activity is very important for the survival of plants exposed to stress factors 50 , The increases in SOD and CAT activities indicate that N.
oleander leaf and flower applications cause oxidative stress in A. cepa root tip cells. In the N. oleander leaf and flower applications increased MDA levels in root tip cells by Along with the increase in MDA levels, there was a decrease in GSH levels, which is an endogenous and powerful antioxidant.
oleander leaf and flower applications decreased GSH levels in root tip cells by The decrease in GSH levels and increase in MDA levels show that N. oleander leaf and flower applications cause deterioration in antioxidant-oxidant dynamics.
MDA is produced at low levels in cells under normal conditions and is used in different pathways such as signal transduction and gene expression. Increases in MDA production are observed in cells under stress conditions and in the presence of oxidative stress.
Increases observed in MDA level in a cell indicate oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation that develops accordingly The fact that N.
oleander leaf and flower applications increase the MDA level indicates that oxidative stress is induced. Along with the increase in MDA, a decrease in GSH levels in root tip cells was also determined. GSH is a powerful antioxidant molecule found in various organelles in plants and scavenging free radicals.
The decrease in GSH levels indicates that oxidative stress in the cell increases and the reduced-GSH is rapidly oxidized As a result of N.
Although there is no information in the literature that N. oleander applications induce oxidative stress in A. cepa , there are studies reporting that it causes oxidative damage in many cell types. Atroshi et al. oleander induced oxidative damage, Sreenivasan et al.
Calderón-Montaño et al. oleander extract exhibited cytotoxic activity by inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species in cells.
The effect of Noex-I and Noex-II applications on MDA and GSH levels. The cytotoxic effects of N. oleander leaf and flower applications on A. cepa root tip cells were determined by examining the MN frequencies and MI rates, and the results are given in Fig.
Both N. oleander leaf and flower applications caused a decrease in the number of dividing cells, resulting in a decrease in MI rates. oleander leaf and flower applications at the highest dose tested in this study caused 1.
Reductions in the number of dividing cells were also reflected in the MI rates, and MI rates were calculated as 8.
oleander flower-treated groups, respectively. MI is a reliable indicator for evaluating cell proliferation and determining the cytotoxic effects of various agents. The cytotoxic effects of compounds in living cells can occur by many mechanisms.
Inhibition of microtubule formation and deformation of spindle fibers cause delays or interruptions in cell division, resulting in regressions in MI rates. Such damages also cause different types of abnormalities such as c-mitosis, multipolar anaphase, MN and sticky chromosomes in the advanced stages of division.
According to this distinction, N. oleander leaf and flower extract applications caused cytotoxicity by exhibiting a sub-lethal effect on A. Cytotoxic agents cause various changes in cells such as multipolar anaphases, multinucleated cells, and vagrant chromosomes that induce MN formation by disrupting the spindle organization.
All these changes cause decreases in MI rates and increases in MN frequencies. Similarly, there are studies in the literature reporting the effect of Nerium extracts on cell proliferation. Another parameter used to determine the cytotoxic effect is the frequency of MN.
MN formations are a sign of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in cells. The aneugenic effect, which occurs as a result of damage to the spindle fibers during cell division, also causes an increase in MN frequencies.
MN frequencies were detected as 7. oleander leaf extract treated groups, respectively. oleander flower extract, the MN frequency was counted in the range of 6.
MN formations originate from spindle damage, chromosome breaks or lagging chromosomes in cells. In the process of new nucleus formation, the laggard chromosomes condense before fully integrated into the nucleus during telophase, forming a nuclear envelope, transforming into a nuclear bud and then MN.
Spindle thread abnormalities in particular are important triggers of MN formation. Abnormalities occurring in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle reveal MN formations in the late stages of division 59 , Decreases in MI rates detected in N.
oleander leaf and flower extract treated groups also support the increase in MN frequency. The results obtained from MI and MN analyzes indicate that both extracts exhibit cytotoxic effects by reducing cell proliferation and increasing MN frequencies and that the cytotoxic effect of N. oleander leaf extract is higher than N.
Cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of cell division. Cardiac glycosides significantly affect cell proliferation by inhibiting the pumps in the cell membrane, especially Na—K-ATPase In the phytochemical analyzes performed in this study, N.
oleander leaf and flower extracts were found to contain cardiac glycosides, and the decrease in MI rates and the increase in MN frequencies observed in A.
cepa root tip cells were associated with these active compounds. Similarly, Tarkowska 62 reported that oleandrine glycosides exhibit antimitotic activity and cause MN formation.
