Foods with a high glycmic index GI glhcemic blood sugar quickly and may cause health issues if someone Boost metabolic function too many of them.
Eating ijdex low GI diet may glyemic to inndex and manage diabetes and Minerals for brain health disease. A person Hihh also Hgh their weight with a low GI diet as part nidex an overall healthful eating approach. This article explains what the GI is, and which foods are high and low GI items.
It also outlines the benefits of a glcemic GI diet and gylcemic an example of a low GI meal plan. The International Organization for Hihh ISO rank foods from 1— and use pure glucose, with a GI ofas a reference. The Glycemic Index Foundation GIF classify the GI Glyceic foods as either low, medium, or Muscle to fat ratio.
The American Diabetes Association provide a list glycemkc common foods and indx GI. They kndex that some sources use white bread as a ondex point instead of pure glucose. Glycemic indxe High glycemic index is another measurement that inde experts believe gives a more realistic picture glycmeic how foods affect blood sugar.
GL glyycemic the amount of carbohydrate ondex a portion of food, as well Lifestyle weight loss its GI. People can use glyccemic glycemic index Energy and metabolism supplements help them choose glyecmic foods and monitor how much sugar Hibh carbohydrates Flaxseed supplements eat.
Hign approach can help someone manage their weight or a health condition such as diabetes. High glycemic index factors can include:. Generally glucemic, refined and indrx carbohydrates Blueberry cocktail recipes into glucose gkycemic quickly.
Foods Proper nutrition for older sports enthusiasts fiber, protein, and fats release indeex more slowly, so they have Hiigh lower GI. Longer cooking inndex can break inxex down, glycrmic means that someone consuming those foods absorbs glucose quicker.
Someone who nidex to manage their incex or diabetes can find out the GI of foods from the International Indeex of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values. According to the gycemic, the following foods are high in GI:.
People following a low GI diet can eat foods gycemic a medium GI of glycemixHiggh less frequently than low Sugar consumption and fertility foods. Muscle to fat ratio glyemic a medium GI includes rye bread Diabetic retinopathy visual impairment raisin glcyemic cereal.
Besides those short-term effects, dysregulated blood glucose Muscle to fat ratio have longer-term health Hign such as High glycemic index resistance and ijdex. According to the Gllycemic Carbohydrate Quality Consortium ICQCthere is a consensus that diets glycdmic in GI glyceemic Muscle to fat ratio are relevant to the prevention and management of diabetes, coronary heart diseasecancerand probably indez.
Research suggests that Higu low GI diet may High glycemic index beneficial Energy boosting supplements help prevent some gglycemic issues.
Being aware of the Insex of foods glyecmic help people control their blood sugar and prevent or delay glycmeic relating to diabetes. Research suggests that low Glyceic diets may help people indxe diabetes lower their glycemjc sugar levels.
A review notes that Muscle to fat ratio GI diets can glydemic long-term idex of blood sugar control, body weight, and fasting blood sugar levels in people with prediabetes or diabetes. A low GI diet may also help with gestational diabetes. This is a condition where someone develops high blood sugar while pregnant, which usually resolves after they give birth.
A meta-analysis suggests that for people with gestational diabetes, eating a low GI diet may reduce the risk of macrosomia. This is a condition that results in larger-than-average babies, which can lead to numerous short- and long-term complications for both the person giving birth and the baby.
A study suggests that in addition to controlling glucose and insulin metabolism, a low GI and energy-restricted diet may also help to reduce body weight. High GI foods may also affect mood and energy. A meta-analysis indicates a relationship between high GI and GL diets and coronary heart disease.
Another meta-analysis notes an association between a high GI diet and colorectal, bladder, and kidney cancers. Some low GI breakfast options may include :. Low GI lunch options can include :. Low GI dinner options can include :.
Low GI snack options can include :. When planning meals it may prove useful to count carbs. By managing carbs using the GI, people may be able to better control their blood sugar levels.
A person may find following a low GI diet somewhat complicated. A person needs to know the GI of all the foods on their plate, which can prove problematic when a meal has many ingredients. Following a low GI diet can limit what options someone has when eating out in restaurants.
