Water quantity evaluation -
Fourteen specific issues and related goals were identified for the surface-water quantity program and a geographic information systems GIS data base was developed summarizing information for all surface-water stream gages that have been operated in Hawaii by the U.
Geological Survey. Changes in status, which for some gages includes discontinuing operation, need to be considered at 42 sites where data are currently collected. The current surface-water quantity data base was determined to be adequate to address only two of the 14 specific issues and related goals.
Alternatives were identified to address the areas where future issues and goals could not be adequately addressed. Options include new and expanded data collection, use of regional regression analyses, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, and analysis and publication of existing data.
A total of 47 streams were identified where additional stream-gaging stations are needed. Evaluation of the surface-water quality program was limited to a description of the U. Geological Survey's historical and existing programs and available analyses of data.
Limitations of the program are described which primarily included lack of data regarding suspended sediment, land-use effects, quality of stream discharge to oceans, background water quality and nonpoint sources of contamination. Evaluation of the rainfall data program indicated that identified future goals could be discussed as either regional, systems related, current needs, forecasting, water quality, or trend analysis related.
To address these goals, data from about 2, rain gages, of which are active, are available. Data were found to only partially meet identified goals. The ground observation shows that the temperature is highest at From the image processed data of , it shows that the highest temperature of the water is The average temperature of the water from filed observed data is Ferdous and Rahman [ 64 ] also suggested the positive correlation between urban expansion and increasing land surface temperature LST in Dhaka city.
Chaudhuri and Mishra [ 65 ] compared LST and landcover dynamics both in India and Bangladesh in the Ganges—Brahmaputra delta. They urged proper LULC management within the delta and river floodplain to protect environmental health and reduce LST.
LST of Turag River floodplain also suggests proper LULC management to protect Turag environmental health. LULC mapping by time series analysis from satellite images suggests that LULC pattern controls the water quality in different parts of the river. The results show that Turag flood plain area has been experiencing an increase in urban and industrial growth, but forest and grassland are rapidly reduced.
This increasing urban expansion and unplanned industrialization are responsible for discharging huge municipal and untreated effluents to the river water Fig. These development activities are destroying the natural river ecosystem by huge water withdrawal and the infilling river area.
It is evident that urban development is more intensive in the southern downstream part of the Turag River. Water samples collected from downstream of the study area show a high concentration of specific cations and anions with minor and trace elements in comparison with other parts of the river.
It can be validated by using water quality data from the respective year of LULC map. From to , the river floodplain area has been undergone a huge change in LULC showing the enlargement of the industrial zone and urbanization with simultaneous reduction of water bodies and vegetation.
This human-induced LULC change has been triggered by the LST of the floodplain area. The high LST has also been observed in the river water due to the untreated hot wastewater discharge into the river. Furthermore, the water quality deteriorated owing to the unplanned industrialization on the Riverbanks.
Rahman et al. They found low EC and TDS values along with less cation and anionic concentration compared to the results of the present study. We can correlate this concentration with LULC map of or It can be better represented by correlating water quality data of , , and with the LULC map of the respective years.
However, there is a strong correlation between LULC and water quality. Similarly, the LST of the study area was examined due to the positive correlation between urbanization and increasing LST.
It can be validated by using LST in the flood plain area. The increasing LST in the flood plain area is owing to the rapid industrialization.
LST is higher in urbanized and industrialized regions rather than bare lands and vegetated areas. Urbanization is most prominent in the upstream region, but industrial developments are more evident in the downstream regions.
Both areas around the river flood plain show abnormally higher LST. Interestingly, the LST of the study area provides an important clue to the presence of industrial effluents in the river channel.
Generally, water shows a lower temperature than terrestrial regions [ 24 ], Alavipanah et al. In situ water temperature data from field observation also suggest warmer water in this region. The study has been attempted to evaluate the changes in water quality and quantity with LULC in the floodplains of the Turag River.
