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The TRUTH About The \ Anthropometric traits and mental disorders or traits are known to be associated Body composition and genetics and to compossition genetic overlap. Unique associations with compositioj of body fat distribution Boy for BMI were identified gwnetics five loci Proper nutrition for older sports enthusiasts. To investigate Bofy potential comosition between body fat distribution and schizophrenia, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. We found no causal effect of body fat distribution on schizophrenia and vice versa. The majority of loci identified for body composition overlapped with BMI loci, thus suggesting pleiotropic effects. The most recent GWAS for anthropometric traits were all published in substantiating the rapidly evolving dissection of their polygenic basis: a for BMI, near-independent genome-wide significant SNPs at polygenic loci have been detected Yengo et al.Body composition and genetics -
Genetics play an interesting role in body composition, especially when it comes to body fat. Your body is designed to store fat in certain places, depending on gender, age, and of course, your family genes. Essential fat values for men and women are 3 percent and 8 to 12 percent, respectively.
Genes, however, will determine if women will carry this body fat around the hips and thighs as opposed to storing fat in the upper body.
Men, on the other hand, tend to carry fat in the abdomen but can also carry fat in other places; the storage of fat, regardless of gender, can play a significant role in influencing health risks.
Could genetics cause your body to have a set body composition? Set point theory suggests that there is a specific weight range that your body may prefer.
This is thought to contribute to the likelihood of weight regain following a diet. Set point theory also suggests that this ideal weight range can be genetically altered by diet or environmental factors. A review published in Maturitas provides evidence that central adiposity , fatness around the abdominal area, is inherited, even after BMI has been accounted for.
The researchers also stated genetics influence gender-specific body fat distribution, and DNA variants affect the maintenance and deposition of body fat, as well as body shape. So while genetics can play a role in determining your body composition, are there certain genes calling the shots?
One of these genes, FTO also known as the fatso gene , is a gene variant associated with the likeliness of fatness and is the common subject of research determining the role of genetics in body fat composition and obesity. FTO accounts for approximately 1 percent of BMI heritability and is heavily involved in food intake regulation.
Research has also shown the FTO gene variant is linked with increased total energy intake and is also associated with childhood obesity. According to a study published by BMJ, those who carry the FTO gene weigh, on average, 6.
The BMJ research reviewed 8 studies involving 9, subjects to determine if FTO was a reliable predictor of obesity-related outcomes in randomized weight loss trials. In fact, those who were predisposed to obesity due to the carriage of the FTO gene responded equally well to weight loss interventions.
Another study published by PLoS One investigated the effects of the fatso gene on various abdominal and peripheral fatness phenotypes and obesity-related traits in middle-aged men.
The results showed a minor association between FTO and general fatness and body fat distribution. A study published in Nature identified chromosome 16 as having links to body weight.
Deletion, or the removal of one of the two copies of this chromosome in each cell, is commonly linked to obesity , autism, intellectual disabilities, and an increased risk of seizure.
In adults, the duplicate copies of chromosome 16 are 8. Researchers conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine the effects of a healthy low-fat diet compared to a healthy low-carb diet on body weight change and questioned if genetics modified those effects.
The month study focused on implementing reduced calorie diets that were sustainable and focused on the quality of the foods within them. Based on our earlier discussion and what was explained about the impact genetics have on weight loss, can you guess what the major findings of the study were?
Well, both groups lost a similar amount of weight with the healthy low-fat diet group lost Bringing in genetics, of the participants who completed the trial, people had a low-fat genotype and had a low-carbohydrate genotype.
Though it may seem like a genetic predisposition to respond better to different foods may influence results, there was no significant diet-genotype interaction. An important aspect of diet to learn in regards to its effects on your body composition is the thermic effect of food.
Also known as diet-induced thermogenesis, thermic effect describes the amount of expended energy above the resting metabolic rate it takes to digest food. For instance, protein carries a higher thermic effect compared to carbohydrates or fat.
In other words, we burn more calories when we have higher protein content in our meals. It may not only be what we eat but how we eat that contributes to the thermic effect of food. One study found that eating more quickly may reduce the thermic effects of food. This means that not only what you are eating matters, but how you eat it does, as well.
When we eat too quickly, we chew less. By doing so, we may decrease the activation of important mechanisms in our nervous system that contribute to the digestion process. Does this mean that we should just turn to eating high amounts of protein really slowly?
