Anti-ulcer properties -
United States of America: Diane Publishing; Medications are used to relieve the pain, heal ulcerations and delay recurrence of ulcerations. These include antibiotics 33 Yuan Y, Padol IT, Hunt RH. Peptic ulcer today. Nat Clin Pract Gastr. Tepperman BL, Jacobson ED. Circulatory factors in gastric mucosal defense and repair.
In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Johnson LR ed. Raven Press: New York. Several drugs are available in the market for gastric ulcer therapy; however, most of these drugs are associated with unwanted side effects 23 Shirode D, Patel T, Pal Roy S, Jyothi TM, Rajendra SV, Prabhu K, Setty SR.
Phcog Mag. In this context, this research aims to evaluate the anti-ulcer properties of medicinal plants. Several researches have confirmed the efficacy of medicinal plants for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The observed activity is these plants is attributed with the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic acids 4 4.
Borrelli F, Izzo AA. The Plant Kingdom as a Source of Anti-ulcer. Phytother Res. Falcão HDS, Leite JA, Barbosa-Filho JM, Athayde-Filho PF, Chaves MCP, Ferreira AL, de Almeida ABA, Souza-Brito ARM, Diniz MFFM, Batista LM.
Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity of Alkaloids: A Review. Hosseinzadeh H, Karimi GR, Ameri M. Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice. BMC Pharmacology. Patil PH, Patil JY, Mahale JN, Patel JB, Surana SJ.
Evaluation of antiulcer activity of the terpenoid fraction from the leaves of Thespesia populnea L Malvaceae in albino rats. Res J Pharm Bio Che Sci. Extracts of Wilbrandia ebracteata 6 6.
Coelho RG, Gonzalez FG, Sannomiya M, Di Stasi LC, Vilegas W. Gastric anti-ulcer activity of leaf fractions obtained of polar extract from Wilbrandia ebracteata in mice. Nat Prod Res. Alqasoumi S, Al-Sohaibani M, Al-Howiriny T, Al-Yahya M, Rafatullah S.
World J Gastroenterol. Malairajan P, Gopalakrishnan G, Narasimhan S, Veni KJ, Kavimani S. Anti-ulcer activity of crude alcoholic extract of Toona ciliata Roemer heart wood.
J Ethnopharmacol. Liu XM, Zakaria MN, Islam MW, Radhakrishnan R, Ismail A, Chen HB, Chan K, Al-Attas A. Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of Calligonum comosum in rats.
Tan PV, Nyasse B. Anti-ulcer compound from Voacanga africana with possible histamine H2 receptor blocking activity. and Pedalium murex 3 3. Banji D, Singh J, Banji OJ. Scrutinizing the aqueous extract of leaves of pedalium murex for the antiulcer activity in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. have shown anti-ulcer activity.
An alkaloid from the fruit of Voacanga africana and a protoberberine-type alkaloid from the bark of Enantia chlorantha were found to prevent ulcers 27 Tan PV, Nyasse B, Dimo T, Wafo P, Akahkuh BT.
Synergistic and potentiating effects of ranitidine and two new anti-ulcer compounds from Enantia chlorantha and Voacanga africana in experimental animal models. Tan PV, Nyasse B, Enow-Orock GE, Wafo P, Forcha EA. Prophylactic and healing properties of a new anti-ulcer compound from Enantia chlorantha in rats.
An alkaloid extract and 2-phenylquinoline from Galipea longiflora Krause have also shown gastroprotective effects 34 Zanatta F, Gandolfi RB, Lemos M, Ticona JC, Gimenez A, Clasen BK, Cechinel Filho V , de Andrade SF. Gastroprotective activity of alkaloid extract and 2-phenylquinoline obtained from the bark of Galipea longiflora Krause Rutaceae.
Chem-Biol Interact ; Bauhinia purpurea , which belongs to the Leguminosae family, has been shown to inhibit aspirin-induced and ethanol-induced ulcers in mice 29 Tarin JMK, Chichioco-Hernandez C. Gastroprotective effects of Bauhinia purpurea, Dolichos lablab and Vitex parviflora. Lat Am J Pharm.