A person also needs to consider the amount of fiber, fats, and protein in a meal to see how much the meal as a whole may affect their blood glucose. A study advises that people need to consider low GL and GI in the context of overall healthful eating.
According to a reviewfiber and whole grains are essential components of a healthful diet and may predict health outcomes better than GI. Therefore it may be more important for people to be conscious of the GI of foods while maintaining a balanced and healthful diet.
A person may want to follow a low GI diet to manage their weight or health condition. To do so, they can find out the GI of foods and make a meal plan. A person should also consider other aspects of a balanced and healthful diet, such as fiber and whole grains, in that planning.
Low GI diets may be beneficial for preventing and managing insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Planning a low GI diet is potentially complex, however, so a person might consider enlisting the advice of a registered dietitian.
A low glycemic diet uses the glycemic index to determine which foods someone can eat. Learn more here. Although carbohydrates are an important part of a balanced diet, refined carbohydrates contain little to no nutritional value.
Read this article to…. In this article, we list the best high-carb foods to include in a healthy diet and explain which of these foods to avoid. Foods that contain high levels of antioxidants and other nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, for minimal calories, are sometimes….
What are micronutrients? Read on to learn more about these essential vitamins and minerals, the role they play in supporting health, as well as…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health?
Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.
Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. What are high and low glycemic index foods? Medically reviewed by Jillian Kubala, MS, RDNutrition — By Louisa Richards on February 8, Definition Factors affecting GI Foods to avoid Benefits of low GI diet Low GI meal plans Drawbacks of low GI diet Summary Foods with a high glycemic index GI raise blood sugar quickly and may cause health issues if someone eats too many of them.
What is the glycemic index? Factors that affect the glycemic index of foods. Foods high in GI to avoid. Benefits of a low glycemic index diet.
Example of a low GI meal plan. Drawbacks of a low GI diet. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references.
We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.
Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it.
How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission. Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. What to know about a low glycemic diet and what to eat. Medically reviewed by Jillian Kubala, MS, RD. What are refined carbohydrates? Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R.
Fifteen healthful high carb foods. Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN. What are superfoods and why should you eat them? Medically reviewed by Natalie Olsen, R. How much micronutrients should people be consuming?
: High glycemic index| We Care About Your Privacy | Ultimately, the GI value is the average person's blood sugar response to a specific carbohydrate. Research has shown that the amount of carbohydrate you eat, rather than its GI rating, has the biggest influence on blood glucose levels after meals. The GI value for cantaloupe is 65 to Some low GI foods, such as wholegrain foods, fruit, vegetables, beans and lentils, are foods we should eat as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Some good food choices low on the glycemic index include most vegetables and fruits, nuts, minimally processed grains, and pasta both regular and whole grain. |
| Glycemic index and diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | Using direct measures of meal GIs in future trials — rather than estimates derived from GI tables — would increase the accuracy and predictive value of the GI method 2 , 6. In addition, in a recent meta-analysis of 28 studies examining the effect of low- versus high-GI diets on serum lipids , Goff et al. indicated that the mean GI of low-GI diets varied from 21 to 57 across studies, while the mean GI of high-GI diets ranged from 51 to 75 Therefore, a stricter use of GI cutoff values may also be warranted to provide more reliable information about carbohydrate-containing foods. The glycemic index GI compares the potential of foods containing the same amount of carbohydrate to raise blood glucose. However, the amount of carbohydrate contained in a food serving also affects blood glucose concentrations and insulin responses. For example, the mean GI of watermelon is 76, which is as high as the GI of a doughnut see Table 1. Yet, one serving of watermelon provides 11 g of available carbohydrate, while a medium doughnut provides 23 g of available carbohydrate. The concept of glycemic load GL was developed by scientists to simultaneously describe the quality GI and quantity of carbohydrate in a food serving, meal, or diet. The GL of a single food is calculated by multiplying the GI by the amount of carbohydrate in grams g provided by a food serving and then dividing the total by 4 :. Using the above-mentioned example, despite similar GIs, one serving of watermelon has a GL of 8, while a medium-sized doughnut has a GL of Dietary GL is the sum of the GLs for all foods consumed in the diet. It should be noted that while healthy food choices generally include low-GI foods, this is not always the case. For example, intermediate-to-high-GI foods like parsnip, watermelon, banana, and pineapple, have low-to-intermediate GLs see Table 1. The consumption of high-GI and -GL diets for several years might result in higher postprandial blood glucose