The classification approaches depict that the water body is decreasing day by day. Urban growth and simultaneously reduced vegetation are responsible for degrading water quality in the Turag River.
The water is highly polluted and detrimental to human health and the aquatic ecosystem. It is very crucial to revive the river by reducing the degree of pollution by implementing laws and raising public awareness.
The study suggests that the water is not safe for drinking and household uses and must be treated before this kind of utilization. Based on the findings of this research, the level of pollution should be reduced by taking effective measures immediately and more concentration should be paid to the environmental problems of the River.
It is very crucial to revive the river by reducing anthropogenic activities by implementing laws and raising public awareness. It is only possible by creating awareness among the people regarding the consequences of this deteriorating environmental condition of this river.
Otherwise, it will follow the fate of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, that is the most polluted river in Bangladesh. The outputs of the study will play a significant role in urban river management. The study also provides a key message to the policymakers regarding the necessity of proper and sustainable floodplain management.
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The authors are profoundly grateful to the Department of Geology, University of Dhaka for providing laboratory facilities throughout the study. We must acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and recommendations.
Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, , Bangladesh. Afsana Hossen Tania, Md. Bodruddoza Mia.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and development activities are posing numerous threats to the rivers of Bangladesh. A Synergistic Use of Remote Sensing and Hydrodynamic Techniques for Flash Flood Mitigation Toward Sustainable Urban Expansion in Najran Valley, Saudi Arabia Article 10 February Assessing the spatiotemporal transformation of a coastal lagoon inlet — using remote sensing and GIS: a study of Khenifiss Lagoon in Southern Morocco Article 03 February Analysis of flood damage and influencing factors in urban catchments: case studies in Manila, Philippines, and Jakarta, Indonesia Article 10 September Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Full size image. Table 1 Satellite images specifications with their acquisition dates Full size table. Methodology flowchart of the study.
Spatial distribution of LULC from to by Unsupervised Classification Approach. Histogram distribution showing the changes in LULC of the study area from to Table 2 Summary results of area coverage of LULC classes based on the NDVI of the study area from to Full size table.
Spatial distribution of LULU based on NDVI from to Area coverage of LULC based on NDVI from to Table 3 Summary results of area coverage of LULC classes based on NDVI of the study area from to Full size table.
Spatial distribution of LULU based on NDWI from to Comparison of LULC classes based on NDWI from to Changes of water bodies among various methods out of the total study area. Table 4 Showing the parameters describing physical properties of the Turag River water in different sampling points Full size table.
Spatial distribution of cation concentration of collected water samples from the study area. Spatial distribution of anions concentration of collected water samples from the study area. Satellite image-retrieved LST and in situ measured temperature in the sampling points.
Spatial distribution of leather, garments, textile, and food industries around the Turag River. References Uddin HM Initial environmental impact assessment of the Turag-Buriganga naval transport.
dissertation unpublished , Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka BCAS Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies Pollution study. Banglapedia, Meghla NT, Islam MS, Ali MA, Nargis S Assessment of physicochemical properties of water from the Turag River in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.
Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2 5 — Google Scholar Rahman AKML, Islam M, Hossain MZ, Ahsan MA Study of the seasonal variations in Turag river water quality parameters. Afr J Pure Appl Chem 6 10 — Google Scholar DoE Department of Environment The general over view of pollution status of river of Bangladesh.
In: Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development ICCESD , 9—11 February , KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh ISBN Howladar FM, Chakma E, JahanKoley N, Islam S, Al Numanbakthan MA, Ahmed Z, Akter S The water quality and pollution sources assessment of Surma river, Bangladesh using, hydrochemical, multivariate statistical and water quality index methods.
Groundw Sustain Dev Article Google Scholar Rahman MM, Howladar MF, Hossain MA, Muzemder ASH, Al Numanbakth MA Impact assessment of anthropogenic activities on water environment of Tillai River and its surroundings, Barapukuria Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur Bangladesh.