In this study, other species belonging to the same family were evaluated for their anti-ulcer activity. Fresh leaves of Intsia bijuga , Cynometra ramiflora, Tamarindus indica, Cassia javanica, Cassia fistula, Bauhini purpurea, Senna spectabilis, Senna siamea and Saraca thaipingensis were collected from the University of the Philippines, Diliman Campus and submitted to the Dr.
Jose Vera Santos Herbarium, Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman for authentication. Voucher specimen for each plant were also deposited.
The plant samples were washed with running water and air-dried. The dried samples were homogenized for overnight soaking in methanol. The resulting extracts were filtered and concentrated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator at 40˚C.
The methanol fractions were partitioned between hexane and water. The resulting aqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate. The hexane and ethyl acetate portions were also concentrated in vacuo. The phytochemical screening methods used were based on Harborne 13 Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.
United States of America: Chapman and Hall. and Edeoga 8 8. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie, BO. Phytochemical Constituents of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants. Afr J Biotechnol. Qualitative test for terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were performed.
The mice used in the assay were weeks old, Swiss Albino mice ICR strain purchased from the Food and Drug Administration FDA Philippines, Department of Health, Alabang, Muntinlupa City. The animals were acclimated for at least one week in standard cages. The protocol used for the anti-ulcerogenic assay was approved by the College of Science Animal Care and Use Committee CSACUC of the University of the Philippines Diliman with assigned protocol number IC The anti-ulcerogenic assay was adapted from the method of Schmeda-Hirschmann 22 Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Sanchez M, Razmilic I, Yanez T, Rodriguez JA.
Gastroprotective and ulcer-healing activity of oleonolic acid derivatives: In vitro-in vivo relationships.
Life Sci. with slight modifications. A total of 65 mice were randomly distributed into thirteen treatment groups with 5 mice for the initial assay. Mice weighing 26±5 g were deprived of food 24 hours prior to the experiment.
Group 3 was administered with Sucralfate. Groups were treated with the plant samples. Group 13 did not receive any treatment. The plant samples, positive control, and solvent control were orally administered to the mice. After an hour, the mice were given 0.
The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation an hour after the induction of ulceration. The stomachs were excised and inflated by injecting with 0. Hemorrhagic lesions in the mucosal membrane of the glandular region were observed under a dissecting microscope and were manually scored.
Scoring of ulcerations was patterned after Adensawo et al. Adensawo JK, Fadare OO, Ige OO, Odusanya OO, Onasanwo SA, Olaleye SB, Raji Y. Antiulcer Activity of Methanolic Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in Rats.
J Biol Sci. Normal gastric mucosa was scored as 0, pinpoint ulcers were scored 0. Fifty mice were randomly distributed into ten treatment groups for the second assay. Groups were given similar treatments as in the initial assay.
Groups were given plant extracts. Group 10 did not receive any treatment. Similar concentrations were used as in the first assay. The ulcer index UI was obtained from the sum of the scores of all lesions for each stomach, and the mean ulcer index UI MEAN was calculated for each group.
Percent ulcer inhibition of the samples was determined using the following equation:. The methanol extracts of I. bijuga , C. ramiflora, T. indica, C. javanica, C. fistula, B. purpurea, S. spectabilis, S. siamea and S. thaipingensis were evaluated for their gastroprotective action against HCl-EtOH-induced ulcer.
Figure 1 shows the ulcerations resulting from HCl-EtOH treatment. Varying gastroprotective activities of the extracts are shown in Table 1.
The anti-ulcer activity of the extracts may be due to the phytochemicals they contain. The phytochemical profiles of all plant samples were determined and the results of the tests are shown in Table 2.
The methanol extracts of S. thaipingensis were partitioned with hexane and ethyl acetate to further examine their high activity. The increase in gastroprotective activities of the hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous extracts are shown in Table 3. FIGURE 1.
All extracts were active and showed varying degrees of gastroprotection. It is possible that plants belonging to the Leguminosae family are able to inhibit ulcers. These plants showed significant anti-ulcer action against HCl-EtOH ulcerogen.
Alcohol consumption is a contributor to gastric ulceration 11 Franke A, Teyssen S, Singer MV. Alcohol-related diseases of the esophagus and stomach. Digest Dis Sci. and excessive consumption increases the risk for gastric mucosal damage.
Ethanol causes gastric ulcers by lowering protective factors in the gastric mucosa 5 5. Choi E, Hwang H, Kim I, Nam T. Protective effects of a polysaccharide from Hizikia fusiformis against ethanol toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol.
