Yayi Xia: Distrlbution Review, Process Supervision, Draft Nitric oxide boosters. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Article PubMed Google Scholar Fan J, Jiang Y, Qiang J, Han B, Zhang Q.

Gynoid fat distribution -

The degrees of correlation of android-gynoid percent fat ratio with cardiometabolic risk factors were higher than those between android percent fat or gynoid percent fat with cardiometabolic risk factors. Overall, BMI was less highly correlated with the cardiometabolic risk factors that were investigated compared with android-gynoid percent fat ratio.

Results of overall Table 3 and sex-specific analyses Tables 4 and 5 of association of android and gynoid fat patterns and their combined effects on cardiometabolic dysregulation, including elevated glucose, BP, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol were determined using age-, BMI-, smoking- and alcohol intake-adjusted logistic regression models.

In both overall and sex-specific analyses, commingling of elevated android and gynoid percent was much more associated with higher odds of elevated glucose, elevated BP, elevated LDL-cholesterol, elevated glycerides and elevated triglycerides and lower odds of low HDL-cholesterol compared with either android or gynoid percent fat.

Despite the fact that locations of fat stores in the body are the most critical correlates of cardiometabolic risk, 25 , 26 generalized adiposity defined with BMI continues to be ubiquitous in the epidemiologic literature. Unlike BMI-defined generalized fat, regional fat stores as seen in android and gynoid are more potent because regional fat more easily undergoes lipolysis and readily releases lipids into the blood.

Android adiposity is characterized by intra-abdominal visceral fat and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Although different BMI-defined adiposity phenotypes including metabolically unhealthy and metabolically healthy obese subjects are recognized, little is known about normal weight subjects who have android and gynoid adiposities.

Relatively little is also known about the risk for cardiometabolic factors in normal weight subjects who have android and gynoid adiposities.

Hence, in this study, we took advantage of the availability of DEXA-estimated measures of android and gynoid adiposity phenotypes in a representative sample of normal weight American population. We used data from NHANES to determine the association of DEXA-defined elevated android and gynoid percent fat with cardiometabolic risk factors, and also to determine whether commingling of android and gynoid percent fat is associated with greater cardiometabolic deregulations than either android or gynoid adiposities in normal weight American adults.

Being national and representative in scope, NHANES represent an excellent data source for investigating the effect of DEXA-estimated regional fat accumulation. The quality control measures instituted in NHANES give added credibility to the data.

The result of this study indicates gender differences in prevalence of android and gynoid in American adults of normal weight. Prevalences of android and gynoid adiposities were higher in women compared with men.

In both men and women, gradients of increasing rates of android and gynoid adiposities with increased numbers of cardiometabolic risk factors were observed. In men and women, android-gynoid percent fat ratio was much more associated with cardiometabolic dysregulation than either android, gynoid percent fat or BMI as shown by the much higher degrees of correlation between android-gynoid percent fat ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors than those of android percent fat, gynoid percent fat or BMI.

This study also showed gender differences in the response of gynoid percent fat and joint occurrence of android elevated percent fat and gynoid percent fat for cardiometabolic risk factors that included elevated glucose, BP, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol.

Elevated gynoid being in the highest tertile was not significantly associated with increased odds of any of the studied cardiometabolic risk factors. Interestingly, the joint occurrence of elevated android percent being in the highest tertile and gynoid percent fat being in the highest tertile was found to be associated with much higher odds of elevated cardiometabolic risks than independent association of elevated android percent fat.

In females, elevated android percent fat was only significantly associated with increased odds of HDL-cholesterol.

Similar to what was observed in men, the joint occurrence of elevated android and gynoid percent fat was found to be associated with much higher odds of elevated cardiometabolic risks than independent association of elevated android percent fat.

Our findings of positive correlation between android percent fat and android-gynoid fat ratio with triglycerides and negatively correlation between android-gynoid fat ratio and HDL-cholesterol are similar to the findings by Fu et al.

Like the result of this study, Fu et al. Our finding is also in agreement with a study by De Larochellière et al. In the study, accumulation of ectopic visceral adiposity in general, and of visceral adipose tissue in particular, was found associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile whether individuals were overweight or normal weight.

Our findings of positive association between android percent fat and cardiometabolic dysregulation is also in agreement with a study that was conducted in obese children and adolescents which showed the positive association of android fat distribution and insulin resistance.

This finding agrees with previous studies reporting that gluteofemoral fat, located in thigh or hip, is associated with decreased cardiometabolic risks, including lower LDL-cholesterol, lower triglycerides and higher HDL-cholesterol.

Some limitations must be taken into account in the interpretation of results from this study. First, empirical sex-specific tertiles of android percent fat and gynoid percent fat were used to define elevated fat patterns, and subjects in the third tertile of android and gynoid percent fat were regarded as having elevated android and gynoid fat, respectively.

The implication of using sex-specific tertile values to define elevated fat patterns is unknown and warrants investigation. Second, bias due to selection, misclassification, survey nonresponse and missing values for some variables cannot be ruled out. However, previous studies based on data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys have shown little bias due to survey nonresponse.

Fourth, owing to sample size limitation, we did not consider ethnicity in our model. Although android and gynoid adiposities measured by DEXA are more expensive than current and much simpler and cheaper measures such as BMI , DEXA-defined android and gynoid may have important diagnostic utility in some high-risk populations albeit of the adiposity status.

Further studies to assess diagnostic utilities of other popular anthropometric indices, such as waist-to-hip ratio and weight-to-height ratio for cardiometabolic risk factors are warranted. The results from this study suggesting a much higher association of commingling of android and gynoid adiposities with cardiometabolic risk factors than the independent effects of android and gynoid percent fat in normal weight individuals may have public health relevance.

Normal weight subjects who present with joint occurrence of android and gynoid adiposities should be advised of the associated health risks such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.

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Obesity Silver Spring ; 22 : — Download references. Additional studies investigating the reasons are needed. Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.

Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

LY and CX conceived the study idea and designed the study. LY, HH, ZL, and JR performed the statistical analyses. LY wrote the manuscript.

HH and CX revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program YFA , the National Natural Science Foundation of China , and the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province C The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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These fats distributiom be broken Nitric oxide boosters Gynoic two types:. This fat accumulates around the Gynoix trunk region. It Gynoi also include chest and upper Minerals for athletic performance. Gynoid fat distribution fat primarily in distributjon arms and chest area can Gynnoid insulin resistance. This means your body will not be able to transport and use up extra sugar for energy, versus leaving it free floating in the blood Diabetes. This can more readily support processes that cause heart disease, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, sleep apnea and more. The reason that we see so many more risk factors for disease in this type of fat storage can be because this fat directly correlates with a higher amount of visceral fat. BMC Endocrine Disorders volume 22 ddistribution, Article number: Cite this article. Distribtion details. To investigate the association Nitric oxide boosters different Gynoid fat distribution fat distribution and different sites of BMD in male and female populations. Use the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES datasets to select participants. The weighted linear regression model investigated the difference in body fat and Bone Mineral Density BMD in different gender.