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Remote Sens 12 7 Article Google Scholar Hasan MM, Ahmed MS, Adnan R, Shafiquzzaman M Water quality indices to assess the spatiotemporal variations of Dhaleshwari river in central Bangladesh. Environ Sustain Indic Article Google Scholar Haque MM, Niloy NM, Nayna OK, Fatema KJ, Quraishi SB, Park JH, Tareq SM Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River, Bangladesh.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 27 34 — Article Google Scholar Kabir MH, Tusher TR, Hossain MS, Islam MS, Shammi RS, Kormoker T, Islam M Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality and suitability of an ecologically critical urban river employing water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches: a study on Shitalakhya river, Bangladesh.
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Remote Sens 5 7 — Article Google Scholar Gómez-Sapiens MM, Jarchow CJ, Flessa KW, Shafroth PB, Glenn EP, Nagler PL Effect of an environmental flow on vegetation growth and health using ground and remote sensing metrics.
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Waterr are Quick and easy athlete meals seventy Evaouation gauging stations on unregulated rivers and streams in Water quantity evaluation Sound, which are continuously collecting streamflow data. There are over specific metrics that qusntity be Wated to evaluate different Evalustion of streamflow. In order to determine which of these is most suitable for Puget Sound, we performed a review of the literature to determine salient management and scientific issues. The management issues of concern and potential indicators are listed below:. Stream hydrographs, Summer 7-day Annual Low Flow, Center of Timing CT of Annual Flow, Spring Snowpack April 1 Snow-Water Equivalents. These indicators and others were evaluated as described above. A summary of results is shown Table 27, Table 28, and TableWater quantity evaluation -
This report documents the results of an evaluation of the surface-water quantity, surface-water quality, and rainfall data-collection programs in Hawaii. Fourteen specific issues and related goals were identified for the surface-water quantity program and a geographic information systems GIS data base was developed summarizing information for all surface-water stream gages that have been operated in Hawaii by the U.
Geological Survey. Changes in status, which for some gages includes discontinuing operation, need to be considered at 42 sites where data are currently collected.
The current surface-water quantity data base was determined to be adequate to address only two of the 14 specific issues and related goals. Alternatives were identified to address the areas where future issues and goals could not be adequately addressed.
Options include new and expanded data collection, use of regional regression analyses, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, and analysis and publication of existing data. A total of 47 streams were identified where additional stream-gaging stations are needed.
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You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Abbas El Hachem. Aktar and Moonajilin [ 34 ] tried to show the impacts of industrial effluents on water quality of Turag River, Bangladesh. Zakir et al. Hydro-environmental pollution of Turag River in Bangladesh rigorously carried out by Islam et al.
Zaman et al. Variation in the water quality of Turag River due to seasonal changes was rigorously studied by Rahman et al. The study of water quality and quantity of Turag River is very crucial due to the remarkable role of the river in the economic development of Bangladesh like other urban rivers in Dhaka city.
Besides, floodplain dwellers are solely dependent on the Turag River for irrigation, drinking, and fishing along with other household activities. The combined approach of remote sensing, field, and laboratory analyses provides a clear scenario of the present status of water scarcity, pollution, and future existence of Turag River.
Here, remote sensing data have enabled the study to depict the spatiotemporal changes of the Turag River water and its floodplains landuse and LST. Then, water samples analysis in the laboratory provides the current status of Turag River water quality. Finally, field observations helped to assess the present status of the River and the accuracy of remote sensing study.
Water quality is directly related to the LULC of the River floodplains. Similarly, LST provides a clue to the environmental deterioration around the floodplains. Hence, integration of the three methods certainly a novel approach to evaluate the water quality—quantity of the River.
So, the prime objective of this study is to investigate and monitor the changes of water bodies, LULC surrounding the Turag River, and land surface temperature in and around the river both the quality and quantity of the Turag River using multi-spectral Landsat satellite images from to Turag is known as an upper tributary river of the Buriganga, originates from the Bangshi River flows through Gazipur, and meets the Buriganga at Mirpur [37].