Of course not, a well-balanced diet is important in weight loss. Organizations such as the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association say finding the best diet plan for you incorporates an array of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy.
Yet it is controlled portion sizes that are key for not only losing weight but also preventing serious chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. A combination of a healthy diet and exercise is the most effective strategy to decreasing fat while increasing muscle.
A regimen of weight training and cardiovascular aerobic exercise can improve muscular endurance, increase Skeletal Muscle Mass, and decrease overall Body Fat Mass by i ncreasing fat oxidation , especially during high-intensity workouts.
Researchers conducted an 8-month study on sedentary, overweight, or obese adults and split them into three workout groups — resistance training, aerobic training, and a combination of the two.
For the record, it should be stressed again that both types of workouts have their advantages and the types of exercises you choose should be dependent on your health and body composition goals.
So, no more blaming your weight or body composition on your mother, father, or great-aunt, who was overweight for most of her life. Sure, you may be predisposed to carrying a few extra pounds around your waist, but your body composition is up to you, your dietary habits, and your exercise habits.
Ask yourself how changing one aspect of your surroundings can support your health and wellness goals. If weight loss and improving your body composition is important to you, start with your diet.
At the other end of the spectrum, you can assume that your genetic predisposition to obesity is modest if your weight is normal and doesn't increase even when you regularly indulge in high-calorie foods and rarely exercise.
People with only a moderate genetic predisposition to be overweight have a good chance of losing weight on their own by eating fewer calories and getting more vigorous exercise more often. These people are more likely to be able to maintain this lower weight.
When the prey escaped or the crops failed, how did our ancestors survive? Those who could store body fat to live off during the lean times lived, and those who couldn't, perished. Today, of course, these thrifty genes are a curse rather than a blessing.
Not only is food readily available to us nearly around the clock, we don't even have to hunt or harvest it! In contrast, people with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity may not be able to lose weight with the usual forms of diet and exercise therapy.
Even if they lose weight, they are less likely to maintain the weight loss. For people with a very strong genetic predisposition, sheer willpower is ineffective in counteracting their tendency to be overweight. Typically, these people can maintain weight loss only under a doctor's guidance.
They are also the most likely to require weight-loss drugs or surgery. The prevalence of obesity among adults in the United States has been rising since the s. Genes alone cannot possibly explain such a rapid rise. Although the genetic predisposition to be overweight varies widely from person to person, the rise in body mass index appears to be nearly universal, cutting across all demographic groups.
These findings underscore the importance of changes in our environment that contribute to the epidemic of overweight and obesity. Genetic factors are the forces inside you that help you gain weight and stay overweight; environmental factors are the outside forces that contribute to these problems.
They encompass anything in our environment that makes us more likely to eat too much or exercise too little. Taken together, experts think that environmental factors are the driving force for the causes of obesity and its dramatic rise.
Environmental influences come into play very early, even before you're born. Researchers sometimes call these in-utero exposures "fetal programming. The same is true for babies born to mothers who had diabetes.
Researchers believe these conditions may somehow alter the growing baby's metabolism in ways that show up later in life. After birth, babies who are breast-fed for more than three months are less likely to have obesity as adolescents compared with infants who are breast-fed for less than three months.
Childhood habits often stick with people for the rest of their lives. Kids who drink sugary sodas and eat high-calorie, processed foods develop a taste for these products and continue eating them as adults, which tends to promote weight gain. Likewise, kids who watch television and play video games instead of being active may be programming themselves for a sedentary future.
Many features of modern life promote weight gain. In short, today's "obesogenic" environment encourages us to eat more and exercise less. And there's growing evidence that broader aspects of the way we live — such as how much we sleep, our stress levels, and other psychological factors — can affect weight as well.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , Americans are eating more calories on average than they did in the s.
Between and , the average man added calories to his daily fare, while the average woman added calories a day. What's driving this trend? Experts say it's a combination of increased availability, bigger portions, and more high-calorie foods.
Practically everywhere we go — shopping centers, sports stadiums, movie theaters — food is readily available. You can buy snacks or meals at roadside rest stops, hour convenience stores, even gyms and health clubs.
In the s, fast-food restaurants offered one portion size. Today, portion sizes have ballooned, a trend that has spilled over into many other foods, from cookies and popcorn to sandwiches and steaks. A typical serving of French fries from McDonald's contains three times more calories than when the franchise began.