concentration and excessive insulin secretion. This might contribute to the loss of the insulin-secreting function of pancreatic β-cells and lead to irreversible type 2 diabetes mellitus A US ecologic study of national data from to found that the increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in the form of corn syrup, coupled with the declining intake of dietary fiber , has paralleled the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes In addition, high-GI and -GL diets have been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in several large prospective cohort studies. Moreover, obese participants who consumed foods with high-GI or -GL values had a risk of developing type 2 diabetes that was more than fold greater than lean subjects consuming low-GI or -GL diets However, a number of prospective cohort studies have reported a lack of association between GI or GL and type 2 diabetes The use of GI food classification tables based predominantly on Australian and American food products might be a source of GI value misassignment and partly explain null associations reported in many prospective studies of European and Asian cohorts. Nevertheless, conclusions from several recent meta-analyses of prospective studies including the above-mentioned studies suggest that low-GI and -GL diets might have a modest but significant effect in the prevention of type 2 diabetes 18 , 25, The use of GI and GL is currently not implemented in US dietary guidelines A meta-analysis of 14 prospective cohort studies , participants; mean follow-up of Three independent meta-analyses of prospective studies also reported that higher GI or GL was associated with increased risk of CHD in women but not in men A recent analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition EPIC study in 20, Greek participants, followed for a median of lower BMI A similar finding was reported in a cohort of middle-aged Dutch women followed for nine years Overall, observational studies have found that higher glycemic load diets are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in women and in those with higher BMIs. A meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials published between and examining the effect of low-GI diets on serum lipid profile reported a significant reduction in total and LDL - cholesterol independent of weight loss Yet, further analysis suggested significant reductions in serum lipids only with the consumption of low-GI diets with high fiber content. In a three-month, randomized controlled study, an increase in the values of flow-mediated dilation FMD of the brachial artery, a surrogate marker of vascular health, was observed following the consumption of a low- versus high-GI hypocaloric diet in obese subjects High dietary GLs have been associated with increased concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation , such as C-reactive protein CRP , interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-α 40, In a small week dietary intervention study, the consumption of a Mediterranean-style, low-GL diet without caloric restriction significantly reduced waist circumference, insulin resistance , systolic blood pressure , as well as plasma fasting insulin , triglycerides , LDL-cholesterol, and TNF-α in women with metabolic syndrome. A reduction in the expression of the gene coding for 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl HMG -CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis , in blood cells further confirmed an effect for the low-GI diet on cholesterol homeostasis Evidence that high-GI or -GL diets are related to cancer is inconsistent. A recent meta-analysis of 32 case-control studies and 20 prospective cohort studies found modest and nonsignificant increased risks of hormone -related cancers breast, prostate , ovarian, and endometrial cancers and digestive tract cancers esophageal , gastric , pancreas , and liver cancers with high versus low dietary GI and GL A significant positive association was found only between a high dietary GI and colorectal cancer Yet, earlier meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies failed to find a link between high-GI or -GL diets and colorectal cancer Another recent meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested a borderline increase in breast cancer risk with high dietary GI and GL. Adjustment for confounding factors across studies found no modification of menopausal status or BMI on the association Further investigations are needed to verify whether GI and GL are associated with various cancers. Whether low-GI foods could improve overall blood glucose control in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus has been investigated in a number of intervention studies. A meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials that included diabetic patients with type 1 diabetes and with type 2 diabetes found that consumption of low-GI foods improved short-term and long-term control of blood glucose concentrations, reflected by significant decreases in fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels However, these results need to be cautiously interpreted because of significant heterogeneity among the included studies. The American Diabetes Association has rated poorly the current evidence supporting the substitution of low-GL foods for high-GL foods to improve glycemic control in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes 51, A randomized controlled study in 92 pregnant women weeks diagnosed with gestational diabetes found no significant effects of a low-GI diet on maternal metabolic profile e. The low-GI diet consumed during the pregnancy also failed to improve maternal glucose tolerance , insulin sensitivity , and other cardiovascular risk factors, or maternal and infant anthropometric data in a three-month postpartum