The investigated area of Turag River extends from Aminbazar, Savar Upazila to Tongi in Gazipur to Dhaka, Bangladesh Fig. It is one of the major natural drainage systems in the Gazipur and Dhaka city and one of the most contaminated rivers in Bangladesh having a length of 62 km, and average width is 82 m.
The river is draining a part of the Pleistocene terrace, known as Madhupur tract that consists of alluvial soil, mottled red clay [ 38 ]. Location and extent of the study area. The area, especially river flood plains, is occupied by numerous garments, leather, and food industries, where effluents are discharged by abundant canals into the river.
The major sources of pollution in Turag River are garments industries, various consumer goods, tanneries, pharmaceuticals industries, dyeing industries, battery manufacturing, textile, pulp and paper factories, paint, frozen food factories, and chemical factories [ 39 ].
The study has been performed by a combined approach of field data collection, laboratory analysis, and satellite image-based interpretation. The methodology can be segmented into two-part, satellite image-based analysis, and field-laboratory-based analysis. For the processing, analyzing, and interpretation of satellite images, geospatial software Erdas Imagine 14 and ArcGIS For water quantities monitoring, three classification approaches have been used to prepare LULC of the study area.
The approaches are the unsupervised classification method using Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique or ISODATA, indices based LULC classification, viz. NDVI and NDWI. These three different classification approaches have been used due to the object-oriented accuracy level. Here, unsupervised classification provides a generalized thematic information class in the study area.
The NDVI indices emphasize the vegetation changes that have been used to observe the spatiotemporal variation in vegetation cover. Besides, NDWI indices have been used to evaluate the changes in the water bodies in and around Turag River. The combination of three provides a conspicuous picture of the total LULC changes in the study area.
To monitor the remote sensing-based water quality and adjacent flood-plain area, LST has been retrieved for the selected years Fig. NDVI has been calculated utilizing the following equation [40] :. NDWI has been calculated using the following equation defined by McFeeters [ 41 ]:. Positive values signify water features, while vegetation and soil typically show zero and negative values.
To assess the in situ water quality of Turag River water, several physicochemical parameters and major ions have been studied in the hydro-geochemistry laboratory, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka.
A total of 14 water samples were collected with GPS locations from the Turag River by boat. To meet this purpose, in situ pH, Eh and temperature have been recorded with a HANNA pocket pH meter model HI Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids TDS have been measured with an OAKTON waterproof pocket pH-EC comb Meter model PC tester To determine the accuracy of the retrieved LULC classes from the satellite images, an accuracy assessment has been performed.
The ground observation data with the observed LULC have been taken as reference data. The unsupervised classified image of has been compared with these ground truth data. The observed point's coordinates have been converted to ASCII format, and each point is compared with the reference value of the classified image of Overall average classification accuracy is about Accuracy assessment has also been done for satellite-based LST measurement.
Here, field measured values compared with all satellite images retrieved LST for the year of The water temperature of in situ measurements has been compared with the satellite image-retrieved LST and found a similar trend among 14 ground observation points of the Turag River. Satellite image-retrieved LST data values were lower than field observed in situ LST because the satellite images are medium resolution resampled 30 m and always give an average pixel value.
A total of five LULC classes of the study area have been classified such as water bodies, vegetation, bared, and urban area.
There has been a gradual decrease in the water bodies from to Fig. There are two probable reasons for the reduced water bodies on both sides of the Turag River during the study period such as 1 filled up and development for the housing project, and 2 conversion of those water bodies into agricultural land due to reduced water flows or other development activities like brickfield.
There had also been a rapid degradation of vegetated lands throughout the study period. The losses of vegetation are very acute at Savar, Ashulia, Tongi, and its adjoining areas. The different housing projects have been extended to these areas. With time, Tongi and Ashulia have become industrialized areas, and that results in the loss of vegetation in these areas significantly.