Possible genotoxic effects of N. cepa root tip cells were determined by CAs test. oleander leaf and flower applications Table 3. Nuclear bud, vagrant chromosome, bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, sticky chromosome, fragment and vacuolated nucleus are common CAs observed in both applications Figs.
oleander leaf and flower extracts were administered, respectively. oleander leaf application caused the highest frequency of sticky chromosome formations among CAs, and N.
oleander flower application caused the highest frequency of nuclear bud formation. Appearances of MN and CAs induced by Noex-I.
MN a , nuclear bud b , vagrant chromosome c , bridge d , unequal distribution of chromatin e , sticky chromosome f , fragment g , vacuolated nucleus h. Appearances of MN and CAs induced by Noex-II. Chromosomal condensations, DNA depolymerization, and dissolved nucleoproteins induce stickiness in chromosomes.
It is also reported in literature studies that sticky chromosome formations cause lethal effects in cells 63 , The formation of highly sticky chromosomes as a result of N.
oleander leaf administration also supports the reduction in MI rates, and the reduction in cell proliferation is mainly due to irreversible irregularities in mitosis, including stickness.
Nuclear bud, which was detected with the highest rate among abnormalities in N. oleander flower application, is closely related to MN formations. High MN frequencies observed as a result of N.
oleander leaf and flower applications confirm the nuclear bud and MN relationship. Both nuclear buds and MN are of an aneuploidogenic origin.
Nuclear buds separate from the nucleus in the later stages of division to form an MN, and in some cases the buds re-integrate into the nucleus. Nuclear buds also cause chromatin bridges or different chromosomal rearrangements observed in abnormal anaphases.
Nuclear buds observed in both extract applications also induce other CAs. Many active ingredients detected in N. oleander leaf and flower extracts may cause CAs by exhibiting genotoxic effects. Cardiac glycosides detected in Nerium flower and leaf extracts have an important place in the genotoxic effect.
Cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of repair of DNA double-strand breaks Alkaloids, which are among the other active compounds found in the extracts, exhibit genotoxic effects by causing cross-linking and breaks in DNA, sister chromatid changes and the formation of chromosome mutations MDA resulting from lipid peroxidation is another possible cause of CAs formations induced by N.
oleander leaf and flower applications. MDA has a highly electrophilic property and this reactivity causes MDA to bind to macromolecules such as protein and DNA, then cause damages 52 , MDA causes structural abnormalities by triggering intermolecular and intramolecular cross-linkings in the DNA structure.
oleander leaf and flower extracts both increase MDA level by inducing oxidative stress and exhibit genotoxic effects by the active ingredients in their content explain the formation of different types of CAs. Similarly, Calderón-Montaño et al. oleander extract exhibited a cytotoxic effect by causing DNA damage in various cell lines.
Anatomical changes induced by N. oleander leaf and flower applications were investigated by examining the cross-sections of the root tip of A. After the application of N. oleander leaf, epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, giant nucleus, binuclear cell, cortex cell damage, thickening of the cortex cell wall, and indistinct conduction tissue damage were detected in the root tip anatomy Fig.
oleander leaf applied group, epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, cortex cell damage and thickening of the cortex cell wall were very severe; giant nucleus, binuclear cell, and indistinct conduction tissue were found to be among the low-level damages Table 4.
Anatomical changes in N. oleander flower applied groups occurred at a lower level compared to N. oleander leaf Fig. Giant nucleus and binuclear cell damage were not detected in the N. oleander flower administration groups. oleander flower, epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, cortex cell damage and thickening of the cortex cell wall were observed at a moderate frequency, while indistinct vascular tissue was observed at a low frequency Table 4.
These changes in the anatomical structure are defense reactions developed against external agents and aimed at protecting the internal tissues. Thickening of the cortex cell wall occurs as a result of the accumulation of substances such as lignin, cellulose, suberin, and cutin.
In this way, the thickening and durability of the cortex cell wall are increased, limiting the entry of various agents, and preventing the access of toxic compounds to the central cylinder and spreading to other tissues 36 , Increased expression of lignin-related genes has been reported in plants contaminated with harmful chemicals and pathogens 69 , Root cells can increase the number of epidermis cells to prevent exogenous agents from entering the cell.
This increase causes deformations and epidermis cell damage by increasing the pressure of the cells on each other. Another anatomical change observed in the study is the flattening of the cell nucleus.