A single "super-sized" meal may contain 1,—2, calories — all the calories that most people need for an entire day. And research shows that people will often eat what's in front of them, even if they're already full. Not surprisingly, we're also eating more high-calorie foods especially salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza , which are much more readily available than lower-calorie choices like salads and whole fruits.
Fat isn't necessarily the problem; in fact, research shows that the fat content of our diet has actually gone down since the early s. But many low-fat foods are very high in calories because they contain large amounts of sugar to improve their taste and palatability. In fact, many low-fat foods are actually higher in calories than foods that are not low fat.
The government's current recommendations for exercise call for an hour of moderate to vigorous exercise a day. Our daily lives don't offer many opportunities for activity. Children don't exercise as much in school, often because of cutbacks in physical education classes.
Many people drive to work and spend much of the day sitting at a computer terminal. Because we work long hours, we have trouble finding the time to go to the gym, play a sport, or exercise in other ways.
Instead of walking to local shops and toting shopping bags, we drive to one-stop megastores, where we park close to the entrance, wheel our purchases in a shopping cart, and drive home.
The widespread use of vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, leaf blowers, and a host of other appliances takes nearly all the physical effort out of daily chores and can contribute as one of the causes of obesity. The average American watches about four hours of television per day, a habit that's been linked to overweight or obesity in a number of studies.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a long-term study monitoring the health of American adults, revealed that people with overweight and obesity spend more time watching television and playing video games than people of normal weight.
Watching television more than two hours a day also raises the risk of overweight in children, even in those as young as three years old.
Part of the problem may be that people are watching television instead of exercising or doing other activities that burn more calories watching TV burns only slightly more calories than sleeping, and less than other sedentary pursuits such as sewing or reading.
But food advertisements also may play a significant role. The average hour-long TV show features about 11 food and beverage commercials, which encourage people to eat. And studies show that eating food in front of the TV stimulates people to eat more calories, and particularly more calories from fat.
In fact, a study that limited the amount of TV kids watched demonstrated that this practice helped them lose weight — but not because they became more active when they weren't watching TV.
The difference was that the children ate more snacks when they were watching television than when doing other activities, even sedentary ones.
Obesity experts now believe that a number of different aspects of American society may conspire to promote weight gain. Stress is a common thread intertwining these factors. For example, these days it's commonplace to work long hours and take shorter or less frequent vacations.
In many families, both parents work, which makes it harder to find time for families to shop, prepare, and eat healthy foods together. Round-the-clock TV news means we hear more frequent reports of child abductions and random violent acts.
This does more than increase stress levels; it also makes parents more reluctant to allow children to ride their bikes to the park to play.
Parents end up driving kids to play dates and structured activities, which means less activity for the kids and more stress for parents. Time pressures — whether for school, work, or family obligations — often lead people to eat on the run and to sacrifice sleep, both of which can contribute to weight gain.
Some researchers also think that the very act of eating irregularly and on the run may be another one of the causes of obesity. Neurological evidence indicates that the brain's biological clock — the pacemaker that controls numerous other daily rhythms in our bodies — may also help to regulate hunger and satiety signals.
Ideally, these signals should keep our weight steady. They should prompt us to eat when our body fat falls below a certain level or when we need more body fat during pregnancy, for example , and they should tell us when we feel satiated and should stop eating.
Close connections between the brain's pacemaker and the appetite control center in the hypothalamus suggest that hunger and satiety are affected by temporal cues. Irregular eating patterns may disrupt the effectiveness of these cues in a way that promotes obesity.
Similarly, research shows that the less you sleep, the more likely you are to gain weight. Lack of sufficient sleep tends to disrupt hormones that control hunger and appetite and could be another one of the causes of obesity.
In a study of more than 1, volunteers, researchers found that people who slept less than eight hours a night had higher levels of body fat than those who slept more, and the people who slept the fewest hours weighed the most. Stress and lack of sleep are closely connected to psychological well-being, which can also affect diet and appetite, as anyone who's ever gorged on cookies or potato chips when feeling anxious or sad can attest.
Studies have demonstrated that some people eat more when affected by depression, anxiety, or other emotional disorders. In turn, overweight and obesity themselves can promote emotional disorders: If you repeatedly try to lose weight and fail, or if you succeed in losing weight only to gain it all back, the struggle can cause tremendous frustration over time, which can cause or worsen anxiety and depression.
A cycle develops that leads to greater and greater obesity, associated with increasingly severe emotional difficulties.
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