Toward the northeast, some parts of vegetat cover have also been lost over years. Besides, small-scale vegetation losses have been seen in different parts of the river. The urban areas were increased about three times from ha to ha.
It is clear that, in , the urban growth was in the northwestern part of the Turag River as a mostly industrialized and commercial zone. Then, the urban growth has been expanded toward the eastern part of the Turag River. In , urbanization has reached the furthest part of the eastern and northern parts of Dhaka city, which are mostly encroaching the areas surrounding the rivers Fig.
As the developed areas were mostly vegetated and wetlands earlier, so, this kind of unplanned urbanization has greatly degraded the living condition as well as the ecosystem of the surrounding rivers of Dhaka city.
Bhattacharya et al. Shapla et al. Mahmud-ul-Islam [44] conducted a similar study in the Buriganga river which is also located in Dhaka city concerning LULC and water management issues for ensuring a sustainable environment. He reported that the Buriganga River is becoming extremely polluted owing to the careless dumping of industrial effluents, and household waste claiming the rapid industrialization and urbanization.
Turag and Buriganga are the most vulnerable urban rivers in Bangladesh. There was a gradual decrease in vegetation cover from the year to Table 2. Vegetation cover toward southwest and southeast near Savar, Aminbazar bridge, Mirpur road, and other low-lying areas have suffered much destruction Fig.
These areas were marshy, grasslands where housing projects have been developed to meet up the extended population Fig. Toward the northwest and northeast part of the river near Ashulia, Tongi, and Uttars, vegetated areas have also been reduced with similar scenarios due to urbanization.
Trotter et al. He found a close relation between decreased vegetation and increased urbanization. Singh et al. He pointed out that a significant amount of forest degraded due to urbanization.
The present study also suggests the simultaneous increase of urban areas and the decrease in vegetation cover. From the thematic NDWI map of , it is identified that there is huge water near to Ashulia western part of the Turag River.
At that time, the water bodies are also significant at Savar near to Gabtoli bridge where Turag River joins with Buriganga river Fig. In , water bodies have been decreased rapidly.
The study suggests that the Turag River has dried out mostly in in comparison with Fig. Rapid urbanization is the main cause of this reduction of water. In course of time, many industries have been built up at Savar, Ashulia, and Tongi, which is the possible reason behind the reduction of the water bodies of the Turag River.
Ullah and Enan [ 47 ] used NDVI and NDWI index for mapping water bodies and vegetation cover in Dhaka city. They found that from to built-up area increased Km 2 with a simultaneous reduction of about 82 Km 2 water bodies. Mia et al. Gazi et al. The present study has utilized unsupervised, NDVI, and NDWI classification and compared the results to achieve maximum accuracy of LULC classification.
The pH value of collected surface water samples ranges from 6. The average pH value is 7. The lowest pH is near Gabtoli Bridge Ghat 6. For inland surface, water pH standard limits are 6.
The field observation shows that the pH value of the Turag River is within the standard limit. Halder and Islam [ 51 ] documented pH ranged from 6. The average value of EC is The flow of the river increases in the monsoon season, which may dilute the river water, whereas in the dry season, the flow of the river declines which increases the EC.
The samples have been collected in pre-monsoon March , so the EC of the samples is high. Industries discharge into the river is responsible for high EC.
The average value of Eh is The highest value of Eh is — mV which is near Ashulia Bridge, and the lowest value is — 28 mV near the Rupnagar bus stand.
The pH and EC are very close to the range obtained from the study [ 4 ]. The study documented the pH value ranged from 6. He found the ranges due to seasonal variations in the study area. After all, he also suggested that the Turag River water is not suitable for human consumption.
The TDS values of the Turag River from upstream to downstream are ppm to ppm. The average value of TDS is The highest value is close to the Ashulia bus stand, and the lowest value is near to the Rupnagar bus stand.