Ethanol-induced ulcers in mice are characterized by heavy bleeding since it can cause immediate stasis in the blood flow 20 Muralidharan P, Srikanth J. The normal healthy group received distilled water only.
All the test samples were administered orally 0. However, the control group received no carrageenan injection.
The swelling of the paws were measured by slide calipers in one hour intervals. The observations were tabulated. The percentage of inhibition of paw edema was calculated at the end of the 6th hour. The experimental animals were divided into the following groups and received the subsequent treatments accordingly:.
The animals were barred from access to any nutrients for a day and were only allowed access to drinking water for two hours before the experiment commenced. During the fasting period, the rats were placed individually in separate cages to prevent coprophagy.
These rats were sacrificed 90 min after induction and their stomachs were immediately excised. Each stomach was opened along the larger curvature, washed with distilled water. The gastric mucosa was examined for ulcers by magnifying lens and scoring of ulcer was made as follows [ 29 ].
Mean ulcer score for each animal was expressed as ulcer index. The percentage of ulcer protection was determined as follows The experimental animals were divided into six groups, each consisting of six rats and received following treatment:.
niruri , p. For histological examination, paw tissues were taken 6 h after edema was induced by carrageenan. Then the tissue specimens were processed for paraffin embedding tissue sections.
The samples were sectioned with a microtome, stained with hematoxyline and Eosin H and E and mounted on Canada balsam.
All sections were examined under light microscope. Photographs of the lesions were taken with an Olympus photo microscope for observation and documentation of histopathological changes such as oedema, inflammation, infiltration and erosion.
The values are represented as mean ± S. The traditional use of the species was scientifically validated through the identification of the phytochemicals responsible for their use in indigenous systems of health care.
The result of qualitative chemical analysis of the methanolic extract of P. niruri is tabulated in Table 1. Ibuprofen was used as the reference drug during the anti-inflammatory evaluation of the methanolic extract of the leaves of P.
niruri in carrageenan induced acute inflammation model. exhibited significant reduction in paw thickness from 1st to the 6th hour Table 2. After 6 h of carrageenan treatment, swelling and redness were observed in carrageenan control group, while swelling and redness were significantly reduced in the groups which were given MEPN.
Effect of methanolic extract of P. niruri on carrageenan induced paw edema after 6 h. b Carrageenan control: severe erythema and swelling were observed. niruri : moderate amount of erythema and swelling were observed.
niruri : mild amount of erythema and swelling were observed. The small arrow indicates the absence of swelling and erythema whereas the large arrow indicates severe swelling and erythema in the rats paw.
The tissue architecture was preserved, showing dermal collagen and minimal number of leukocytes. However, groups treated with methanolic extract of P.
Histological evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of P. MEPN showed significant protection index of respectively in comparison to ethanol control. Whereas omeprazole standard drug reduced ulcer by Ethanol controlled rats exhibited severe mucosal injury whereas, the rats that were treated with P.
niruri leaves extract before ethanolic induction had significantly reduced areas of gastric ulceration revealing flattening of gastric mucosal folds compared to rats treated with only distilled water.
Gross appearance of the gastric mucosa. Niruri : no damage to the gastric mucosa was observed and gastric mucosa appeared flat as compared to the ethanol control.
The section of gastric mucosal layer showed normal tissue architecture and absence of gastric tissue degeneration. Whereas the ethanol control group demonstrated mucosal degeneration, ulceration and migration of numerous inflammatory cells throughout the section Fig.
Histological evaluation of anti-ulcer effect of methanolic extract of P. Upon phytochemical screening the methanolic extract of P. niruri disclosed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, steroids, triterpinoids, flavonoids and coumarins.
Many studies have reported that certain terpenoids, steroids and phenolic compounds tannins, coumarins and flavonoids have protective effects due to their antioxidant properties. Lately, a number of natural products of traditional medicines and ingredients of healthy foods have been comprehensively explored and subjected to clinical trials to establish as anti-inflammatory agents [ 33 ].
Presence of major Phytoconstituents in the methanolic extract of leaves of P. niruri makes it a potential candidate for further investigation. The edema induced by carrageenan was expressed in two phases first phase and second phase [ 34 ].
