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Weakley J, Black G, McLaren S, Scantlebury S, Suchomel T, McMahon E, Watts D, Read DB. Testing and profiling athletes: recommendations for test selection, implementation, and maximizing information. Download references. School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, Australia.

Jonathon Weakley, Nicholas Cowley, Ryan G. Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies SPRINT Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Carnegie Applied Rugby Research CARR Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.

Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA. Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.

Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jonathon Weakley.

At no point was funding received by any of the authors for the writing of this manuscript. The publishing of this article open access has been made possible by the UK Read and Publish Springer Compact agreement.

Nicholas Cowley, Dale B. Read, Ryan Timmins, Amador García-Ramos, and Thomas B. McGuckian declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Brad J. Schoenfeld serves on the scientific advisory board of Tonal Corporation, a manufacturer of fitness equipment.

All data and material reported in this systematic review and meta-analysis are from peer-reviewed publications. Jonathon Weakley, Dale B. Read, Ryan Timmins, and Amador García-Ramos conceptualised the review and criteria.

Jonathon Weakley, Nicholas Cowley, and Thomas B. McGuckian completed the screening and data extraction of all data within this manuscript. All authors created the tables and figures.

All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed, refined, and approved the final manuscript. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Weakley, J.

et al. The Effect of Feedback on Resistance Training Performance and Adaptations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 53 , — Download citation. Accepted : 12 June Published : 06 July Issue Date : September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Background Augmented feedback is often used during resistance training to enhance acute physical performance and has shown promise as a method of improving chronic physical adaptation.

Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to 1 establish the evidence for the effects of feedback on acute resistance training performance and chronic training adaptations; 2 quantify the effects of feedback on acute kinematic outcomes and changes in physical adaptations; and 3 assess the effects of moderating factors on the influence of feedback during resistance training.

Methods Twenty studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results Feedback enhanced acute kinetic and kinematic outputs, muscular endurance, motivation, competitiveness, and perceived effort, while greater improvements in speed, strength, jump performance, and technical competency were reported when feedback was provided chronically.

The Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands SAID principle states that the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it.

As such, when one trains to move against a resistance as fast as they can, their ability to move quickly under resistance will improve more than one who trains at a slow speed.

Such a person will be able to have a higher peak velocity at their peak power production, whereas one who trains with more resistance at a slower speed will adapt to produce peak power at a higher peak force and not necessarily a high peak velocity. However, if both are moving the same weight, the one who tries to move the weight faster i.

I reviewed all the training protocols of the studies that the systematic review included in their analysis and realized that studies vary greatly in how they implement PT and ST. This means that as long as the authors of the study called their training PT, the study meets this inclusion criteria.

This left room for a lot of heterogeneity i. Taking a deeper look into the studies included in the review, I identified 5 types of studies Table 1.

There was no such distinction when the included studies were analyzed in the review. Since most studies fall in the type one or two, I shall focus my commentary on these two and how they are fundamentally different types of studies.

Only one study in this category documented the power output by participants during training. Inevitably, the PT group was training with a much higher power output because they were moving the weights as fast as they can 6.

Recalling the SAID principle, this explains why this type of PT reliably improves muscle power more than ST. For the second main type of PT, the participants used a lighter weight than their ST counterparts.

Based on the force-velocity relationship, these participants would actually be able to move at a much faster speed during their training. Two studies reported greater muscle power gain in the PT group compared to the ST group 10, 13 and two found greater functional performance in the PT group compared to the ST group, despite similar gains in muscle power and strength 11, Recall that power is a function of force and velocity.

Unfortunately, none of the studies included in the systematic review broke down muscle power into its components and explore the adaptations in each of these. To add to our understanding of velocity dependent-PT, we must look to other studies for this information.

To compare HVPT and LVRT and understand their effects on force and velocity adaptations respectively, studies broke down muscle power measurement into 1 peak power velocity the velocity of movement at which peak power was produced and 2 peak power force the muscle force generated at which peak power was produced.

Studies showed that:. If both HVPT and LVRT can improve muscle power, but HVPT can better improve movement velocity, which is an important indicator of functional outcome, it is worth investing time in doing HVPT with older adults.

Six to ten repetitions in each set are recommended but a small number of repetitions is preferable The number of sets of each exercise can be anywhere from sets and the rest time can be between minutes, depending on the level of the individual performing the exercises To conclude, implementing HVPT specifically for older adults is effective for improving muscle power, specifically peak power velocity and movement velocities against a range of resistances.

However, PT that emphasizes movement speed in general would still be greatly beneficial for older adults according to the systematic review 4. Tiu T. Should we implement high velocity power training for healthy older adults? An application of strength and conditioning principles to older adults training regimes.

Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. Training for strength and hypertrophy: an evidence-based approach.

Current Opinion in Physiology. High-speed power training: A novel approach to resistance training in older men and women: A brief review and pilot study. Evidence suggests that cardiovascular endurance e.

There are people who genetically have a high or low level of fitness as indicated by VO2max , but they may or may not be physically active. In other words, fitness and activity are not necessarily the same. There are people who train regularly but are not very fit, whereas others do little regular activity but are reasonably fit.

It is true that people must be very active to have high levels of fitness and that people with very low levels of fitness tend to be very inactive. Nevertheless, persons who are regularly active are capable of doing more exercise than inactive persons, even though both may have the same VO2 max or the same level of strength, because training by itself produces changes in the various systems of the body.

Genetics and training Depending on the sport or activity, many systems in the body are involved. For example, distance running involves the cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, metabolic, hormonal and thermoregulatory systems. Each of these systems can be affected by a number of genes.

Also, there are many interactions among the genes and between these genes and the environment. Because of this complexity, it is unlikely that scientists can make champions by altering only one or two genes.

Identical twins with similar levels of activity tend to have similar levels of fitness. When identical twins undergo the same aerobic, anaerobic, or strength training program, they exhibit similar adaptations to the training 5.

On the other hand, fraternal twins or siblings with similar levels of activity vary more in their fitness and have a greater variation in their adaptations to the different types of training. To examine VO2max adaptations to different types of training, we carried out a standardized, week endurance training study with 29 male university students 7.

This study was done in the fall semester, after which students went home for four weeks. During the four weeks of inactivity, the VO2max of the four superior responders who agreed to return had decreased and were similar to the levels when they began the first training program.

After the interval-training program, these students again showed a superior training response. His VO2max also had decreased over the vacation, and he again had a very poor response to the additional interval-training program. Thus, there are phenotypes that respond differently to continuous or interval training.

The HERITAGE Family Study 4 was a very large investigation of how genes influence adaptations to exercise training and involved Whites from 99 families and Blacks from families at four centers.

All subjects were healthy and sedentary. After taking many tests associated with fitness and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, subjects trained and were retested.

The standardized training program consisted of exercise on a cycle ergometer three times a week for 20 weeks. The first question asked was whether the families had similar levels of VO2max and other phenotypes before training began.

Relative to VO2max, there were families in which all members had lower, average or higher values. Because there was a large variation in the response to training, the second question asked was whether families responded similarly to training. This large variation occurred at all ages and at all levels of initial VO2max and was similar for Blacks and Whites and for women and men 8.

In other words, there were superior, average and poor responders to training at all ages 17 to 65 years , in both races, in both sexes, and at all levels of initial VO2max. The third question asked was whether the changes in VO2max were related to the initial values.

There was essentially no relation between initial fitness and its response to training, as the correlation coefficient between VO2max before training and the change in VO2max after training was only 0. It appears that one set of genes affects the initial level of VO2max and another set of genes affects the response of VO2max to training.

We also examined whether there were any non-genetic variables measured before training that would differentiate between superior responders and poor responders.

Prof Paul Comfort P. Comfort traibing. uk Taining. Mr John McMahon Adapation. McMahon salford. Behavior modification drawing influence from many other aspects Suprrior resistance training, micro-dosing Superior training adaptation Improve athletic explosiveness a relatively new term and has only recently begun to be explicitly investigated as a programming strategy. There may be considerable acute benefits of utilising micro-dosing, however, considering the lack of previously published data on the topic, our aim was to lay the foundations and determine whether performing micro-dosing had a similar chronic effect to training adaptations as a traditional approach. Background Superior training adaptation Spuerior endurance cycling, both Outdoor endurance activities interval training Superor and sprint interval training SIT have become popular training trainning due to their ability Superior training adaptation elicit improvements in performance. Studies Supreior attempted Insulin resistance and insulin resistance cookbook ascertain which form of interval training might be more beneficial for maximising qdaptation performance as Strategies to reduce cholesterol Superior training adaptation a range of physiological parameters, but an amalgamation of results which explores the influence of different interval training programming variables in trained cyclists has not yet been conducted. Data Sources : Electronic database searches were conducted using SPORTDiscus and PubMed. Results : Interval training leads to small improvements in all outcome measures combined overall main effects model, SMD: 0. In addition, intervention length did not contribute significantly to the improvements in outcome measures in this population, as the effect estimate was only trivial β Duration : 0. Conclusion : The results of the meta-analysis indicate that both HIIT and SIT are effective training modalities to elicit physiological adaptations and performance improvements in trained cyclists.