TDS standard for domestic water supplies is ppm by USPH, for drinking water is ppm, irrigation is ppm, and for industrial water is ppm [ 53 ].
So, the TDS of Turag River water for domestic uses and drinking purses is at an alarming range. This alarming increase of TDS value was also reported by Meghla et al. Halder and Islam [ 51 ] also found a higher TDS value that exceeded the standard permissible limit. Based on the observation from 14 sampling locations, the highest water temperature has been recorded at The increasing temperature is due to the cooling operations for the manufacturing of products by the industries besides the Turag River.
Several studies reported that the quality of Turag River water is not within the acceptable limit for drinking and agricultural works [ 54 ], [ 3 ], [ 33 ]. Water quality analysis suggests that the Turag River is in danger due to industrial pollution [ 29 ].
Aktar and Moonajilin [ 34 ] indicated that Turag water pollution is at a critical point. Impacts of indoctrination and urbanization on the water quality has also been observed from recent studies in Bangladesh [ 55 ], [ 56 ], [ 57 ].
The higher concentration of sodium may result due to the mixing of sodium-rich effluent from chemical, food, tannery, and leather industries.
Four samples TR-1, TR-2, TR-6, TR exceed the limit. The highest value is near to Ponchoboti bus stand. All water samples of the study area exceed the limit except the sample TR The PO 4 content in the collected water samples varies from 0.
The permissible limit of phosphate for irrigation water is 2. Concentration of Br - was between 0. Water samples collected from the Turag River contained comparatively less amount of iron Fe , and the amount varies from 0.
According to the Bangladesh Water Quality Standard [ 60 ], the standard value is 0. All samples are within the limit except TR-1 and TR The major sources of iron are pharmaceuticals, chemicals, pesticides, and industries around the study area.
The concentration of Mn in water samples of the Turag River ranges from. According to WHO 0. Tahmina et al. Banu et al. Interestingly, he also found the frightening upraise of heavy metals in Turag River water sediments that were settled from river water suspension.
LST is increasing day by day due to unplanned and rapid urbanization. The study area is within the temperature range of 15—20 °C to 20—25 °C from to , and indicates healthy vegetation during the year and Fig.
There is a temperature range of 15—20 °C in and which shows a lower temperature than any other years because of seasonal variations, solar radiation, and meteorological fact. Most of the higher temperatures have been observed in the land filled sites and other industrial zones.
Using sand as a landfilling material is very much related to increased urban land surface temperature. The highest temperature range 31—36 °C is shown in the LST Map of which indicates industrial zone and rapid urbanization.
Satellite image-retrieved LST data values are lower than field observed in situ LST because the satellite images are the medium resolution resampled 30 m and always gave an average pixel value Fig.
In , the highest temperature is In , the highest temperature is about Comparison and distribution of retrieved LST from to using multispectral Landsat satellite images.
The highest and lowest temperature range value is about The ground observation shows that the temperature is highest at From the image processed data of , it shows that the highest temperature of the water is The average temperature of the water from filed observed data is Ferdous and Rahman [ 64 ] also suggested the positive correlation between urban expansion and increasing land surface temperature LST in Dhaka city.
Chaudhuri and Mishra [ 65 ] compared LST and landcover dynamics both in India and Bangladesh in the Ganges—Brahmaputra delta. They urged proper LULC management within the delta and river floodplain to protect environmental health and reduce LST.
LST of Turag River floodplain also suggests proper LULC management to protect Turag environmental health. LULC mapping by time series analysis from satellite images suggests that LULC pattern controls the water quality in different parts of the river.
The results show that Turag flood plain area has been experiencing an increase in urban and industrial growth, but forest and grassland are rapidly reduced.
This increasing urban expansion and unplanned industrialization are responsible for discharging huge municipal and untreated effluents to the river water Fig. These development activities are destroying the natural river ecosystem by huge water withdrawal and the infilling river area. It is evident that urban development is more intensive in the southern downstream part of the Turag River.
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