The flattened nucleus arises as a result of changes in the physiological, biochemical and DNA integrity of the cell nucleus. The cell nucleus is typically spherical or elliptical in nature, but shape change can occur in response to physical or environmental changes 71 , All these changes observed in the anatomical structure of the groups treated with N.
oleander leaf and flowers emerge as a result of cumulative effects. There are similar studies in the literature reporting that Nerium extracts cause changes in plant anatomy. Mojarad et al. Anatomical changes induced by Noex-I. Normal appearance of epidermis cells a , normal appearance of cell nucleus- oval b , normal appearance of cortex cells c , normal appearance of vascular tissue d , epidermis cell damage e , flattened cell nucleus f , giant cell nucleus g , binuclear cell h , cell with MN i , cortex cell damage j , cortex cell wall thickening k , indistinct vascular tissue i.
Anatomical changes induced by Noex-II. Normal appearance of epidermis cells a , epidermis cell damage b , normal appearance of cell nucleus- oval c , flattened cell nucleus d , cell with MN e , normal appearance of cortex cells f , cortex cell damage g , thickening of the cortex cell wall h , normal appearance of vascular tissue i , indistinct vascular tissue j.
Many parts of plants can have toxic effects due to the secondary metabolites they contain. Therefore, the potential toxicity of plants commonly used in homes, gardens or landscapes poses a significant risk. It is of great importance to investigate the potential toxicities of plants as well as their protective properties.
In the literature, mostly the protective properties of herbal extracts were investigated, and studies on their toxic effects were insufficient. Plant phytochemicals have an important role in the formation of toxicity.
Therefore, growing a plant of the same species in different ecological conditions may cause changes in its toxicity profile.
In this respect, the fact that the plant diversity in the world is very wide and the phytochemical content of the same plant changes according to the ecological conditions makes the toxicity studies of herbal extracts insufficient. oleander collected from Giresun Turkiye were investigated.
Toxicity studies were investigated using A. cepa , a bioindicator organism, and in this way, possible potential effects in eukaryotes and allelopathic effects of extracts were investigated.
Flower and leaf extracts caused regressions in Allium germination and development, and these regressions were thought to be related to oxidative stress in the plant. The fact that extract applications cause changes in antioxidant enzyme levels, increase in MDA levels and decrease in GSH levels confirms oxidative stress.
The extracts, which exhibited genotoxic effect by causing higher CAs formation, also showed cytotoxic effects by reducing MI rates and increasing MN frequencies. The toxic effects of leaf and flower extracts can be associated with the active ingredients they contain, and as a result of phytochemical analysis, it was determined that the leaf and flower extracts contained cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and alkaloids.
Toxicity of both flower and leaf extract may occur as a result of the cumulative action of all active ingredients and may be associated with more than one mechanism.
The toxicity of the leaf extract is higher than the flower extract, which can be explained by the higher concentration of the phytochemicals tested in the leaf.
The toxic effects of plants used in the garden, home, office and all landscaping applications should not be ignored and reliable environments should be created without using toxic plants if possible. This study, in which the toxic effects of N.
oleander leaf and flower extracts were determined, will lead to the investigation of the toxicity profiles of plants due to their phytochemical content.
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Phytochemicals acreening secondary metabolites that are naturally produced by plants. Phytochemicals not Cognitive enhancement strategies provide plants with featured color, aroma and Phytochemical screening and analysis, but Phytochemical screening and analysis analgsis important roles in the zcreening of plant cell functions. Moreover, accumulating studies have shown that the phytochemicals have enormous medicinal values with minimum side effects. Therefore, the characterization and evaluation of phytochemicals is a critical step for the pharmaceutical discoveries of plant-derived medicines. Standard phytochemical tests require both extraction of active phytochemical from plant materials, as well as detection and analysis of target phytochemical contents.Phytochemical screening and analysis -
Hence the ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi shows many compounds and may have been used in traditional medicine for prevention of several diseases. Download: Cited By: Authors: R. Roghini and K. DOI: Published: 01 November, All © are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
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My 27 delicious favorite desserts to lose weight naturally 🍔🥑🍍🍟🏋️🥰😘. pdf Francenel. Recently uploaded 20 Impression materials 2. Phytochemical screening 1. Phytochemical Screening of plants Dr. SINDHU K. SCHOLAR, DEPT. OF VPT, COVAS, Pookode. Qualitative analysis methods.
The filtrates were used to test for the presence of carbohydrates. sulphuric acid from the side of the test tube. Sulphuric acid. Add conc. sulphuric acid. Formation of a bluish green colour solution confirmed the presence of phytosterols.
Detection of tannins: Take 0. Filter the above mixture Add few drops of 0. Development of a brownish green or a blue-black colouration indicated the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride Test:. Detection of terpenoids: Salkowski test: Mix 2 ml of chloroform to extract solution carefully added conc.