In the first phase: a rapid rise in edema was detected instantly after sub-plantar injection of carrageenan.
In the second phase at the end of 2nd hour , a significant increase in edema was detected. The release of prostaglandins is thought to be the main reason for the swelling in second phase [ 35 ]. In this study, MEPN inhibited the carrageenan induced edema in a dose-dependent manner and had a potential anti-inflammatory effect in the second phase 2 nd -6 th hour.
In the treatment groups, the development of inflammation in the second phase was less. MEPN might have demonstrated their anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the synthesis and release of prostaglandins, proteases, and lysosomal enzymes. In the present study, the histopathogical examination of the hind paw tissue showed that methanolic extract of P.
niruri suppressed the massive influx and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the paw tissue after carrageenan induction. The suppressive effects were observed at all doses of the test drugs.
However, the present investigation concluded that methanolic extract of P. niruri reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration, in a dose-dependent manner and at the higher dose the effect was similar to that of reference drug.
The anti-ulcer effect of the methanolic extract was evaluated using ethanol induced gastric ulcer model. Ethanol induced gastric lesions formed due to interference in gastric blood flow which contributes to the development of the hemorrhage and necrotic aspects of tissue injury.
Alcohol swiftly penetrates the gastric mucosa superficially causing cell and plasma membrane damage leading to augmented intracellular membrane permeability to sodium and water.
The mammoth buildup of calcium describes a chief step in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury. The results revealed that the ethanol administration in the control group resulted in immense ulceration in comparison with the normal group. Among the test samples, the best result was obtained with P.
Edema, cellular debris and damaged mucosal epithelium were found in ulcerated stomach membranes. Protections against these histopathological changes by MEPN in pre-treated rats were observed, similar to the result of omeprazole.
However, the findings observed in the current studies support and extend previous results that reported the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of Phyllanthus niruri aerial part and leave extract, respectively. Furthermore, the present studies also revealed a better inhibition of inflammation and gastric ulcer as compare to the previously reported.
In our study the extract exhibited protection against characteristic lesions produced by ethanol administration. This antiulcer effect of methanolic extract of P.
niruri may be due to both reductions in gastric acid secretion and gastric cytoprotection. Further studies are needed for their exact mechanism of action on gastric acid secretion and gastric cytoprotection.
In conclusion, MEPN exhibited anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity. The depletion in inflammation may have occurred due to high flavonoid, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins and tannin content.
However, the mechanisms behind these events are still vague. Therefore, further experiments should be undertaken to identify which of the phytoconstituents and mechanisms are involved in the actions illustrated by the results.
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Indian J Exp Biol. Download references. RB, MMB and MSR made substantial contributions to conception design and conduction of research. RM, SA, TB, SUA and MD performed all of the experiments in the laboratory.
Data collection, analysis, graphical representation and interpretation were done by RM and MSR. Article was written by RM and RB. Critical revision of the article was done by RHT, AH, and MS.
Non-GMO farming Duan-Fang Anti-ulcer properties Kale for energy University propdrties Chinese Medicine Hunan China. ISSN Ajti-ulcer : ISSN Anti-ulcer properties : DOI: Anti-ulcfr Background: Peptic ulcer is Anti-ulcer properties Anti-lucer gastrointestinal erosion disorder that involves the entire mucosal thickness and can even penetrate the muscular mucosa. Nowadays, several plants and compounds derived from it have been screened for their antiulcer activity. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. Ulcer is Anti-ulcer properties Mental focus and brain health common gastrointestinal disturbance resulting Anti-ulcer properties an inadequate Anfi-ulcer mucosal defense. Several drugs are available in the market Anti-ulcer properties address the Anti-ulder however, these drugs are associated Anti-ulcer properties unnecessary propertiess Anti-ulcer properties. Previous research have confirmed the efficacy of plant extracts for possible treatment of the disease. This research aims to evaluate the anti-ulcer properties of medicinal plants. Methanol extracts from the leaves of Intsia bijugaCynometra ramiflora, Tamarindus indica, Cassia javanica, Cassia fistula, Bauhini purpurea, Senna spectabilis, Senna siamea and Saraca thaipingensis were evaluated for their anti-ulcer activity using HCl-ethanol as ulcerogen. All extracts showed inhibitory activity with I. bijugaT.
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