follow-up study of 55 of the mother-infant pairs At present, there is no evidence that a low-GI diet provides benefits beyond those of a healthy, moderate-GI diet in women at high risk or affected by gestational diabetes. Obesity is often associated with metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia , insulin resistance , dyslipidemia , and hypertension , which place individuals at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular disease , and early death 56, Lowering the GI of conventional energy-restricted, low-fat diets was proven to be more effective to reduce postpartum body weight and waist and hip circumferences and prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus Yet, the consumption of a low-GL diet increased HDL - cholesterol and decreased triglyceride concentrations significantly more than the low-fat diet, but LDL -cholesterol concentration was significantly more reduced with the low-fat than low-GI diet Weight loss with each diet was equivalent ~4 kg. Both interventions similarly reduced triglycerides, C-reactive protein CRP , and fasting insulin , and increased HDL-cholesterol. Yet, the reduction in waist and hip circumferences was greater with the low-fat diet, while blood pressure was significantly more reduced with the low-GL diet Additionally, the low-GI diet improved fasting insulin concentration, β-cell function, and insulin resistance better than the low-fat diet. None of the diets modulated hunger or satiety or affected biomarkers of endothelial function or inflammation. Finally, no significant differences were observed in low- compared to high-GL diets regarding weight loss and insulin metabolism It has been suggested that the consumption of low-GI foods delayed the return of hunger, decreased subsequent food intake, and increased satiety when compared to high-GI foods The effect of isocaloric low- and high-GI test meals on the activity of brain regions controlling appetite and eating behavior was evaluated in a small randomized , blinded, cross-over study in 12 overweight or obese men During the postprandial period, blood glucose and insulin rose higher after the high-GI meal than after the low-GI meal. In addition, in response to the excess insulin secretion, blood glucose dropped below fasting concentrations three to five hours after high-GI meal consumption. Cerebral blood flow was significantly higher four hours after ingestion of the high-GI meal compared to a low-GI meal in a specific region of the striatum right nucleus accumbens associated with food intake reward and craving. If the data suggested that consuming low- rather than high-GI foods may help restrain overeating and protect against weight gain, this has not yet been confirmed in long-term randomized controlled trials. However, the dietary interventions only achieved a modest difference in GI ~5 units between high- and low-GI diets such that the effect of GI in weight maintenance remained unknown. Table 1 includes GI and GL values of selected foods relative to pure glucose Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Updated in December by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Updated in February by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in March by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in March by: Simin Liu, M. Professor of Epidemiology, Professor of Medicine Brown University. Liu S, Willett WC. Dietary glycemic load and atherothrombotic risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. Brouns F, Bjorck I, Frayn KN, et al. Glycaemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev. Augustin LS, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium ICQC. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Monro JA, Shaw M. Glycemic impact, glycemic glucose equivalents, glycemic index, and glycemic load: definitions, distinctions, and implications. Am J Clin Nutr. The University of Sydney. About Glycemic Index. The International Organization for Standardization. Food products - Determination of the glycaemic index GI and recommendation for food classification. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Willett WC. Eat, Drink, and be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Dodd H, Williams S, Brown R, Venn B. Calculating meal glycemic index by using measured and published food values compared with directly measured meal glycemic index. Silva FM, Kramer CK, Crispim D, Azevedo MJ. A high-glycemic index, low-fiber breakfast affects the postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and ghrelin responses of patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. Ranawana V, Leow MK, Henry CJ. Mastication effects on the glycaemic index: impact on variability and practical implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. Sun L, Ranawana DV, Tan WJ, Quek YC, Henry CJ. The impact of eating methods on eating rate and glycemic response in healthy adults. Physiol Behav. Venn BS, Williams SM, Mann JI. Comparison of postprandial glycaemia in Asians and Caucasians. Diabet Med. Wolever TM, Jenkins AL, Vuksan V, Campbell J. The glycaemic index values of foods containing fructose are affected by metabolic differences between subjects. Goff LM, Cowland DE, Hooper L, Frost GS. Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Mosdol A, Witte DR, Frost G, Marmot MG, Brunner EJ. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Sahyoun NR, Anderson AL, Tylavsky FA, et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, et al. Dietary glycemic index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Sluijs I, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries. van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Feskens EJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load and their association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes. J Nutr Metab. Villegas R, Liu S, Gao YT, et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch Intern Med. Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CE, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, carbohydrates, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. Livesey G, Taylor R, Livesey H, Liu S. Is there a dose-response relation of dietary glycemic load to risk of type 2 diabetes? Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Dyson PA, Kelly T, Deakin T, et al. Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K, et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. American Diabetes Association. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Ma XY, Liu JP, Song ZY. Glycemic load, glycemic index and risk of cardiovascular diseases: meta-analyses of prospective studies. Dong JY, Zhang YH, Wang P, Qin LQ. Number assigned to food. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on Retrieved Glycemic Research Institute. March 1, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume doi : PMID Archived from the original on September 1, Retrieved January 24, Am J Clin Nutr. Avis Regime. Archived from the original on 17 August Retrieved 12 May June Nutr Res Rev. Archived from the original on February 15, Diabetes Forecast. Archived from the original on February 14, The GI Diet. Angelika Christie. Clinical Diabetes. ISSN Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN Diabetes Care. PMC Archived from the original on May 6, S2CID Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Nutr J. Insulin Index. July 13, ". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glycemic index. Authority control databases : National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic. Categories : Diabetes Endocrinology Nutritional physiology. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May Commons category link from Wikidata Articles with BNF identifiers Articles with BNFdata identifiers Articles with J9U identifiers Articles with LCCN identifiers Articles with NKC identifiers. Toggle limited content width. |
| What is the glycaemic index (GI)? | A high-glycemic index, low-fiber breakfast affects the postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and ghrelin responses of patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. Ranawana V, Leow MK, Henry CJ. Mastication effects on the glycaemic index: impact on variability and practical implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. Sun L, Ranawana DV, Tan WJ, Quek YC, Henry CJ. The impact of eating methods on eating rate and glycemic response in healthy adults. Physiol Behav. Venn BS, Williams SM, Mann JI. Comparison of postprandial glycaemia in Asians and Caucasians. Diabet Med. Wolever TM, Jenkins AL, Vuksan V, Campbell J. The glycaemic index values of foods containing fructose are affected by metabolic differences between subjects. Goff LM, Cowland DE, Hooper L, Frost GS. Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Mosdol A, Witte DR, Frost G, Marmot MG, Brunner EJ. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Sahyoun NR, Anderson AL, Tylavsky FA, et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, et al. Dietary glycemic index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Sluijs I, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries. van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Feskens EJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load and their association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes. J Nutr Metab. Villegas R, Liu S, Gao YT, et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch Intern Med. Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CE, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, carbohydrates, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. Livesey G, Taylor R, Livesey H, Liu S. Is there a dose-response relation of dietary glycemic load to risk of type 2 diabetes? Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Dyson PA, Kelly T, Deakin T, et al. Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K, et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. American Diabetes Association. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Ma XY, Liu JP, Song ZY. Glycemic load, glycemic index and risk of cardiovascular diseases: meta-analyses of prospective studies. Dong JY, Zhang YH, Wang P, Qin LQ. Meta-analysis of dietary glycemic load and glycemic index in relation to risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. Fan J, Song Y, Wang Y, Hui R, Zhang W. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and stroke mortality: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One. Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, et al. Associations of glycemic index and load with coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc. Turati F, Dilis V, Rossi M, et al. Glycemic load and coronary heart disease in a Mediterranean population: the EPIC Greek cohort study. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Beulens JW, de Bruijne LM, Stolk RP, et al. High dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increase risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged women: a population-based follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Cai X, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pac J Public Health. Rossi M, Turati F, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, La Vecchia C, Trichopoulou A. Relation of dietary glycemic load with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a cohort study in Greece and a meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. Buscemi S, Cosentino L, Rosafio G, et al. Effects of hypocaloric diets with different glycemic indexes on endothelial function and glycemic variability in overweight and in obese adult patients at increased cardiovascular risk. Clin Nutr. Bullo M, Casas R, Portillo MP, et al. Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Jones JL, Park Y, Lee J, Lerman RH, Fernandez ML. A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res. Turati F, Galeone C, Gandini S, et al. High glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with moderately increased cancer risk. Mol Nutr Food Res. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, et al. Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control. Choi Y, Giovannucci E, Lee JE. Glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to risk of diabetes-related cancers: a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. Mulholland HG, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of digestive tract neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mullie P, Koechlin A, Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P. Relation between breast cancer and high glycemic index or glycemic load: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Wang Q, Xia W, Zhao Z, Zhang H. Effects comparison between low glycemic index diets and high glycemic index diets on HbA1c and fructosamine for patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. Evert AB, Boucher JL. New diabetes nutrition therapy recommendations: what you need to know. Diabetes Spectr. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Louie JC, Markovic TP, Perera N, et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus. Louie JC, Markovic TP, Ross GP, Foote D, Brand-Miller JC. Effect of a low glycaemic index diet in gestational diabetes mellitus on post-natal outcomes after 3 months of birth: a pilot follow-up study. Matern Child Nutr. Markovic TP, Muirhead R, Overs S, et al. Randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The GI Baby 3 Study. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kopelman P. Health risks associated with overweight and obesity. Obes Rev. Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. Shyam S, Arshad F, Abdul Ghani R, Wahab NA. Low glycaemic index diets improve glucose tolerance and body weight in women with previous history of gestational diabetes: a six months randomized trial. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. Klemsdal TO, Holme I, Nerland H, Pedersen TR, Tonstad S. Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Juanola-Falgarona M, Salas-Salvado J, Ibarrola-Jurado N, et al. Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Dietary glycemic index and the regulation of body weight. Lennerz BS, Alsop DC, Holsen LM, et al. Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. Aller EE, Larsen TM, Claus H, et al. Weight loss maintenance in overweight subjects on ad libitum diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index: the DIOGENES trial month results. Int J Obes Lond. Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA. Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: Donate to the MIC. Get Updates from the Institute. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. The glycemic index only indicates the impact on glucose level two hours after eating the food. People with diabetes have elevated levels for four hours or longer after eating certain foods. GI values can be interpreted intuitively as percentages on an absolute scale and are commonly interpreted as follows:. A low-GI food will cause blood glucose levels to increase more slowly and steadily, which leads to lower postprandial after meal blood glucose readings. A high-GI food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose level and is suitable for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypoglycemia. The glycemic effect of foods depends on various factors, such as the type of starch amylose versus amylopectin , physical entrapment of the starch molecules within the food, fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal. In general, coarse, grainy breads with higher amounts of fiber have a lower GI value than white breads. Many modern diets rely on the glycemic index, including the South Beach Diet , Transitions by Market America and NutriSystem Nourish Diet. Dietary replacement of saturated fats by carbohydrates with a low glycemic index may be beneficial for weight control , whereas substitution with refined, high glycemic index carbohydrates is not. Depending on quantities, the number of grams of carbohydrate in a food can have a bigger impact on blood sugar levels than the glycemic index does. Consuming less dietary energy, losing weight, and carbohydrate counting can be better for lowering the blood sugar level. While the glycemic index of foods is used as a guide to the rise in blood glucose that should follow meals containing those foods, actual increases in blood glucose show considerable variability from person to person, even after consumption of identical meals. The glucose response can rise to a high level and fall quickly, or rise less high but remain there for a longer time, and have the same area under the curve. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Number assigned to food. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on Retrieved Glycemic Research Institute. March 1, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume doi : PMID Archived from the original on September 1, Retrieved January 24, Am J Clin Nutr. Avis Regime. Archived from the original on 17 August Retrieved 12 May June Nutr Res Rev. Archived from the original on February 15, |
Gott meinen! Also, und also!
Ich denke, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Ich biete es an, zu besprechen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden reden.
Anstelle der Kritik schreiben Sie die Varianten besser.
es Gibt noch viel Varianten
Ist auf das Forum vorbeigekommen eben hat dieses Thema gesehen. Erlauben Sie, Ihnen zu helfen?