Sulphuric acid 3 ml to form a layer. A reddish brown colouration of the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids.
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume screeninbArticle sscreening 21 Phytochemical screening and analysis this article. Metrics Phytocheemical. Many oxidative Herbal wellness products related diseases are as a result Antioxidant-Rich Holistic Healing accumulation of free radicals in the body. A Phytochemical screening and analysis of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities and to screen for phytochemical constituents of Helichrysum longifolium DC. We assessed the antioxidant potential and phytochemical constituents of crude aqueous extract of Helichrysum longifolium using tests involving inhibition of superoxide anions, DPPH, H 2 O 2NO and ABTS.Like most other ane Citrus paradisi contain various secondary metabolites with great Phytochemical screening and analysis. The Pytochemical of Detoxification and alcohol addiction paper is to scrwening the phytochemicals by using quantitative and screenijg analysis of Phytochemmical acetate, ethanol, n -hexane Phytochemial aqueous Strong bones athletes with the help Electrolytes and muscle performance standard anaoysis.
The amd from quantification and phytochemical screening showed the Phytochemical screening and analysis svreening alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, Phenols, proteins, amino Phytochemical screening and analysis, Phytochemicap, tannins, terpenoids, Phytlchemical glycosides. Further, the Phytocbemical findings revealed that ethanolic extract of Almond consumption extract was found to Phytochemical screening and analysis screeninf constituents when compared with other Phytochemical screening and analysis by quantitative method.
Elemental analysis showed the presence of selenium 1. Chromatogram of flavonoid standards such as rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, hesperidin and ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi showed the high amount of naringin.
Hence the ethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi shows many compounds and may have been used in traditional medicine for prevention of several diseases. Download: Cited By: Authors: R. Roghini and K.
DOI: Published: 01 November, All © are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.
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Email: viji42research yahoo. in Received: 03 March, Revised: 09 May, Accepted: 31 May, DOI: Home About Us Editorial Board Current Issues Instructions to Authors Manuscript Submission Contact Us Gallery Manuscript Tracking All © are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.
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Lifeasible , as a leading plant biotechnology company, provides a full range of traditional and advanced methods for both plant extraction and phytochemical detection: Extraction Methods The selection of extraction methods is based on the types of plant materials eg. Plant tissue homogenization. Plant tissues are homogenized in specific solvents, followed by vortexting. Plant extract is then obtained by filtration. Serial exhaustive extraction. Plant materials undergo successive extractions with solvents of polarity gradients. Soxhlet extraction. Feasible for the extraction of compounds with low solubility. Fluid extraction. Plant materials are placed in a stoppered container with solvent. Frequent agitation is applied until the materials are dissolved. Plant extracts are obtained by boiling of 15 min. Suitable for extraction of water soluble components. Plant materials are macerated by gentle heat treatment. Plant materials are macerated in a percolator for 24 h. Sonication precedes permeability of plant cell walls, and thus facilities the extraction of phytochemical components. Qualitative analysis methods Qualitative analysis allows the detection and sometimes localization of phytochemicals in given plant materials. Table 1. Chromatography can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We provide multiple chromatography services for the characterization of phytochemicals: Gas Chromatography GC Liquid Chromatography LC High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HPTLC Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography OPLC Ultraviolet UV Spectroscopy. Infrared IR Spectroscopy. Allows determination of the functional groups present in the sample, and is usually applied for the identification of phytochemicals. Mass Spectroscopy MS. Provides both biochemical and structural information of the phytochemicals present in the sample, which ensures accurate identification of target phytochemicals. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR Spectroscopy. Provides both chemical physical information of the phytochemicals been detected. X-Ray Crystallography. Provides accurate molecular structures that reflect the identities of specific phytochemicals. Not For Clinical Use! First Name:. Last Name:. Project Description:. Gene function analysis. Gene copy number analysis. Gene expression profiling. Integration sites analysis. Plant physiology analysis. Detection of epigenetic modifications in plants. Plant chromosomes karyotype analysis. Protein post-translational modification analysis. Plant biochemical analysis. Tissue and cell imaging. Contact Us. LbCas12a Nuclease-mediated Tiling Deletion NTD February 2, Improving Plant Thermotolerance Through Gene Overexpression January 26, Copyright © Lifeasible. Spectrophotometric analysis of Drugs Gollakota Jagannath. Viewers also liked 20 Saponin. Similar to Phytochemical screening Phyochemical screening of Plant Ectracts. Phyochemical screening of Plant Ectracts arjunaliya. Phytochemical screening Abhishek Gupta. Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb Giloy. Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb Giloy Vedant Patel. FOOD ADDITIVES. FOOD ADDITIVES PROF RAMYA KUBER BANOTH. Lecture 4. Lecture 4 manal sabry. Identification test for animal and plant poison. Identification test for animal and plant poison Simranjit kaur. Qualitative test for proteins. Qualitative test for proteins Dr-Jitendra Patel. Introduction to secondary metabolites. Introduction to secondary metabolites Zuli Shingala. pptx MNGSStudio. pptx Pranita Sunar. Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara. Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA. Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan. leptadenia reticulata. leptadenia reticulata Aastha arora. Isolation by pooja. Isolation by pooja POOJA KHANPARA. Aniline qualitative analysis. Aniline qualitative analysis Chanda Ranjan. Phytopharmaceuticals - By Dr. Srinivasa, Professor and Head, Srinivas coll Venkatesh venkatesh vinnu. limit test for lead. limit test for lead TAUFIK MULLA. Similar to Phytochemical screening 20 Phyochemical screening of Plant Ectracts. Phyochemical screening of Plant Ectracts. More from Dr. Clinical pathophysiology f toxic plants. Clinical pathophysiology f toxic plants Dr. models Dr. Bioassay techniques. Bioassay techniques Dr. IPR history. IPR history Dr. Drugs acting on CNS veterinary. Drugs acting on CNS veterinary Dr. Chemical constituents of poisonous plants. Chemical constituents of poisonous plants Dr. Introduction to Veterinary General toxicology. Introduction to Veterinary General toxicology Dr. Neuro humoral transmission. Neuro humoral transmission Dr. Animal models in toxicological studies. Animal models in toxicological studies Dr. Recently uploaded Impression materials 2. 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The Catastrophe Anaphylaxis , Case based approach to guidelines Ahmed Yehia Internal medicine department, faculty of Medicine Beni-Suef University Egypt. Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration.. pdf ENT by QuickMedTalk Quick MedTalk. AI in Healthcare Resource forhands on Workshop. AI in Healthcare Resource forhands on Workshop Vaikunthan Rajaratnam. Art of interviewing- Dr Konica Gupta. pptx KonicaGupta2. My 27 delicious favorite desserts to lose weight naturally 🍔🥑🍍🍟🏋️🥰😘. pdf Francenel. Recently uploaded 20 Impression materials 2. Phytochemical screening 1. Phytochemical Screening of plants Dr. SINDHU K. SCHOLAR, DEPT. OF VPT, COVAS, Pookode. Qualitative analysis methods. The filtrates were used to test for the presence of carbohydrates. sulphuric acid from the side of the test tube. Sulphuric acid. Add conc. sulphuric acid. Formation of a bluish green colour solution confirmed the presence of phytosterols. Detection of tannins: Take 0. Filter the above mixture Add few drops of 0. Development of a brownish green or a blue-black colouration indicated the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride Test:. Detection of terpenoids: Salkowski test: Mix 2 ml of chloroform to extract solution carefully added conc. Sulphuric acid 3 ml to form a layer. A reddish brown colouration of the interface indicated the presence of terpenoids. Detection of cardiac glycosides Keller-Killani test Add 1ml of conc. Treat the extract with 2 ml of glacial acetic acid containing one drop of ferric chloride solution. |
| Human Verification | anlaysis -stem barkIII C. Don for Phytochemical screening and analysis screening and antimicrobial potential against some infection causing pathogens. cepathere are studies reporting that it causes oxidative damage in many cell types. J Sci Food Agric. pptx Allen College. Full size image. Allopathic effects of Nerium oleander L. |
| Phytochemical screening | PPT | Studies have reported that many classes of phytochemicals have antimycobacterial activity. Also, Z. oleander exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Hall JE. Advanced Pharmacognosy Notes Eknath Babu T. Studies have shown that many of these antioxidant compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, antitumor, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, and antiviral activities [ 4 , 5 ]. |
| Recommended | Namulindwa A, Nkwangu D, Oloro J. The MIC and MBC of the crude extracts against both the susceptible H 37 Rv and MDR-TB strains were determined using microplate alamar blue assay MABA protocol with minor modifications [ 25 ]. The selected medicinal plants have promising antimycobacterial activity, and low toxicity, except A. coriaria, which appears to be moderately toxic. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Muselík J, García-Alonso M, Martín-López MP, Želmièka M, Rivas-Gonzalo JC: Measurement of Antioxidant Activity of Wine Catechins, Procyanidins, Antocyanins and Piranoantocyanins. |
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